Adaptive Tolerance Research Articles

Ozone-induced changes in physiological and biochemical traits in Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Michelia chapensis in South China

The influences of elevated ozone (O3) concentrations on biomass, leaf gas exchange, fluorescence parameters, and leaf physiological and biochemical traits were examined in Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Michelia chapensis seedlings under four O3 conditions for a growing season in open-top chambers (OTCs). The four O3 concentrations were charcoal-filtered air (CF) (20 ppb), 1 × O3 air (40 ppb), 2 × O3 air (80 ppb), and 4 × O3 air (160 ppb), respectively. The significant decrease in the root/shoot (R/S) ratios of both species indicated that under O3 stress root biomass was more negatively affected than shoot biomass for both tree seedlings. Along with the loss of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enhanced level of lipid peroxidant, the light-saturated net photosynthesis rate (Pnmax) of E. sylvestris, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Y(II)) and the electron transport rate (ETR) of both species decreased, suggesting that impaired photosynthesis occurred. The negative effect of O3 on physiological and biochemical parameters was greater for M. chapensis than for E. sylvestris. As the O3 concentration increased, the leaf mass per area (LMA) of E. sylvestris decreased, while that of M. chapensis increased. Therefore, the increased SOD activity as a hormetic-compensatory response, the increases in LMA and longer vegetative period contributed to the good adaptability and high tolerance of M. chapensis.

The Nurse Led of stroke patient after discharge from hospital. A Systematic Review and GRADE.

Stroke is the second cause of death worldwide and the third cause of death in industrialized countries. To investigate the effectiveness of the nurse's role the management for people affected by stroke after discharge from hospital to home. A systematic review was performed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was carried out. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for studies on the effectiveness of the nurse's role in managing the stroke rehabilitation process after discharge from the home hospital from 2000 to June 2018 in English. The methodological quality was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing Risk of Bias (RoB). The GRADE system was used for evaluating evidence quality of each outcome. 7,025 studies were identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes in the literature are quality of life related to the degree of independence and depression, to the perception and health management and to the adaptation and stress tolerance. No primary outcome is reported in the literature with a high degree of confidence. The nurse's role the management for people affected by stroke after discharge from hospital to home represent an effective strategy for an improvement in the functional outcome, quality of life and reduction of costs.

Epidermal structure and differentiation.

In this Primer, Moreci and Lechler follow the lifetime of an epidermal cell from its birth to its ultimate death, and detail how this journey is necessary for epidermal function.

On Implementing Optimal Energy Management for EREV Using Distance Constrained Adaptive Real-Time Dynamic Programming

Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs) operate both as an electric vehicle (EV) and as a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). As a hybrid, the on-board range extender (REx) system provides additional energy to increase the feasible driving range. In this paper, we evaluate an experimental research EREV based on the 2016 Chevrolet Camaro platform for optimal energy management control. We use model-in-loop and software-in-loop environments to validate the data-driven power loss model of the research vehicle. A discussion on the limitations of conventional energy management control algorithms is presented. We then propose our algorithm derived from adaptive real-time dynamic programming (ARTDP) with a distance constraint for energy consumption optimization. To achieve a near real-time functionality, the algorithm recomputes optimal parameters by monitoring the energy storage system’s (ESS) state of charge deviations from the previously computed optimal trajectory. The proposed algorithm is adaptable to variability resulting from driving behavior or system limitations while maintaining the target driving range. The net energy consumption evaluation shows a maximum improvement of 9.8% over the conventional charge depleting/charge sustaining (CD/CS) algorithm used in EREVs. Thus, our proposed algorithm shows adaptability and fault tolerance while being close to the global optimal solution.

Adaptive Approximate Bayesian Computation Tolerance Selection

Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) methods are increasingly used for inference in situations in which the likelihood function is either computationally costly or intractable to evaluate. Extensions of the basic ABC rejection algorithm have improved the computational efficiency of the procedure and broadened its applicability. The ABC – Population Monte Carlo (ABC-PMC) approach has become a popular choice for approximate sampling from the posterior. ABC-PMC is a sequential sampler with an iteratively decreasing value of the tolerance, which specifies how close the simulated data need to be to the real data for acceptance. We propose a method for adaptively selecting a sequence of tolerances that improves the computational efficiency of the algorithm over other common techniques. In addition we define a stopping rule as a by-product of the adaptation procedure, which assists in automating termination of sampling. The proposed automatic ABC-PMC algorithm can be easily implemented and we present several examples demonstrating its benefits in terms of computational efficiency.

Single Image Snow Removal Using Sparse Representation and Particle Swarm Optimizer

Images are often corrupted by natural obscuration (e.g., snow, rain, and haze) during acquisition in bad weather conditions. The removal of snowflakes from only a single image is a challenging task due to situational variety and has been investigated only rarely. In this article, we propose a novel snow removal framework for a single image, which can be separated into a sparse image approximation module and an adaptive tolerance optimization module. The first proposed module takes the advantage of sparsity-based regularization to reconstruct a potential snow-free image. An auto-tuning mechanism for this framework is then proposed to seek a better reconstruction of a snow-free image via the time-varying inertia weight particle swarm optimizers in the second proposed module. Through collaboration of these two modules iteratively, the number of snowflakes in the reconstructed image is reduced as generations progress. By the experimental results, the proposed method achieves a better efficacy of snow removal than do other state-of-the-art techniques via both objective and subjective evaluations. As a result, the proposed method is able to remove snowflakes successfully from only a single image while preserving most original object structure information.

Artificial Selection to a Nonlethal Cold Stress in Trogoderma variabile Shows Associations With Chronic Cold Stress and Body Size.

Extreme temperature has been used as an alternative to chemical treatments for stored product pests for years. Resistance to heat or cold treatments has not been documented in stored product insects, but repeated use of ineffective treatments could lead to adaptive tolerance. Trogoderma variabile (Dermestidae) is a common pest of stored products, and the larval stage is highly resistant to cold and destructive. We artificially selected populations by inducing chill coma at four different cold temperature treatments: 3 and 5 h at -10°C and 3 and 5 h at 0°C. Recovery time was highly heritable after selection for seven generations for decreased recovery time (cold tolerance) and increased recovery time (cold susceptibility) at all time and temperature combinations. Three replicate populations for each time and temperature combination varied substantially, suggesting different mutations in each population were probably responsible for selected phenotypes. Body size decreased in populations selected for cold susceptibility compared with those selected for cold tolerance and survivorship to long-term cold stress increased in the cold-tolerant populations compared with the susceptible populations. After the cessation of the selection experiment, cold tolerance dissipated within four generations from the populations at -10°C, but was maintained in populations exposed to 0°C. Our results suggest that warehouse beetles can adapt to cold stress quickly, but in the absence of cold stress, the proportion of cold-tolerant/susceptible individuals is quickly reduced, suggesting that some of the mutations responsible for these phenotypes may be associated with fitness costs under normal conditions.

STAT3 Inhibits CD103+ cDC1 Vaccine Efficacy in Murine Breast Cancer.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are a critical immune population, composed of multiple subsets, and responsible for controlling adaptive immunity and tolerance. Although migratory type 1 cDCs (CD103+ cDC1s in mice) are necessary to mount CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, whether and how tumors modulate CD103+ cDC1 function remain understudied. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates the intracellular signaling of tumor-associated immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10; thus, we hypothesized that STAT3 restrained anti-tumor immune responses elicited by CD103+ cDC1s. Herein, we show that in vitro-derived STAT3-deficient (Stat3∆/∆) CD103+ cDC1s are refractory to the inhibitory effects of IL-10 on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist-induced maturation responses. In a tumor vaccination approach, we found Stat3∆/∆ CD103+ cDC1s restrained mammary gland tumor growth and increased mouse survival more effectively than STAT3-sufficient CD103+ cDC1s. In addition, vaccination with Stat3∆/∆ CD103+ cDC1s elicited increased amounts of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes versus phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated animals. Furthermore, IL-10 receptor-deficient CD103+ cDC1s controlled tumor growth to a similar degree as Stat3∆/∆ CD103+ cDC1s. Taken together, our data reveal an inhibitory role for STAT3 in CD103+ cDC1 maturation and regulation of anti-tumor immunity. Our results also suggest IL-10 is a key factor eliciting immunosuppressive STAT3 signaling in CD103+ cDC1s in breast cancer. Thus, inhibition of STAT3 in cDC1s may provide an important strategy to improve their efficacy in tumor vaccination approaches and cDC1-mediated control of anti-tumor immunity.

Deraining and Desnowing Algorithm on Adaptive Tolerance and Dual-tree Complex Wavelet Fusion

Deraining and Desnowing Algorithm on Adaptive Tolerance and Dual-tree Complex Wavelet Fusion

Làm mất ảnh hưởng của quang kỳ trên giống lúa Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào

Traditional rice in the Mekong Delta is only able to flower after exposing to a short-day period due to its photoperiod sensitivity. Therefore, deflecting the photoperiod of these good quality, good adaptability and salinity tolerance seasonal rice varieties is an urgent requirement now, serving production in the saline affected areas in the Mekong Delta. This study was carried out with a traditional rice rice variety: “Nang Thom Cho Dao”, by treating 1,000 seeds at the germination stage at temperature of 500C during 5 minutes. The treated seeds were planted and selected mutant lines from generation M1 to M5 in the greenhouse in the condition alternative long- and short-day lighting time. The results showed that mutant frequency was 2‰, the particle length changed in compared to the original variety (increased by 0.1 to 0.2 mm). Two of mutant rice lines were selected, photoperiod-insensitive, with short duration (

Liver fibrosis and accelerated immune dysfunction (immunosenescence) among HIV-infected Russians with heavy alcohol consumption - an observational cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe multifactorial mechanisms driving negative health outcomes among risky drinkers with HIV may include immunosenescence. Immunosenescence, aging of the immune system, may be accentuated in HIV and leads to poor outcomes. The liver regulates innate immunity and adaptive immune tolerance. HIV-infected people have high prevalence of liver-related comorbidities. We hypothesize that advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis is associated with alterations in T-cell subsets consistent with immunosenescence.MethodsART-naïve people with HIV with a recent history of heavy drinking were recruited into a clinical trial of zinc supplementation. Flow cytometry was used to characterize T-cell subsets. The two primary dependent variables were CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells expressing CD28-CD57+ (senescent cell phenotype). Secondary dependent variables were CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells expressing CD45RO + CD45RA- (memory phenotype), CD45RO-CD45RA+ (naïve phenotype), and the naïve phenotype to memory phenotype T-cell ratio (lower ratios associated with immunosenescence). Advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was defined as FIB-4 > 3.25, APRI≥1.5, or Fibroscan measurement ≥10.5 kPa. Analyses were conducted using multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsMean age was 34 years; 25% female; 88% hepatitis C. Those with advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis (N = 25) had higher HIV-1 RNA and more hepatitis C. Advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was not significantly associated with primary or secondary outcomes in adjusted analyses.ConclusionsAdvanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis was not significantly associated with these senescent T-cell phenotypes in this exploratory study of recent drinkers with HIV. Future studies should assess whether liver fibrosis among those with HIV viral suppression and more advanced, longstanding liver disease is associated with changes in these and other potentially senescent T-cell subsets.

Physicians’ Occupational Stress: Factors and Teaching Adaptability at Medical Schools

In medicine, extreme conditions and occupational stress are caused by a high level of responsibility, constant tension, heavy workload, complex relationships with patients and colleagues, etc. Therefore, it is important to preserve the physical and mental health of medical workers in order to increase their adaptability and resistance to extreme factors and everyday stress. To improve the quality of health care, it is important not only to establish stress factors, but also to increase adaptability and stress resistance. The research objective was to outline possibilities for increasing adaptability in medical students based on the analysis of factors of professional stress in medical practitioners. Stress factors include time restrictions, gap between salary and labor effort, physical exhaustion, emotionally unbalanced patients, night shifts, high work rates, high level of responsibility for the life and health of other people, inability to think about anything else but work, and high demands that patients place on medical workers. The study revealed dependence between adaptability and stress tolerance in medical doctors. Age and work experience did not correlate with the level of organizational stress and adaptability. The profile of medical activity and position was found to affect these indicators to a greater extent than age. Specific stressors appeared at any age and career stage, but some practitioners were more vulnerable. 90 % of medical students already demonstrated a high level of organizational stress. Thus, although most of the stressors are unavoidable, it is still possible to outline some ways to increase the stress resistance and adaptability in medical students by developing their professional competencies.

Neural-sliding mode approach-based adaptive estimation, isolation and tolerance of aircraft sensor fault

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an adaptive neural-sliding mode-based observer for the estimation and reconstruction of unknown faults and disturbances for time-varying nonlinear systems such as aircraft, to ensure preciseness in the diagnosis of fault magnitude as well as the shape without enhancement of system complexity and cost. Fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy based on adaptive neural-sliding mode is also proposed in the existence of faults for ensuring the stability of the faulty system. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, three strategies are presented: adaptive radial basis functions neural network (ARBFNN), conventional radial basis functions neural network (CRBFNN) and integral-chain differentiator. For the purpose of enhancement of fault diagnosis and isolation, a new sliding mode-based concept is introduced for the weight updating parameters of radial basis functions neural network (RBFNN).The main objective of updating the weight parameters adaptively is to enhance the effectiveness of fault diagnosis and isolation without increasing the computational complexities of the system. Results depict the effectiveness of the proposed ARBFNN approach in fault detection (FD) and approximation compared to CRBFNN, integral-chain differentiator and schemes existing in literature. In the second step, the FTC strategy is presented separately for each observer in the presence of unknown faults and failures for ensuring the stability of the system, which is validated on Boeing 747 100/200 aircraft. Findings The proposed adaptive neural-sliding mode approach is investigated, which depicts more effectiveness in numerous situations such as faults, disturbances and uncertainties compared to algorithms used in literature. In this paper, both the fault approximation and isolation and the fault tolerance approaches are studied. Practical implications For the enhancement of safety level as well as for avoiding any kind of damage, timely FD and fault tolerance have always had a significant role; therefore, the algorithms proposed in this research ensure the tolerance of faults and failures, which plays a vital role in practical life for avoiding any kind of damage. Originality/value In this study, a new neural-sliding mode concept is adopted for the adaptive faults approximation and reconstruction, and then the FTC algorithms are studied for each observer separately, whereas in previous studies, only the fault detection and isolation (FDI) or the fault tolerance problems were studied. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy compared to the approaches given in the literature.

Helminth-induced Th2 cell dysfunction is distinct from exhaustion and is maintained in the absence of antigen.

T cell-intrinsic regulation, such as anergy, adaptive tolerance and exhaustion, is central to immune regulation. In contrast to Type 1 and Type 17 settings, knowledge of the intrinsic fate and function of Th2 cells in chronic Type 2 immune responses is lacking. We previously showed that Th2 cells develop a PD-1/PD-L2-dependent intrinsically hypo-responsive phenotype during infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis, denoted by impaired functionality and parasite killing. This study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional changes underlying Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness, and whether it represents a unique and stable state of Th2 cell differentiation. We demonstrated that intrinsically hypo-responsive Th2 cells isolated from L. sigmodontis infected mice stably retained their dysfunctional Th2 phenotype upon transfer to naïve recipients, and had a divergent transcriptional profile to classical Th2 cells isolated prior to hypo-responsiveness and from mice exposed to acute Type 2 stimuli. Hypo-responsive Th2 cells displayed a distinct transcriptional profile to exhausted CD4+ T cells, but upregulated Blimp-1 and the anergy/regulatory-associated transcription factors Egr2 and c-Maf, and shared characteristics with tolerised T cells. Hypo-responsive Th2 cells increased mRNA expression of the soluble regulatory factors Fgl2, Cd38, Spp1, Areg, Metrnl, Lgals3, and Csf1, and a subset developed a T-bet+IFN-γ+ Th2/Th1 hybrid phenotype, indicating that they were not functionally inert. Contrasting with their lost ability to produce Th2 cytokines, hypo-responsive Th2 cells gained IL-21 production and IL-21R blockade enhanced resistance to L. sigmodontis. IL-21R blockade also increased the proportion of CD19+PNA+ germinal centre B cells and serum levels of parasite specific IgG1. This indicates a novel regulatory role for IL-21 during filarial infection, both in controlling protection and B cell responses. Thus, Th2 cell-intrinsic hypo-responsiveness is a distinct and stable state of Th2 cell differentiation associated with a switch from a classically active IL-4+IL-5+ Th2 phenotype, to a non-classical dysfunctional and potentially regulatory IL-21+Egr2+c-Maf+Blimp-1+IL-4loIL-5loT-bet+IFN-γ+ Th2 phenotype. This divergence towards alternate Th2 phenotypes during chronicity has broad implications for the outcomes and treatment of chronic Type 2-related infections and diseases.

Fine scale population structure of hoverfly pollinator, Eristalis arbustorum: an integrative study

Determination of the factors influencing the population structure and adaptive tolerance to environmental pressures of the synanthropic hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum is of essential importance in understanding how pollinator populations could respond to climate change or ecosystem management. We addressed the issue of connectivity among conspecific populations sampled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Twenty environmental factors, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI mtDNA), allele frequencies at allozyme loci and wing traits (size and shape) were compared for characterization of population structure and environmental niches. Additionally, patterns of within-individual asymmetry (fluctuating asymmetry; FA) in wing size and shape within and among conspecific populations were studied. In line with the overall similarity of the environmental factors extracted for our study sites, the results of COI mtDNA diversity and STRUCTURE allozyme data provide evidence for shallow differentiation among conspecific populations. In contrast, geo-referenced Bayesian clustering methods (BAPS and GENELAND) and population-based approaches (pairwise FST values and AMOVA) indicate that the dispersal potential of E. arbustorum may be limited across the study area. Along with a significant FA in wing size and shape, a consistent level of FA regardless of urban/rural sampling origin is an indication of the great potential of E. arbustorum for local adaptation, because increased FA levels can be considered to be a way of expression of phenotypic variation and, hence, may contribute to adaptive responses in populations facing changing environments. Thus, by using a combined genetic-morphological approach, we significantly contributed to the understanding of the fine-scale genetic structure of the synanthropic generalist pollinator E. arbustorum.

Therapeutic administration of Tregitope-Human Albumin Fusion with Insulin Peptides to promote Antigen-Specific Adaptive Tolerance Induction

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-islet cells. Among the therapies being evaluated for T1D is the restoration of regulatory T cell (Treg) activity, specifically directed toward down-modulation of beta-islet antigen-specific T effector cells. This is also known as antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction for T1D (T1D ASATI). Tregitopes (T regulatory cell epitopes) are natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G (IgG) that were identified in 2008 and have been evaluated in several autoimmune disease models. In the T1D ASATI studies presented here, Tregitope peptides were administered to non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at the onset of diabetes within two clinically-relevant delivery systems (liposomes and in human serum albumin [HSA]-fusion products) in combination with preproinsulin (PPI) target antigen peptides. The combination of Tregitope-albumin fusions and PPI peptides reduced the incidence of severe diabetes and reversed mild diabetes, over 49 days of treatment and observation. Combining HSA-Tregitope fusions with PPI peptides is a promising ASATI approach for therapy of T1D.

Liver-Mediated Adaptive Immune Tolerance.

The liver is an immunologically tolerant organ that is uniquely equipped to limit hypersensitivity to food-derived antigens and bacterial products through the portal vein and can feasibly accept liver allografts. The adaptive immune response is a major branch of the immune system that induces organ/tissue-localized and systematic responses against pathogens and tumors while promoting self-tolerance. Persistent infection of the liver with a virus or other pathogen typically results in tolerance, which is a key feature of the liver. The liver's immunosuppressive microenvironment means that hepatic adaptive immune cells become readily tolerogenic, promoting the death of effector cells and the “education” of regulatory cells. The above mechanisms may result in the clonal deletion, exhaustion, or inhibition of peripheral T cells, which are key players in the adaptive immune response. These tolerance mechanisms are believed to be responsible for almost all liver diseases. However, optimal protective adaptive immune responses may be achieved through checkpoint immunotherapy and the modulation of hepatic innate immune cells in the host. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms involved in hepatic adaptive immune tolerance, the liver diseases caused thereby, and the therapeutic strategies needed to overcome this tolerance.

Identification of conserved and novel miRNAs responsive to heat stress in flowering Chinese cabbage using high-throughput sequencing

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding and endogenous key regulators that play significant functions in regulating plant responses to stress, and plant growth and development. Heat stress is a critical abiotic stress that reduces the yield and quality of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee). However, limited information is available on whether miRNAs are involved in the regulation of heat stress in B. campestris. A high-throughput sequencing approach was used to identify novel and conserved heat-responsive miRNAs in four small RNA libraries of flowering Chinese cabbage using leaves collected at 0 h, 1 h, 6 h and 12 h after a 38 °C heat-stress treatment. The analysis identified 41 conserved miRNAs (belonging to 19 MIR families), of which MIR156, MIR159, MIR168, MIR171 and MIR1885 had the most abundant molecules. Prediction and evaluation of novel miRNAs using the unannotated reads resulted in 18 candidate miRNAs. Differential expression analysis showed that most of the identified miRNAs were downregulated in heat-treated groups. To better understand functional importance, bioinformatic analysis predicted 432 unique putative target miRNAs involved in cells, cell parts, catalytic activity, cellular processes and abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes maps of flowering Chinese cabbage identified the significant role of miRNAs in stress adaptation and stress tolerance, and in several mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways including cell death. This work presents a comprehensive study of the miRNAs for understanding the regulatory mechanisms and their participation in the heat stress of flowering Chinese cabbage.

Environmental Association Identifies Candidates for Tolerance to Low Temperature and Drought.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is cultivated from the equator to the Arctic Circle. The wild progenitor species, Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, occupies a relatively narrow latitudinal range (∼30 - 40° N) primarily at low elevation (< 1,500 m). Adaptation to the range of cultivation has occurred over ∼8,000 years. The genetic basis of adaptation is amenable to study through environmental association. An advantage of environmental association in a well-characterized crop is that many loci that contribute to climatic adaptation and abiotic stress tolerance have already been identified. This provides the opportunity to determine if environmental association approaches effectively identify these loci of large effect. Using published genotyping from 7,864 SNPs in 803 barley landraces, we examined allele frequency differentiation across multiple partitions of the data and mixed model associations relative to bioclimatic variables. Using newly generated resequencing data from a subset of these landraces, we tested for linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs queried in genotyping and SNPs in neighboring loci. Six loci previously reported to contribute to adaptive differences in flowering time and abiotic stress in barley and six loci previously identified in other plant species were identified in our analyses. In many cases, patterns of LD are consistent with the causative variant occurring in the immediate vicinity of the queried SNP. The identification of barley orthologs to well-characterized genes may provide a new understanding of the nature of adaptive variation and could permit a more targeted use of potentially adaptive variants in barley breeding and germplasm improvement.

Physiological plasticity to high temperature stress in chickpea: Adaptive responses and variable tolerance

High temperature stress (HTS) is one of the most crucial factors that limits plant growth and development, and reduces crop yields worldwide. Cool-season crops, particularly the legumes, are severely affected by increasing ambient temperature associated with global climate change. We characterized the HTS-induced modulations of morpho-physicochemical traits and gene expression of several chickpea genotypes and the metabolic profile of the tolerant cultivar. Higher water use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity, minimal membrane lipid peroxidation in conjunction with increased abundance of osmolytes and secondary metabolites depicted thermotolerance of ICC 1205. The adaptive responses were accompanied by high transcript abundance of heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes. To integrate stress-responsive signalling and metabolic networks, the HTS-induced physicochemical analysis was further extended to metabolite profiling of the thermotolerant cultivar. The screening of the metabolome landscape led to the identification of 49 HTS-responsive metabolites that include polycarboxylic acid, sugar acids, sugar alcohols and amino acids which might confer thermotolerance in chickpea. The present study, to our knowledge, is the most comprehensive of its kind in dissecting cultivar-specific differential adaptive responses to HTS in chickpea, which might potentiate the identification of genetic traits extendible to improvement of thermotolerance of crops.