Addition Of Bio-oil Research Articles

State-of-the-Art Review on the Behavior of Bio-Asphalt Binders and Mixtures.

Asphalt binder is the most common material used in road construction. However, the need for more durable and safer pavements requires a better understanding of asphalt's aging mechanisms and how its characteristics can be improved. The current challenge for the road industry is to use renewable materials (i.e., biomaterials not subjected to depletion) as a partial replacement for petroleum-based asphalt, which leads to reducing the carbon footprint. The most promising is to utilize biomaterials following the principles of sustainability in the modification of the asphalt binder. However, to understand whether the application of renewable materials represents a reliable and viable solution or just a research idea, this review covers various techniques for extracting bio-oil and preparing bio-modified asphalt binders, technical aspects including physical properties of different bio-oils, the impact of bio-oil addition on asphalt binder performance, and the compatibility of bio-oils with conventional binders. Key findings indicate that bio-oil can enhance modified asphalt binders' low-temperature performance and aging resistance. However, the effect on high-temperature performance varies based on the bio-oil source and preparation method. The paper concludes that while bio-oils show promise as renewable modifiers for asphalt binders, further research is needed to optimize their use and fully understand their long-term performance implications.

Study on the Performance of Asphalt Modified with Bio-Oil, SBS and the Crumb Rubber Particle Size Ratio.

To enhance the properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalts, four different amounts (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of castor oil were added to crumb rubber-modified asphalts to mitigate the adverse effects of high levels of fine crumb rubber particles on the aging resistance of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. Initially, a conventional test was conducted to assess the preliminary effects of bio-oil on the high-temperature and anti-aging properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. Subsequently, dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer tests were employed to evaluate the impact of bio-oil on the high- and low-temperature and anti-fatigue properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. Finally, fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the micro-dispersion state of the modifier and functional groups in bio-oil, SBS and crumb rubber composite-modified asphalts. The experimental results indicated that bio-oil increased the penetration of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt, decreased the softening point and viscosity, and significantly improved its aging resistance. The addition of bio-oil enhanced the anti-fatigue properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. The optimal amount of added bio-oil was identified. Bio-oil also positively influenced the low-temperature properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. Although the addition of bio-oil had some adverse effects on the asphalt's high-temperature properties, the asphalt mixture modified with bio-oil, SBS, and crumb rubber still exhibited superior high-temperature properties compared to unmodified asphalt. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated that bio-oil can be uniformly dispersed in asphalt, forming a more uniform cross-linked structure and thereby enhancing the aging resistance of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt. The modification process involved the physical blending of bio-oil, SBS, and crumb rubber within the asphalt. Comprehensive research confirmed that the addition of bio-oil has a significant and positive role in enhancing the properties of SBS and crumb rubber-modified asphalt with different composite crumb rubber particle size ratios.

The impact of bio-oil on the structure, rheology, and adhesion properties of lignin-modified asphalt

This research investigates the efficacy of bio-oil as a sustainable modifier for lignin-modified asphalt (LMA), aiming to enhance its performance characteristics. Utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the study analyzes the chemical and microstructural changes induced by bio-oil in LMA. Rheological properties were evaluated using Dynamic Shear Rheometry (DSR), revealing that the addition of 5%–10% bio-oil to LMA significantly reduced stiffness and brittleness, improving ductility and fatigue resistance. For instance, LMAs with 10% bio-oil demonstrated a fatigue life at 2.5% strain comparable to unmodified asphalt. Additionally, bio-oil inclusion increased adhesive strength between asphalt and aggregates, enhancing moisture resistance. Low-temperature properties assessed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed improved flexibility and thermal crack resistance with bio-oil addition. These findings underscore the potential of bio-oil in developing high-performance, sustainable asphalt binders, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly road construction materials.

Biomass valorization toward sustainable bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis of lignocellulosic raw materials for bitumen modification

The quality and durability of road surfaces have long been an area of interest for researchers all over the world, who are trying to prolong life of service of roads and cut the additional expenses. The quality of bitumen, one of the most important parts of road building materials, can be improved with various modifiers, lots of which have been introduced and used commercially for a long time. This paper studies bio-oil obtained in the process of slow pyrolysis of sawdust as a sustainable modifier for bitumen production. Adhesive properties of bitumen produced by different methods of bio-oil introduction into the material are studied, as well as some of the no-harm characteristics. It was found that introducing both bio-oil and its fraction boiling above 350 °С directly into bitumen leads to a rise in adhesion rate (up to 91.52 % for unfractionated bio-oil and 79.98 % for bio-oil >350 °С fraction vs. 62.88 % for base bitumen). However, adding >350 °С fraction of bio-oil proved to deteriorate the bitumen’s rheological characteristics, such as ductility and penetration, while adding bio-oil made bitumen fail the ageing test (mass change). The addition of bio-oil in the amount of 1 wt% into vacuum, residue showed to have a limited effect on the adhesion properties of the resulting oxidized bitumen, while passing both no-harm and ageing tests. The results reported that the optimal concentration of bio-oil added to bitumen in the case of the current study was 2–3 wt%, since it is at this share of the modifier that the binder shows peak adhesion indicators of the adhesion with the mineral surface.

Effects of pyrolysis bio-oil derived from palm kernel shell on modified bitumen properties

Economical and environmental friendly materials that able to replace petroleum based binder has become an urgent demand in road industry. Bio oil from palm oil waste is relatively more economical and has the potential to used as bitumen replacement as bio asphalt. The performance of bio asphalt derived from different source and process to produce bio oils are varies. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of palm kernel shell bio-oil in terms of physical properties, the chemical functional group, and the morphology. The bitumen properties were evaluated by the conventional physical tests, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The palm kernel shell bio-oil was added into the bitumen by weight of bitumen at 0%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% and blended using mechanical stirrer. From the conventional physical test, it was found that bio-oil modified bitumen increased in penetration and ductility with decreased softening point. This indicate that direct addition of bio oil soften the modified bitumen. The change of the functional group in FTIR is significantly influenced by the increasing content of bio-oil. The morphology of the modified bitumen showed inhomogenous surface with noticeable wrinkles as the bio oil content increase. Based on the physicochemical evaluation, 3% bio oil replacement passed all the physical tests requirement with less changes in FTIR result. Therefore, 3% bio oil content is proposed for further tests for direct inclusion of bio oil into bitumen for local road construction utilization.

Investigation of the Performance of Bio-Oils from Three Different Agricultural Wastes as Rejuvenators for Recycled Asphalt

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using bio-oil obtained from pine cones, olive mill pomace, and wheat straw as rejuvenators for the reuse of aged asphalt binders. Additionally, the biomass used for bio-oil production was selected from waste materials. Therefore, it makes great contributions to both the environment and the economy. B50/70 bitumen was selected as the neat binder. The bio-oils used in the study were obtained as a result of pyrolysis. Bio-oil rejuvenators at 5%, 10% and 20% by the weight of the binder were added to the aged binder obtained from recycled asphalt mixtures to obtaine bioregenerated asphalts. The physical and rheological properties of bioregenerated asphalts were investigated and not compared on neat and aged binders through penetration, softening point, rotational viscometer and dynamic shear rheometer tests. In addition, the effects of temperature and biooil content on complex modulus properties were examined using response surface methods. It was foud that while the bio-oils increased the penetration values of the aged binders, they also decreased the softening point and viscosity values. The bio-oils significantly modified rutting resistance of the aged binder. The addition of bio-oil improved the viscous components and can rejuvenate the viscoelastic properties of aged asphalt binders to that of almost the original level. In addition, response surface methods results showed that the interactions between both independent variables were effective. Finally, high coefficient of determination (R2) values indicated good agreement between the actual and predicted values. It was recommended as a result of the study that 20% concentration of bio-oil should be used to rejuvenate the aged asphalt binder for reuse in pavement construction.

Physical Chemistry Supports Circular Economy: Toward a Viable Use of Products from the Pyrolysis of a Refuse-Derived Fuel and Granulated Scrap Tire Rubber as Bitumen Additives

The production and maintenance of road pavements consume resources and produce wastes that are disposed of in landfills. To make more sustainable this activity, we have envisioned a method based on a circular use of residues (oil and char) from municipal solid waste pyrolysis as useful additives for producing improved asphalts and for recycling old asphalts to generate new ones, reducing at the same time the consumption of resources for the production of new road pavements and the disposal of wastes to landfills. This work aims to show the feasibility of the integration of two processes (thermal treatment of municipal solid waste on one side, and that of road pavement production on the other side) where the products deriving from waste pyrolysis become added-value materials to improve the quality of road pavements. In this contribution, we presented the effect of pyrolysis product addition on asphalt binder (bitumen) preparation and aging. Solid and liquid products, deriving from the pyrolysis of two kinds of wastes (refused derived fuel (RDF) and granulated rubber tyre waste), have been used for the preparation of asphalt binder samples. Rheological tests have been performed to determine the mechanical properties of neat asphalt binder (bitumen) and those enriched with pyrolysis derived products. Measurements to evaluate possible anti-aging effects have been also performed. The collected results indicate that char addition strengthens the overall bitumen intermolecular structure while bio-oil addition exerts a rejuvenating activity.

Influence of castor oil-based bio-oil on the properties and microstructure of asphalt binder

This study intends to investigate the influence of castor oil-based bio-oil on the properties and microstructure of asphalt binder. Castor oil-based bio-asphalt (COBA) were prepared by mixing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% bio-oil with petroleum asphalt. Their conventional performance was evaluated based on three indexes, including penetration, ductility and softening point. The high- and low-temperature properties of COBA were obtained by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR), and the thermostability was analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG). Meanwhile, the moisture-induced shear-thinning index (MISTI) was tested to evaluate the resistance to moisture damage of COBA. Furthermore, the change of microstructure of asphalt modified by bio-oil was revealed by fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR). The results showed that castor oil-based bio-oil could soften asphalt and reduce its consistency. As the bio-oil was added, the high-temperature performance of COBA was weakened to some extent by decreasing of complex modulus (G*) and rutting factor (G*/sinδ). The thermostability of COBA was slightly higher than that of matrix asphalt, but it would decrease with the addition of bio-oil. Under the same temperature, the ductibility and m value of bio-asphalt increased with added bio-oil, which change trend was opposite for S value and k value. It indicated that the bio-oil increased the low-temperature flexibility and ductibility of petroleum asphalt. MISTI showed that COBA had better resistance to moisture damage than matrix asphalt. FTIR identified castor oil-based bio-oil as a compound mainly composed of light components, and it is mainly physically blended with petroleum asphalt. Also, the amount of acidic compounds in COBA increased with the increase of bio-oil content. Under the impact of the amide groups in bio-oil, the π-π interaction between the asphaltene stacks of COBA changes, resulting in the change of asphaltene clusters. As a result, the bio-oil enhances the liquidity and improves the low-temperature performance. In terms of high-, low-temperature performance and moisture susceptibility, the COBA containing 5% bio-oil was recommended for the construction of traffic infrastructures.

Evaluation of asphalt modified with bio-oil and high rubber content: Low temperature and short mixing time production condition

High rubber content modified asphalt needed high production temperatures due to the high viscosity, but the viscosity and production temperature could be decreased by adding bio-oil. Producing rubber and bio-oil modified asphalt (BRMA) with good performance under low temperatures and short mixing time had significant environmental contributions. Therefore, this study prepared BRMA with crumb rubber content of 20 % and bio-oil content of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % under the low-temperature (160 °C) and short-time (30 min) shear conditions. The rheological characteristics of BRMA were evaluated by conventional and rheological property tests. The interaction mechanism among rubber, bio-oil, and asphalt was assessed with the Fourier Transform Infrared test (FTIR) and Fluorescence Microscope test (FM). The addition of bio-oil had a significant impact on reducing the increase in asphalt viscosity that was typically caused by rubber modification. The high-temperature performance, elastic performance, and low-temperature performance of BRMA were significantly improved. The PG grade of neat asphalt was PG 64–22, 20 %R + 5 %Bio was PG 70–34, 20 %R + 10 %Bio was PG 70–34, and 20 %R + 15 %Bio was PG 64–40. Under the condition of low mixing temperature and short reaction time, the FTIR test found that no new absorption peak appeared, and the bio-oil, rubber, and asphalt were mainly physical mixing. Through the FM test, it was found that rubber reacted with asphalt at different degrees, and some crumb rubber that did not fully react ensured that asphalt still had good elastic properties and deformation resistance at high temperatures. The research provided theoretical guidance for similar application scenarios, such as dry process rubber modified asphalt.

The Adhesion and Moisture Damage Resistance between Castor Oil-Based Bio-Asphalt and Aggregates under the Action of Thermal-Oxidative Aging

This study aims to investigate the adhesion properties and moisture damage resistance between castor oil-based bio-asphalt (COBA) and aggregates under the action of thermal oxidation. Different dosages of castor oil-based bio-oil (5%, 10%, and 15%) were used to prepare the COBA by mixing it with petroleum asphalt. The short-term and long-term aging of COBA were simulated by the rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) over 85 min and 385 min, respectively. The boiling method, photoelectric colorimetry, contact angle test, and contact angle moisture susceptibility test (CAMSI) were used to evaluate the adhesion and exfoliation of the COBA–aggregates before and after thermal oxygen aging. Then, the aging degree of COBA was quantitatively evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and the correlation between aging condition and COBA–aggregates adhesion was analyzed. The results showed that the cohesion in COBA increased by 23.1% on average due to the addition of bio-oil. And the adhesion between COBA and aggregates increased by 5% due to the acidic compounds formed in the process of interaction with silicates on the surface of the aggregates. After short-term thermal oxidation, the adhesion between COBA and its aggregates was further improved as the polar components in the asphalt binder increased when the bio-oil dosage was less than 10%. However, with the continuous increase in the bio-oil amount and thermal oxidation degree, the adhesion decreased by 12.6% when compared to the virgin status; in addition, the adhesion grade decreased. Also, a low dosage of bio-oil was found to also improve COBA’s resistance to moisture damage, and helped to reduce moisture sensitivity during the interaction with asphalt binder. However, the acidic compounds that were generated by the reaction with hydrolyzed aggregates in the presence of asphalt binder reduced the adhesion between COBA and the aggregates. Finally, FTIR revealed a good correlation between IC=O and adhesion between COBA and the aggregates.

Optimization of pelletization process conditions and binder concentration for production of fuel pellets from oat hull and quality evaluation

Conversion of low-value agricultural residues into biofuels, especially fuel pellets is a promising technique, and the fuel pellet can be used for combustion, co-combustion in boilers and furnace for the generation of heat and power in power plants. Bio-based additives such as mustard meal and bio-oil derived from softwood via pyrolysis have been used as binder for the formulation of oat hull pellets. Central composite design was used to find the different conditions of formulation as well as to optimize the formulation for high quality pellet. Three parameters including the concentration (wt.%, db) of mustard meal (10–20), bio-oil (5-15) and water (8-12) were used as input factors while the response factors were durability index, hardness, relaxed density and moisture uptake rate of fuel pellets. The highest durability, density and mechanical strength was found for pellet formed from 15 wt% of bio-oil, 10 wt% of mustard meal and 8 wt% of water. Pyrolysis bio-oil is the most influential factor that significantly affected pellet properties while the effect of mustard meal as binder is frivolous. Moreover, pelletization operating conditions were also optimized using pelletization force (3000–4500 N), die temperature (90–110°C) and relaxation time (15–60 s) while the die diameter was constant at 6 mm. The pellet quality improved with higher die temperature and pelletization force, but the effect of holding time is insignificant. Computed tomography (CT) analysis reveal that addition of bio-oil significantly decreased the porosity of pellet and thus contributed in enhancing the mechanical strength of pellets.

Influence of Biochar and Bio-Oil Loading on the Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites.

In this study, we evaluated the use of bio-oil and biochar on epoxy resin. Bio-oil and biochar were obtained from the pyrolysis of wheat straw and hazelnut hull biomass. A range of bio-oil and biochar proportions on the epoxy resin properties and the effect of their substitution were investigated. TGA curves showed improved thermal stability for degradation temperature at the 5% (T5%), 10% (T10%), and 50% (T50%) weight losses on bioepoxy blends with the incorporation of bio-oil and biochar with respect to neat resin. However, decreases in the maximum mass loss rate temperature (Tmax) and the onset of thermal degradation (Tonset) were obtained. Raman characterization showed that the degree of reticulation with the addition of bio-oil and biochar does not significantly affect chemical curing. The mechanical properties were improved when bio-oil and biochar were incorporated into the epoxy resin. All bio-based epoxy blends showed a large increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength with respect to neat resin. Young's modulus was approximately 1955.90 to 3982.05 MPa, and the tensile strength was between 8.73 and 13.58 MPa for bio-based blends of wheat straw. Instead, in bio-based blends of hazelnut hulls, Young´s modulus was 3060.02 to 3957.84 MPa, and tensile strength was 4.11 to 18.11 Mpa.

Performance of waste plastic bio-oil as a rejuvenator for asphalt binder

Pavement recycling is actively applied on asphalt roads due to ageing problems associated with bituminous binders when exposed to weathering and trafficking during their service life. Recycling of asphalt occurs through rejuvenator agents. This study utilised bio-oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of waste plastic films (linear low-density polyethylene - LLDPE) to rejuvenate laboratory-aged bitumen. Initially, the neat bitumen was aged through thermal ageing (Pressure Ageing Vessel – PAV) and then the aged binder was mixed with bio-oil from waste plastics at 5% and 8% bio-oil (BO) by weight of aged binder. All four binders including neat bitumen, aged bitumen, aged bitumen/BO-5% and aged bitumen/BO-8% were analysed for thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis, rheology in the linear viscoelastic region, multiple stress creep and recovery analysis, and linear amplitude sweep analysis. The ageing of neat binder resulted in hardening of the binder; however, the bio-oil rejuvenator softened the aged binder significantly. The thermo-chemical and rheological performance of aged binder was significantly improved after the addition of bio-oil. The outcomes suggest how bio-oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of waste plastics (possibly non-recyclable) may serve as potential rejuvenator for aged asphalt binders in an effort to recycle more using non-recyclable material.

Characterization of rheological properties and aging performance of bitumen modified by bio-oil from bamboo charcoal production

As a waste stream from charcoal production, the liquid bio-oil has not been properly used, leading to both environmental and economic issues. In this study, this deleterious waste was explored as a promising additive for petroleum-based bitumen. Raw bio-oil was pretreated through distillation under different temperature to remove undesirable components. The resulting medium and heavy bio-oil fractions were blended with petroleum-based bitumen by weight ratios up to 12% to obtain bio-bitumen. The rheological and aging properties of the bio-bitumen were further evaluated with various test means. The results showed that the addition of bio-oil had softening effect on bitumen. Bio-bitumen performed better brittleness resistance with smaller Glover-Rowe parameters and better fatigue crack resistance at shorter crack length than that of base bitumen. The lower non-recoverable creep compliance of the heavy fraction modified bio-bitumen indicated its better rutting resistance, compared to that of the base bitumen. Characterization of the carbonyl and sulfoxide functional groups in the aged bitumen showed comparative aging performance of the bio-bitumen modified with heavy fraction. The findings of this study indicate that the promising potential of bio-oil heavy fraction to replace petroleum-based bitumen for generating sustainable road paving material.

The Effect of Bio-Oil on High-Temperature Performance of Bio-Oil Recycled Asphalt Binders

Bio-oil recycled asphalt binders in road engineering can help solve the problem of oil shortage and reduce the environmental pollution and sustainability. This paper investigated the road performance of the aged asphalt binder by adding bio-oil so that the aged asphalt binder could be reused to reach purpose of reuse. The residual soybean oil was selected as rejuvenator and blended with aged asphalt binder at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, respectively. The results showed that bio-oil increased the penetration of aged asphalt binder, the penetration of bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a bio-oil content of 6% reached the standard of 70# matrix asphalt binder. The addition of bio-oil reduced the viscosity, mixing and compaction temperature of aged asphalt binder. As a common knowledge, bio-oil helps to increase the lightweight components of the aged asphalt binder, which diminishes the high-temperature rutting resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders. The high-temperature deformation resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders had not decreased linearly with the bio-oil dosage. Meanwhile, the high-temperature performance of the bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a 6% bio-oil was superior to matrix asphalt binder. Bio-oil increased the light components of the aged asphalt binder, thus reducing the high-temperature rheological properties of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders as the bio-oil dosage increases. The above test results showed that the bio-oil could restore the aged asphalt binder to the initial level to reach the reuse target.

Increasing the reactivity of waste biochars during their co-gasification with carbon dioxide using catalysts and bio-oils

An energy crop, an agricultural waste biochar and their blends with an industrial waste biochar were gasified under carbon dioxide up to 1000 °C, employing the thermal analysis technique. Thermal behavior, reactivity, conversion and cold gas efficiency were determined. The influence of pore structure, chemical functional groups, inherent mineral matter, external catalysts and bio-oil blending was examined. A simple independent parallel reactions model was developed to provide kinetics of uncatalyzed or catalyzed raw fuels and their mixtures. The bulk of the process occurred between 800 °C and 950 °C, conversion ranged between 73% and 100%, whereas cold gas efficiency from 40% to 69%. Gasification reactivity was highly correlated to the porous structure of char and was ranked as sawdust>helianthus>grape husks. Blending of biochars with the industrial waste increased the conversion and the cold gas efficiency of CO produced. Impregnation of biochars with alkali species lowered the reaction temperature, improved the yield of CO up to about 35% and reduced activation energy values from 201 to 273 kJ/mol to 153–180 kJ/mol. K2CO3 and CaO catalysts presented a better overall performance. Catalyst loading of 10% wt was enough for improving the process. Also, the effect of bio-oil addition to biochars was positive, increasing the conversion to 91–92%.

Performance improvement and aging property of oil/SBS modified asphalt

The main objective of this work is to use the oil to improve the low- and intermediate- temperature performance of styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS) modified asphalt, and how long the benefits of adding oils can stay (aging property) was also evaluated. In this study, one bio-oil and one re-refined engine oil bottom (REOB) were selected to blend with two types of SBS modified asphalt to prepare oil/SBS modified asphalt. The performance improvement, rheological and chemical evolution upon aging process were characterized and tracked by performance grading, master curve, Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test, Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) scanning, and the aging indices were calculated, subsequently. The results confirm the performance-improving effect of adding oils, while the bio-oil exhibits higher efficiency than REOB in terms of changing performance-related characteristics. BBR test results at various aging states show that the low-temperature performance mostly depended on the ability of relaxing the internal stress (m-value) other than stiffness. The addition of bio-oil was proved to have an effect of slowing down the deteriorating rate of low-temperature performance. FTIR scanning and aging indices results show that performance-related characteristics and chemical changes mostly occurred at the long-term aging period, and the oil addition would not influence the SBS degradation during aging.

Physicochemical, rheological and microstructural properties of Nano-Silica modified Bio-Asphalt

For its renewability, environmentally friendly and cost-effective advantages, bio-oil is employed to partially substitute the petroleum-based asphalt. However, its usage weakens the high-temperature performance of petroleum asphalt. Therefore, hydrophobic nanosilica (NS) particles were employed as a physical modifier of crude palm oil (CPO) to improve the high-temperature performance of bio-asphalt. CPO with the addition of 0, 5, 10 and 15% (by weight) and NS with the addition of 0, 2, 4 and 6% were used to obtain the NS-modified bio-asphalts. The chemical reaction between NS and CPO was evaluated by employing the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Penetration and softening point tests were conducted to ensure the consistency, while dynamic shear viscosity, temperature sweep test, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) were employed to evaluate the high-temperature rheological performance of the bio-asphalts and NS-modified bio-asphalts. Moreover, the chemical functional groups and morphological characteristics of the selected NS-modified bio-asphalts were investigated using FTIR and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) tests. Test results show that the consistency of the NS-modified bio-asphalts was improved by reducing penetration, and increasing the softening points and dynamic viscosity. The NS particles increased the rutting parameter (G*/sinδ) and reduced the aging sensitivity of bio-asphalt, while decreased its permanent strain and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr), and improved the percentage of the recovery. FTIR analysis showed a chemical reaction that occurred due to the addition of bio-oil and NS into asphalt. Apart from that, the FESEM exhibited that NS was uniformly dispersed in the base and bio-asphalts’ matrix. Therefore, NS effectively improved the high-temperature performance, aging resistance of the bio-asphalt.

Influence of Bio-oil Modification on Moisture-Induced Damage Potential of Asphalt Binder and Mix

Abstract Bio-oil (BO) derived from waste wood has the potential to be the modifier for asphalt binders. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of BO on the moisture damage potential of asphalt binder and mix by blending BO at two dosages (2 % and 4 %, by weight) in AC30. BO was obtained by fast pyrolysis of waste wood. To achieve this objective, surface free energy (SFE), bitumen bond strength, and indirect tensile strength tests were conducted for evaluating the cohesive and adhesive bond strength, the work of debonding, energy ratios (ERs), pull off tensile strength (POTS), and tensile strength ratio (TSR). The test results indicated that the addition of BO improves the cohesive and adhesive bond strength. Also, an increase in the work of debonding was observed by conducting the SFE test. Thereafter, ERs indicated that BO has compromised the moisture damage resistivity of AC30. A reduction in POTS was also observed on inclusion of BO. TSR of mixes reduced consistently on BO addition, thereby indicating that BO has compromised the moisture-induced damage resistivity of mixes. However, all mixes resulted in more than 80% TSR value, which is the minimum requirement to counter the moisture-induced damage. A “good” correlation was observed between ERs and TSR. This study concludes that although the inclusion of BO is a promising prospect, BO has the propensity to compromise the moisture-induced damage resistivity of the asphalt mix.

Evaluation of suitable mixture proportion compatibility of aviation fuel JET A-1 blended with butanol isomers

This study focuses on the compatibility and thermal reactivity of blends of aviation kerosene JET A-1 with four kinds of butanol. This prospective research predicts a suitable ratio of butanol isomers that can be added to JET A-1 for turbojets. Thus, this study was performed to establish the physical stability of different blending ratios at low temperature, high-temperature gasification stability, gas expansion enthalpy, and heat of combustion of blended aviation fuel. The blend proportion compatibility and thermal reactive stability of the low- and high-temperature physical characteristics and the combustion properties were studied by conducting refrigerated cooling system-differential scanning calorimetry (RCS90-DSC) and oxygen bomb calorimetry. We obtained two kinds of butanol isomers, n-butanol and sec-butanol, with the highest and best ratio of addition of 20% to JET A-1, they include the compatibility parameters, such as the onset temperature of freezing characteristics, the onset gasification temperature, the expansion enthalpy (selected nonthermal heating rate of 4 °C min−1), and heat values are −73.23 and −64.87 °C, 58.61 and 22.92 °C, 52.42 and.52.99 kJ kg−1, and 43.46 and 42.98 MJ kg−1, respectively. This research was developed to preliminarily assess the feasibility and compatibility of the suitable addition of bio-oil or bio-butanol to aviation fuel for use in aircraft engines to reduce engine testing and energy consumption.