Addition Of Aluminum Chloride Research Articles

The effect of sodium citrate on the photolytic reaction of catechin following the addition of aluminum chloride under alkaline conditions

Tea has an abundance of aluminum and catechins. As a food additive, citrate is often added to tea. An aluminum ionic species, including its amphoteric Al3+, can be either neutral or negatively charged and exist as intermediates simultaneously in weak alkaline solutions. This study is undertaken to investigate the photolytic processes of 290 mg/L catechin hydrate (CH) upon the addition of 133 mg/L AlCl3 (CHA) and CHA in the presence of 294 mg/L sodium citrate dihydrate (CHAS) to determine the structural changes in catechin and analyze its photoproducts after blue light irradiation at 20 W/m2 in H2O at pH 8 (BLIH) via high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) system. The photolytic effect of blue light on sodium citrate was also determined. When CH is treated with BLIH, A-type and B-type proanthocyanidin dimers, AtPA and BtPA, respectively, are formed by a photochemically driven redox reaction. Relative percentages of the resultant catechin are 46.3, 98.1, and 46.9 for CH, CHA, and CHAS, respectively, after BLIH treatment, suggesting that the photolysis of catechin after BLIH is suppressed by AlCl3 and that sodium citrate restores the process of the catechin-aluminum system under BLIH in alkaline conditions. The addition of AlCl3 reduces the generation of proanthocyanidins during the photolysis of catechin after the dimeric molecule is disconnected by AlCl3, which acts as a catalyst after BLIH. However, under the same conditions, the addition of sodium citrate inhibits the catalytic capacity of AlCl3, and more proanthocyanidins are generated by the catechin-aluminum system under BLIH. Sodium citrate features an inherent reducing potential to maintain the photostability of the catechin-aluminum system and inhibits the catalysis of aluminum ions in alkaline conditions under BLIH.

Recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash: Influence of chemical addition prior to incineration on ash mineralogy and related phosphorus and heavy metal extraction

Sewage sludge ash (SSA) rich in phosphorus (P) is a promising alternative for non-renewable phosphate rock. However, wet chemical P extraction from SSA can co-extract considerable amounts of heavy metals depending on the type of extraction liquid used. In this study, addition of chemicals to sewage sludge (SS) prior to incineration was investigated for its influence on the ash mineralogy and related P and heavy metal extraction using sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid. The additives selected consisted of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg and Na chlorides, sulfates and carbonates. Results showed that the addition of chemicals to SS prior to incineration changed the P mineralogy in the SSA, but this had generally almost no effect on the P extraction efficiency. The only exception was the addition of calcium chloride, sodium chloride or carbonates, which decreased the P extraction efficiency. Conversely, addition of chemicals to SS prior to incineration significantly affected the extraction of heavy metals from the SSA. Overall, the addition of aluminum chloride, iron(III) chloride, magnesium chloride or aluminum sulfate to SS prior to incineration offered the best trade-off between high P extraction and low heavy metal co-extraction.

Горение и тушение щелочных металлов

Research was conducted on studying the features of combustion and extinguishing of the alkali metals. As experiments showed, during combustion in the air, in addition to oxygen, only lithium from the entire series of alkali metals additionally uses nitrogen as an oxidizing agent. Sodium was chosen as the combustible load for the experiments on the determination of the extinguishing efficiency. When conducting fire tests according to the previously developed methodology, the extinguishing ability was evaluated by the mass of the fire extinguishing agent, after which the sodium combustion did not resume during a 10-minute exposure. When extinguishing with potassium salts, a positive effect is achieved only in the case of a thin layer of combustible substance. Taking into account that the density of heat-resistant potassium halides is more than twice as high as that of sodium, they sink in the layer of the latter. Accordingly, the effective extinguishing will be achieved only with a proportional ratio of the fire extinguishing agent to the sodium layer. Mixture of graphite and heat-resistant organonitrogen compounds showed a high extinguishing efficiency. At the same time, in practice, due to the shortage and high cost of kibble, the second option may be a melamine-graphite composition. In laboratory conditions, good extinguishing results were shown by liquid complexes of addition of aluminum chloride and nitrogen-containing organic compounds. During field tests, a similar effect was not achieved, but this does not mean that the work in this direction has no prospects. Considering that today there are more and more technologies using alkali metals that are in sufficiently high isolation, the use of liquid agents can become a priority in terms of their efficient supply to the burning metal.

Technology and Properties of Composite Materials with Modifier of Chloride Aluminum

The paper discusses the important issues concerning recycling of industrial sulfur waste and bottom ash. The process flow diagram was designed to form protective coatings on cement concrete by impregnation with molten sulfur, which featured high strength, performance properties and corrosion resistance. The process parameters were specified. The addition of bottom ash slag to cement concrete not only offers a means for recovering waste from thermal power stations, but also increases the material strength. Besides, the impregnation process provides low thermal conductivity for concrete while giving the material high heat insulation. A higher strength of the samples containing bottom ash slag results from a high dispersity and reactive surface of bottom ash slag. The paper investigates the influence of the electrophilic agent (aluminum chloride) on the properties of sulfur binder. It was shown that addition of aluminum chloride encouraged the formation of a more effective protective coating that gave the samples of cement concrete higher strength, density, water resistance. The electrophilic agent stimulated the synthesis process for inorganic sulfides and composite materials based on them. It was found that addition of the electrophilic agent (aluminum chloride) reduced the viscosity of molten sulfur significantly, which was attributed to the formed short-chain sulfur radicals. Such a melt has a relatively high penetration capability to ensure the formation of a high-quality protective coating.

Sulfone-Based Electrolytes for Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries

Magnesium (Mg) is an attractive candidate for the anode material of a novel high-performance rechargeable battery because of its high energy density, moderate electrochemical activity, chemical stability, as well as the natural abundance. One of the most important issues to realize the Mg rechargeable battery is the development of electrolytes. Aurbach et al. have developed electrolyte solutions in which Mg is deposited and dissolved reversibly, that are formed by reacting R2Mg or RMgCl Lewis base with XR3-nCln Lewis acid (n=0-3, X=Al, B) in ether solvent. Here the transmetalation between Lewis base and acid is a key step in the formation of the electrochemically active products, and the Lewis acid is the essential factor in improving the electrochemical properties such as reversibility, conductivity, as well as electrochemical windows. As a result, a magnesium organohaloaluminate in tetrahydrofran (THF) with a formula of 0.25 mol/L Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF shows nearly 100% columbic efficiency, 2.5V electrochemical window, and room-temperature conductivity in the range of several millisiemens, which are much better than those of conventional Grignard reagents.After the breakthrough by Aurbach described above, various approaches have been tried for further improvements. Kim et al. enhanced the electrochemical performance of hexamethyldisilazide magnesium chloride (HMDSMgCl) in THF through the addition of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) together with the crystallization of electrochemical active species [Mg2(μ-Cl)3·6THF]+. Mohtadi et al. reported the reversible Mg electrolytes of magnesium borohydride Mg(BH4)2 in both THF and dimethoxyethane (DME). And recently, Abe et al. have found that magnesium deposition and dissolution can take place in some electrolyte solutions, such as magnesium bromide together with magnesium ethoxide in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran( (Mg(OEt)2 + MgBr2)/2-MeTHF), and MgBr2 in n-butyl methyl ether (MgBr2/n-BME). The same group has also found that Glymes and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) with AlCl3enabled the magnesium deposition and dissolution on platinum electrode with high coulombic efficiency.Despite the improvements in the electrochemical properties, at least two more breakthroughs are required for the commercialization regarding Mg electrolytes; one is the reduction of chemical reactivity, and the other one is suppression of solvent evaporation. Here we report the development of a novel Mg electrolyte using sulfone as solvents. Although it does not include highly reactive materials such as organic magnesium compounds as well as Lewis acids, the electrolyte shows reversible Mg deposition and dissolution at room temperature. The electrochemical window is larger than 3.0V vs Mg without any corrosion on stainless steel electrodes. As the boiling point of the sulfone is high, we don’t need to care about the solvent evaporation at the operating condition. In addition to the details of our Mg electrolyte, the performance of Mg rechargeable battery whose energy density would be higher than the present Li-ion batteries, will be presented at the conference.

腐食合成法を用いたNiAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>スピネルの作製

NiAl2O4 was tried to make by metallic corrosion with chloride as a catalyst in ethanol. As synthesis of NiAl2O4, two ways were carried out: ①nickel was corroded with addition of aluminum chloride, and ②aluminum was corroded with nickel chloride. The corrosion products obtained by two methods were hydrolyzed, adjusted pH and then fired. It was found that the powder fired at 1073 K and over by two methods was of NiAl2O4 spinel whose diameter was 0.4 to 30 µm. The above results were considered as electrochemical and corrosion phenomena.

エタノール溶媒を用いた腐食合成法による亜鉛スピネルZnAl2O4 の作製

ZnAl2O4 was obtained by corrosion synthesis which produced mixtures of zinc alkoxide by metallic zinc dissolution in ethanol and aluminum ions by addition of aluminum chloride as a catalyst. The corrosion product became ZnAl2O4 when the mixtures were hydrolyzed, pH-adjusted, and fired at temperature higher than 873 K. It is shown that the ZnAl2O4 powder has the particle size distribution of 0.4 to 10 µm. It is considered that the corrosion synthesis of a ZnAl2O4 production has some features of fast reaction in ethanol and well blending circumstances in ion size level condition.

Synthesis of [60]Fullerene-Fused Tetrahydronaphthalene and Indane Derivatives via a Pathway Switched by Aluminum Chloride

The addition of aluminum chloride to the manganese acetate-mediated radical reaction of [60]fullerene with 2-arylmalonates, 2-benzylmalonates, and 2-arylcyanoacetates can switch the reaction pathway and affords a variety of structurally novel and scarce [60]fullerene-fused tetrahydronaphthalene and indane derivatives. These products are formed probably through radical addition, followed by Friedel-Crafts-type annulation.

Detection of Bacterial Endospores in Soil by Terbium Fluorescence

Spore formation is a survival mechanism of microorganisms when facing unfavorable environmental conditions resulting in “dormant” states. We investigated the occurrence of bacterial endospores in soils from various locations including grasslands (pasture, meadow), allotment gardens, and forests, as well as fluvial sediments. Bacterial spores are characterized by their high content of dipicolinic acid (DPA). In the presence of terbium, DPA forms a complex showing a distinctive photoluminescence spectrum. DPA was released from soil by microwaving or autoclaving. The addition of aluminium chloride reduced signal quenching by interfering compounds such as phosphate. The highest spore content (up to 109 spores per gram of dry soil) was found in grassland soils. Spore content is related to soil type, to soil depth, and to soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Our study might provide a basis for the detection of “hot spots” of bacterial spores in soil.

Synthesis of density-controlled ZnO nanoneedle arrays on a flexible substrate by addition of Al salts and use of microwave irradiation

We synthesized density-controlled ZnO nanoneedle arrays on a flexible substrate (Teflon) by the addition of aluminum chloride to the growth solution and application of microwave irradiation at 95 °C for 30 min. The density of ZnO nanoneedles on the substrate could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of aluminum chloride added to the reaction solution. After the reaction, the only species observed in the bulk solution were zinc aluminum layered double hydroxides (ZnAl:LDHs); these ZnAl:LDHs played a critical role in controlling the ZnO density on the substrate. On the basis of our results, we propose a mechanism for the density-controlled growth of ZnO nanoneedles.

Concentration and Recovery of Coliphages from Water with Bituminous Coal

Coliphages represent a process indicator for fecal pollution. The coal bed concentration method prepared for enterovirus was refined for a concentration of coliphages. A bed made from 1.5 g of 120-mesh coal powder was used for concentrating coliphage from 200 mL of a water sample with or without the addition of aluminum chloride at different pH values. The isolated E. coli strain EC-R8 was found to be more susceptible to the desired coliphage and showed significant coliphage-coliform response, with clear plaque used for further studies. The complete coliphage adsorption was achieved with the addition of 0.0005 M AlCl3 at pH 6.0. Adsorbed coliphages were eluted with 3% beef extract in Mcllvaine buffer at pH 7.1, with an average recovery of 78.74%. This concentration technique was applied for the detection of coliphages from the well water of Nagpur city (India) and found to contain coliphages in the range of 2 to 28 plaque-forming units per liter (PFU/L).

Eletrofiação do poli (álcool vinílico) via solução aquosa

Neste trabalho foi sintetizado o poli(álcool vinílico) (PVOH) através da hidrólise alcalina do poli (acetato de vinila). As mantas nanofibrílicas de PVOH foram processadas através da eletrofiação das soluções de PVOH/água e PVOH/água/cloreto de alumínio, ambos na concentração de 12,4% m/v. A morfologia das fibras foi analisada através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O grau de cristalinidade dos materiais foi medido por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração raios x de alto ângulo (WAXD). Os efeitos da tensão elétrica aplicada e da presença de cloreto de alumínio foram verificados na morfologia e no diâmetro médio das fibras de PVOH. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as fibras de PVOH na ausência do cloreto de alumínio apresentaram diâmetros maiores do que na presença do cloreto de alumínio devido à diferença observada na condutividade elétrica das soluções. Variando-se a tensão de 15 a 18 kV foi observado um decréscimo 140 nm no diâmetro médio das fibras. A cristalinidade das fibras eletrofiadas com sal e sem sal é menor do que para o PVOH isotrópico.

Effects of addition sequence and rapid mixing conditions on use of dual coagulants

The performance of dual coagulants in clay suspension was investigated in this study using aluminium chloride and the cationic polymer as coagulants. According to the study results, the performance of dual coagulants was affected by dosage of aluminium chloride. Beneficial effect by use of dual coagulants were only noted when aluminium chloride was underdosed. The addition sequence of coagulants was important for the performance of dual coagulants. Simultaneous addition resulted in the best performance, while addition of the polymer first resulted in the worst performance. Addition of aluminium chloride first resulted in the similar performance as single use of aluminium chloride. Although sulphate ion improved the floc characteristics, similar results were obtained. The effectiveness of rapid mixing depended on dosage of aluminium chloride. Extending rapid mixing (6 min) was beneficial when aluminium chloride was underdosed so that coagulation occurred at the combination region. However, such benefit was not observed at the optimum condition, which belonged to the sweep coagulation region. Different floc formation caused the difference. Extended rapid mixing would be beneficial when collision between clay particles and Al(III) was necessary. However, such benefit would disappear at the optimum condition because rapid mixing could break up the floc already formed.

A Study of the Alumina–Silica Gel Adsorbent for the Removal of Silicic Acid from Geothermal Water: Increase in Adsorption Capacity of the Adsorbent due to Formation of Amorphous Aluminosilicate by Adsorption of Silicic Acid

Two kinds of adsorbents (Si adsorbent and Al adsorbent) for the removal of silicic acid from geothermal water to retard the formation of silica scales were prepared using silicic acid contained in geothermal water. The Si adsorbent was prepared by evaporating geothermal water, and the Al adsorbent was prepared by evaporating geothermal water after the addition of aluminum chloride. The specific surface area of the Si adsorbent was small and it's adsorption capacity of silicic acid was low. Although the specific surface area of the Al adsorbent was also small, it was significantly increased by the adsorption of silicic acid and it's adsorption capacity was high. Based on the change in the local structure of aluminum ion by the adsorption of silicic acid, the Al adsorbent was considered to be silica particles covered with crystalline aluminum hydroxide. Moreover, it was concluded that the increase in the specific surface area of the Al adsorbent and the decrease in the zeta potential were due to the formation of an amorphous aluminosilicate with a large surface area and a negative charge (one 4-coordinated Al) by the reaction between aluminum ions and silicic acids.

Characterization and regulation of a second gene encoding thioredoxin from the fission yeast

A genomic DNA encoding a second thioredoxin (TRX2) was isolated from the chromosomal DNA of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The cloned sequence contains 1823 bp and encodes a protein of 121 amino acids. It has extra N-terminal 17 amino acid residues compared to previously identified thioredoxin (TRX1), which are positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids. The additional N-terminal region contains a plausible prepeptidase cleavage site, indicating that the TRX2 protein exists in mitochondria. The cloned TRX2 gene produced functional TRX estimated with insulin reduction assay. The upstream region of the TRX2 gene was fused into the promoterless β-galactosidase gene of the shuttle vector YEp357R. The 782 bp sequence in the region further upstream of the TRX2 gene was found to be inhibitory in its expression. Synthesis of β-galactosidase from the fusion plasmid pYFX135-HRL was enhanced by the addition of aluminum chloride and ferrous chloride, indicating that the TRX2 protein is involved in stress response.

Use of bituminous coal for concentration of enteroviruses from sewage and effluent

A method has been developed for concentration of enteroviruses from untreated and treated domestic wastewater using bituminous coal bed as a virus adsorbent. A bed made from 1.5 g of 120 mesh coal powder was used for concentrating enteroviruses from 100 ml of clarified sewage at different pH values with and without addition of AlCl 3. To enhance the adsorption of viruses, requisite quantities of aluminium chloride were added so that a final concentration of 0.0005 M could be achieved. At pH 3.0 maximum adsorption (82.8%) of poliovirus type 1 from artificially contaminated clarified sewage was observed without addition of AlCl 3. However, at pH 5.0 maximum virus adsorption of 98.7% was achieved after addition of aluminium chloride. An average recovery of 86.9% of adsorbed viruses at pH 5.0 was achieved from coal bed with 3% flocculating beef extract at pH 9.5. This method for concentration of enteroviruses incorporating use of coal was compared with that of Millipore membrane filter method applied to raw sewage and clarified sewage. The results obtained from the methodology using coal as adsorbent was subjected to Student's “ t” test and it was observed that its efficiency is confirmed for recovery of enteroviruses from raw and nonclarified sewage. These results are also comparable with that obtained with MF method. The results presented in this paper are indicative of the potential of this method for both treated and raw sewage.

Solvent Extraction of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds Contained in Coal Tar Absorption Oil Fraction. Improvement of Separation Performance by Addition of Aluminum Chloride to Solvent.

Solvent Extraction of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds Contained in Coal Tar Absorption Oil Fraction. Improvement of Separation Performance by Addition of Aluminum Chloride to Solvent.

Influence of salts on virus adsorption to microporous filters.

We investigated the direct and indirect effects of mono-, di-, and trivalent salts (NaCl, MgCl(2), and AlCl(3)) on the adsorption of several viruses (MS2, PRD-1, phiX174, and poliovirus 1) to microporous filters at different pH values. The filters studied included Millipore HA (nitrocellulose), Filterite (fiberglass), Whatman (cellulose), and 1MDS (charged-modified fiber) filters. Each of these filters except the Whatman cellulose filters has been used in virus removal and recovery procedures. The direct effects of added salts were considered to be the effects associated with the presence of the soluble salts. The indirect effects of the added salts were considered to be (i) changes in the pH values of solutions and (ii) the formation of insoluble precipitates that could adsorb viruses and be removed by filtration. When direct effects alone were considered, the salts used in this study promoted virus adsorption, interfered with virus adsorption, or had little or no effect on virus adsorption, depending on the filter, the virus, and the salt. Although we were able to confirm previous reports that the addition of aluminum chloride to water enhances virus adsorption to microporous filters, we found that the enhanced adsorption was associated with indirect effects rather than direct effects. The increase in viral adsorption observed when aluminum chloride was added to water was related to the decrease in the pH of the water. Similar results could be obtained by adding HCl. The increased adsorption of viruses in water at pH 7 following addition of aluminum chloride was probably due to flocculation of aluminum, since removal of flocs by filtration greatly reduced the enhancement observed. The only direct effect of aluminum chloride on virus adsorption that we observed was interference with adsorption to microporous filters. Under conditions under which hydrophobic interactions were minimal, aluminum chloride interfered with virus adsorption to Millipore, Filterite, and 1MDS filters. In most cases, less than 10% of the viruses adsorbed to filters in the presence of a multivalent salt and a compound that interfered with hydrophobic interactions (0.1% Tween 80 or 4 M urea).

Alumina/Epoxy Interpenetrating Phase Composite Coatings: I, Processing and Microstructural Development

Interpenetrating phase composite (IPC) coatings consisting of continuously connected Al2O3 and epoxy phases were fabricated. The ceramic phase was prepared by depositing an aqueous dispersion of Al2O3 (0.3 μm) containing orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4, (1–9.6 wt%, solid basis) and heating to create phosphate bonds between particles. The resulting ceramic coating was porous, which allowed the infiltration and curing of a second‐phase epoxy resin. The effect of dispersion composition and thermal processing conditions on the phosphate bonding and ceramic microstructure was investigated. Reaction between Al2O3 and H3PO4 generated an aluminum phosphate layer on particle surfaces and between particles; this bonding phase was initially amorphous, but partially crystallized upon heating to 500°C. Flexural modulus measurements verified the formation of bonds between particles. The coating porosity (and hence epoxy content in the final IPC coating) decreased from ∼50% to 30% with increased H3PO4 loading. The addition of aluminum chloride, AlCl3, enhanced bonding at low temperatures but did not change the porosity. Diffuse reflectance FTIR showed that a combination of UV and thermal curing steps was necessary for complete curing of the infiltrated epoxy phase. Al2O3/epoxy IPC coatings prepared by this method can range in thickness from 1 to 100 μm and have potential applications in wear resistance.

Aluminum effects on transmembrane potential in root cells of spruce in relation to pH and growth temperature

The immediate effect of aluminum (Al) on the transmembrane‐electrical potential (PD) in root cells of spruce (Picea abies L. cv. Emmaboda) was studied after growth of spruce at different temperatures. The PD was determined with microelectrodes inserted into the vacuoles (PDv) or into the cytoplasm (PDc) of root cells of intact seedlings. After growth of the seedlings at 17°/21°C (night/day), addition of aluminum chloride (50–100 μM) to the root medium at external pH 4.0 or 5.0 only slightly affected the PD. However, addition of Al at pH 6.5, caused ahyperpolarization of PDv and a depolarization of PDc. Removal of Al from the root medium caused a depolarization of PDv. After pregrowth of spruce plants for one week at 10°C, the PDv, measured at pH 5.0 and 21°C, was immediately depolarized and then hyperpolarized upon addition of 100 uM Al. After removal of Al from the root medium the resting PDv was depolarized to a less negative value than before the treatment with Al. Thus, the effect of Al on PD of root cells both depends on the pH of the root medium and the temperature during cultivation. After growth at 10°C, which is more relevant for spruce, the effect of Al on PD is stronger than after growth at 21°C.