Adaptive Pattern Research Articles

Flexibility between immersion and distancing: Relationship with depressive symptoms and therapeutic alliance

Objectives High levels of change are linked to the flexibility between immersion and distancing, as well as to higher levels of therapeutic alliance. This study aims to explore the evolution of flexibility between immersion and distancing throughout the entire therapeutic process and its relationship with therapeutic alliance and depressive symptoms in a clinical case. Method We analyzed five sessions of a good outcome case of depression undergoing cognitive–behavioral therapy. We assessed the distancing/immersion of these sessions using the Measure of Immersed and Distanced Speech, and therapeutic alliance with the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form. The depressive symptoms were assessed from the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results Flexibility and therapeutic alliance from both client’s and therapist’s perspectives increased throughout the therapeutic process. A strong negative correlation was found between flexibility and depressive symptoms. Conclusions The increase in flexibility can be an adaptive pattern associated with the decrease in depressive symptoms, the increase in therapeutic alliance (from both the client's and the therapist's perspective), and therapeutic success.

Balancing central control and sensory feedback produces adaptable and robust locomotor patterns in a spiking, neuromechanical model of the salamander spinal cord.

This study introduces a novel neuromechanical model employing a detailed spiking neural network to explore the role of axial proprioceptive sensory feedback, namely stretch feedback, in salamander locomotion. Unlike previous studies that often oversimplified the dynamics of the locomotor networks, our model includes detailed simulations of the classes of neurons that are considered responsible for generating movement patterns. The locomotor circuits, modeled as a spiking neural network of adaptive leaky integrate-and-fire neurons, are coupled to a three-dimensional mechanical model of a salamander with realistic physical parameters and simulated muscles. In open-loop simulations (i.e., without sensory feedback), the model replicates locomotor patterns observed in-vitro and in-vivo for swimming and trotting gaits. Additionally, a modular descending reticulospinal drive to the central pattern generation network allows to accurately control the activation, frequency and phase relationship of the different sections of the limb and axial circuits. In closed-loop swimming simulations (i.e. including axial stretch feedback), systematic evaluations reveal that intermediate values of feedback strength increase the tail beat frequency and reduce the intersegmental phase lag, contributing to a more coordinated, faster and energy-efficient locomotion. Interestingly, the result is conserved across different feedback topologies (ascending or descending, excitatory or inhibitory), suggesting that it may be an inherent property of axial proprioception. Moreover, intermediate feedback strengths expand the stability region of the network, enhancing its tolerance to a wider range of descending drives, internal parameters' modifications and noise levels. Conversely, high values of feedback strength lead to a loss of controllability of the network and a degradation of its locomotor performance. Overall, this study highlights the beneficial role of proprioception in generating, modulating and stabilizing locomotion patterns, provided that it does not excessively override centrally-generated locomotor rhythms. This work also underscores the critical role of detailed, biologically-realistic neural networks to improve our understanding of vertebrate locomotion.

A biomechanics-oriented study on the impact of AIGC on user interaction and ergonomics in visual communication design

This study investigates the biomechanical implications and ergonomic impacts of AI-generated content (AIGC) integration in visual communication design workflows. Through a comprehensive analysis of 23 professional designers in Chengdu, China, we examined the physical stress patterns, user interaction dynamics, and overall ergonomic outcomes when transitioning from traditional to AIGC-assisted design processes. The research employed a mixed-method approach combining quantitative biomechanical measurements with qualitative user experience assessments over 12 weeks. Results revealed significant reductions in muscle activity across key muscle groups, with the upper trapezius showing the most significant decrease (−3.6% MVC, p < 0.001) during AIGC-assisted tasks. This change in muscle activity can be further linked to alterations in the body's postural stability and load distribution, which are core considerations in biomechanics. Movement efficiency metrics, which are inherently related to biomechanical performance, demonstrated a 27.9% reduction in task completion time (p < 0.001) and a 33.3% decrease in design iterations. Quality assessment scores improved across all dimensions, with Creative Innovation showing the highest enhancement (+1.8 points, p < 0.001). User satisfaction metrics indicated significant improvements, with consistent gains of 1.1 points (on a 5-point scale) across all measured dimensions (p < 0.001). Notably, the study identified distinct adaptation patterns between novice and experienced users in terms of their biomechanical responses. Experienced users demonstrated significantly faster response times in AIGC prompt input (8.94 ± 1.87 s vs 18.62 ± 3.15 s, p < 0.001), which can be associated with differences in their neuromuscular coordination and motor learning abilities. While AIGC integration initially increased certain types of errors (+51.2% in input errors), it led to substantial reductions in tool misuse (−40.4%) and design revisions (−39.9%). These findings suggest that AIGC integration can significantly reduce physical stress while improving design efficiency and quality outcomes, all of which are intertwined with the biomechanical functioning of the body during the design process. The research provides evidence-based recommendations for optimizing AIGC implementation in professional design workflows, taking into account the biomechanical and ergonomic factors that contribute to the overall well-being and creative productivity. This study has important implications for software development, workplace health policies, and the future direction of AI-assisted creative work, as it highlights the significance of considering biomechanics in the integration of advanced technologies within creative domains.

Reading an adaptable urban form: Exploring the morphological patterns of the Iranian traditional bazaar

ABSTRACT In order to keep pace with the speed of the new era, modified patterns from the past can help generate faster and more reliable solutions, along with new ideas in the urban design process. Meanwhile, the urban traditional forms serve as a valuable knowledge source, offering guidance for contemporary designers. Iran's traditional bazaars represent urban complexes with a history dating back to the formation of cities. Endowed with both physical and functional flexibility, these bazaars have grown and evolved, enduring long lives to reach the present age. This article delves into the reasons behind the adaptation ability of these historical urban complexes employing the morphological method. The analysis focuses on the bazaars’ structure, anatomy, and diversity. Consequently, the established physical patterns of Iran's traditional bazaars unveil the key to their remarkable resilience against various physical changes over time. The results derived from this research can help better preserve these historical phenomena as they face the threat of isolation every day. Additionally, lessons from these adaptable patterns hold relevance not only for the bazaar's future but also for urban design within the Iranian context and beyond.

Performance, adaptability, and multi‐trait stability of rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in rainfed conditions

AbstractRainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is crucial for meeting food demand in regions like Bangladesh, where irrigation resources are scarce. A study was conducted in five rainfed districts during the 2022 Aman season. The objective was to assess grain yield performance, adaptation patterns, and identify a stable rice variety using multiple trait evaluations. The results showed that Binadhan‐17 produced the highest grain yield, reaching 5.58 t/ha, with its maximum yield recorded in Gopalganj at 6.12 t/ha. Heritability estimates from a linear mixed model were high for plant height (0.93) and grain yield (0.65), with genotypic variance contributing 92.70% and 64.84% to these traits, respectively. A negative correlation (r = −0.43) indicated that shorter varieties tend to perform better for grain yield. Stability analysis using weighted average absolute scores and best linear unbiased prediction identified Binadhan‐17 as the most stable for grain yield, while the genotype–genotype environment biplot confirmed its adaptability across all locations. Factor analysis of the multi‐trait stability index showed stability across traits, with selection gains from 1.49% to 6.99%. Binadhan‐22 was identified as the most stable for average performance and multi‐trait stability. Given its high yield and consistent performance across environments, Binadhan‐17 is recommended for large‐scale cultivation, while Binadhan‐22 offers a reliable, stable alternative across various traits.

Otolith chemistry suggests population heterogeneity within a genetically homogeneous Indian scad population along Indian coast

The Indian scad, Decapterus russelli is one of the most exploited pelagic resources of India. Population genetic analyses using mitochondrial and nuclear markers indicated a lack of genetic structuring among populations from Indian waters. As this species is highly migratory, it is also important to establish the environmental influence on its population structure. In the present study, the whole sagittal otolith composition was analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to assess spatial distribution of D. russelli collected from 4 sites along the Indian coast. Elemental ratios (Ba/Ca, Fe/Ca, K/Ca, Mg/Ca, Na/Ca, Sr/Ca and Zn/Ca) were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistics to determine whether this chemical signature can provide insight into the adaptive patterns. All element/Ca ratios are found to be significantly different between the four sampling locations (ANOVA, p < 0.05; MANOVA, p < 0.05). Five of the element/Ca ratios were found to be significantly different when the data was analysed coastwise (ANOVA, p < 0.05; MANOVA, p < 0.05). The LDA plot also showed the spatial heterogeneity of Element/Ca ratios between the four sampling sites, but some overlaps were also observed, reflecting the migratory ability of the species. This basic information on spatial ecology is required for formulating effective management and conservation strategies for the species.

Does a biological invasion modify host immune responses to parasite infection?

Biological invasions can disrupt the close and longstanding coevolved relationships between host and parasites. At the same time, the shifting selective forces acting on demography during invasion can result in rapid evolution of traits in both host and parasite. Hosts at the invasion front may reduce investment into costly immune defences and redistribute those resources to other fitness-enhancing traits. Parasites at the invasion front may have reduced pathogenicity because traits that negatively impact host dispersal are left behind in the expanding range. The host's immune system is its primary arsenal in the coevolutionary 'arms race' with parasites. To assess the effects of invasion history on immune responses to parasite infection, we conducted a cross-infection experiment which paired common-garden reared cane toads and lungworm parasites originating from various sites in their invaded range across northern Australia. Infected toads had larger spleens and higher concentrations of eosinophils than did uninfected toads. Infected toads also exhibited lower bacteria-killing ability, perhaps reflecting a trade-off of resources towards defences that are more specifically anthelminthic. The impact of infection intensity on multiple immune measures differed among toads and parasites from different parts of the invasion trajectory, supporting the hypothesis that invasion has disrupted patterns of local adaptation.

SARLBP: Scale Adaptive Robust Local Binary Patterns for Texture Representation

SARLBP: Scale Adaptive Robust Local Binary Patterns for Texture Representation

Intra-colony light regulates morphology diversity of colonial cyanobacteria

Morphological diversity widely exists in colonial cyanobacteria, which poses a challenge to monitor and predict population dynamics. Light-induced adaptation plays a key role in the underlying mechanisms. Here, to demonstrate how morphological parameters adapt to physiological features (such as pigments and gas vesicles) under light limitation, a model of intra-colony light regimes (ICLR) was developed based on the colonies of Microcystis Kützing. that caused cyanobacterial harmful blooms worldwide. Cell pigments and gas vesicles positively regulated cellular light attenuation coefficient (D(λ)cell), and both accounted for the D(λ)cell variation of 68.2 % and 30.1 %, respectively. According to the ICLR model, D(λ)cell negatively correlated to colony thickness, and a positive relationship existed between colony thickness and cell-to-cell distance (an indicator of colony compactness). Therefore, increasing cell-to-cell distance is an effective strategy when the D(λ)cell is high or colonies are light-limiting, facilitating the formation of loose, large colonies. This pattern was also observed in Microcystis populations in eutrophic Lake Taihu (China) and cyanobacterial Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing, showing cell-to-cell distance positively related to colony thickness or colony depth. This suggests that the predicted morphological adaptation patterns based on the ICLR model are general in colony-forming cyanobacteria. These findings provide new insights into the morphology diversity of colonial cyanobacteria toward changing environments.

Serum NMR metabolomics in distinct subtypes of hematologic malignancies.

Hematologic malignancies encompass a diverse array of subtypes, contributing to substantial heterogeneity that poses challenges in predicting clinical outcomes. Leveraging the capabilities of nuclear magnetic resonance holds substantial promise in the detection of serum biomarkers and individual metabolic alterations in patients. This study involved the analysis of the sera from patients with acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma to investigate the affected metabolites and their associated pathways. The quantitative one-dimensional (1D) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance method was employed to identify alterations. Metabolite annotations were validated using two-dimensional (2D) analyses. Discriminating chemometric models and receiver operating characteristic curves were created using the MetaboAnalyst platform. The findings revealed significant alterations in the serum levels of amino acid catabolism products, citrate cycle intermediates, and phospholipids. The acute myeloid leukemia group showed differences in glucogenic amino acids related to the glycolysis pathway, whereas the chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma groups displayed variances in fumarate and acetate levels linked to the citrate cycle pathway. In the leukemia groups, higher levels of products from the protein degradation pathway were observed. The biomarker panels for each malignancy group exhibited outstanding discrimination from controls. Healthy individuals differed distinctly from patients, indicating commonly observed metabolic adaptation patterns among frequent hematologic malignancies. The small cohort study using nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in various hematologic malignancy subtypes revealed significant changes in serum amino acid and protein degradation end-product levels, suggesting prolonged leukocyte lifespan and increased energy demand.

Current Status and Cultural Adaptation Patterns of Japanese Immigrants in Paraguay

Current Status and Cultural Adaptation Patterns of Japanese Immigrants in Paraguay

Spatial adaptation patterns and coordinated development of water-energy-food complex system in the yellow river basin

The coordination development of the Water-Energy-Food complex system (WEF CS) is vital to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. However, the existing research ignores the influence of external environment, and it is not clear which dimension is the key driving mechanism for coordinated development of WEF CS. Herein, it built a theoretical framework of “system unit-nexus-natural environment” WEF CS based on the logical framework of “unit-nexus-external environment”, and adopted Dagum Gini coefficient, coupling coordination degree, and grey correlation models to explore the sustainable development ability of water resource, energy resource and food resource of the Yellow River Basin (YRB). It showed that (1) the overall development level of WEF CS showed significant stage differences, indicating upstream > downstream > midstream; (2) the overall Gini coefficient decreased from 0.123 in 2004 to 0.084 in 2020, and the spatial mismatch of development level mainly came from the difference between reaches; (3) the influencing factors of the key zones that hindered the development of WEF CS chiefly came from the nexus dimension. This study provides insights into optimizing spatial adaptation pattern and improving coordination development in basins.

Deliberative Interactions for Socially Shared Regulation in Collaborative Learning

Socially shared regulation in learning (SSRL) contributes to successful collaborative learning (CL). Empirical research into SSRL has received considerable attention recently, with increasingly available multimodal data, advanced learning analytics (LA), and artificial intelligence (AI) providing promising research avenues. Yet, integrating these with traditional datasets remains a challenge in SSRL research due to the misalignment between theoretical constructs, methodological assumptions, and data structure. To address this challenge and expand our understanding of the nature of SSRL, the present research adopted a human–AI collaboration approach in a three-layer analysis to examine group interactions in response to cognitive and emotional regulation triggering events. Two-level theoretical lenses — macro-level (regulatory aspects) and micro-level (deliberative interactions) — were used to analyze 2,125 utterances from video-recorded tasks of ten groups of three Finnish secondary students (N=30). Results showed two types of deliberation patterns for SSRL, namely 1) the Plan and Implementation Approach (PIA) associated with adaptive patterns, and 2) the Trials and Failure Approach (TFA) associated with maladaptive patterns. Our findings revealed that groups often fail to recognize, or are ill-equipped to respond to, emerging regulatory needs. These findings advance SSRL theories and research methodologies by utilizing AI-enhanced LA to offer new insights into group dynamics and regulatory strategies.

Trade‐offs between early planting and yellow rust resistance in wheat: Insights from screening experiments in the Indo‐Gangetic plain

AbstractWheat crops (Triticum aestivum) that are conventionally planted may exhibit susceptibility to yellow rust (YR). However, the disease can be mitigated if the crops are planted earlier than the recommended planting time. A wheat screening experiment was carried out at the Borlaug Institute of South Asia located in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The purpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the adaptation patterns of early planted wheat. Early planting was found to be more advantageous for production potential, as well as phenology, stature, and physiological traits. In a separate experiment, each year, the same number of genotypes were screened for YR by artificially inoculating them with pathogen spores. The well‐adapted genotypes for early establishment tend to possess a greater vulnerability to YR infection. Furthermore, the infection type score for the genotype selected for early planting showed a significantly greater proportion of S (susceptible) type reactions than for the genotypes adapted to early planting. Intriguingly, more R (resistant) and moderately resistant types of reactions were observed in early‐adapted genotypes than in timely‐adapted ones. Therefore, further concentrated research on YR screening is required to assess the possibility of breeding early sown wheat in the northwest part of the Indo‐Gangetic region.

Assessing the relationship between pigs’ stress resilience and their behavior in response to weaning

IntroductionAs pigs are exposed to multiple stressors in production systems, we must understand their ability to be resilient to a range of environmental challenges to maintain production and welfare. Stress-resilience (SR) is the capacity to cope with and recover from stressors while maintaining healthy emotional functioning. In contrast, stress-vulnerability (SV) contributes to and predicts the onset and persistence of mood disorders and pathological processes following exposure to stress.Methods52 focal gilts were identified through a physiological marker (cortisol) in a previous study to compare resilience to weaning stress and behavioral responses at weaning. Within pigs’ home pen, we observed agonistic behavior, non-agonistic social behavior, and daily maintenance behaviors. Behavior was observed over two 4-hour periods (6 AM to 10 AM): one (D1) and four days post-weaning (D4).ResultsOn D1, SV pigs displayed a higher average frequency of non-injurious contact behavior (P = 0.0198) compared to SR pigs, while SR pigs exhibited a significantly longer average duration of lying behavior (P = 0.018) compared to SV. On D4, SV pigs exhibited a significantly longer duration of fighting behavior (P = 0.025) on average compared to SR pigs. Additionally, a significant effect of time on behavioral adaptation patterns was observed. On D1 post-weaning, pigs spent more time fighting (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and exploring (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and showed more frequent non-injurious contact (P = 0.029) and drinking behaviors (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to D4. Conversely, on D4, pigs spent more time feeding (P = 0.005) and lying (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to D1.DiscussionOur findings imply that non-injurious contact and lying behaviors immediately after weaning and fighting behavior several days later may be promising indicators of pigs’ ability to be resilient to the stress associated with weaning. However, to better understand how pigs change their behavior in response to the stress of weaning, we need standard approaches for measuring their behavior and evaluating the degree of change. Understanding behavioral variation between SR and SV pigs can facilitate the development of resilience indexes that could be helpful in breeding programs, facilitating the selection of resilient pigs that overcome challenges associated with weaning.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and its relationship with maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) among 16-year-old junior players at Zakho football club

Background and Study Aim. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) plays a crucial role in modern football performance, particularly in youth development where proper assessment and monitoring can significantly impact long-term athletic potential. While laboratory-based measurements of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) are accurate, there is a need to validate practical field-based testing methods for youth players, especially in regions with unique environmental conditions like Iraqi Kurdistan. The present study investigated the relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) and Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max) among 16-year-old football players at Zakho Football Club. Material and Methods. The descriptive correlational method was employed to examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in 16-year-old junior football players. A random sample of twenty players was selected from a population of thirty-two players. The research utilized multiple assessment tools including the Cooper 12-minute test for CRF evaluation, heart rate monitoring through Garmin fēnix® 7 devices for measuring cardiovascular responses, and Cooper's formula for VO2 max estimation. Testing procedures were standardized and conducted at Dalal Sports Stadium during evening sessions to minimize environmental effects. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients. Results. The results revealed varying levels of cardiorespiratory fitness among players, with the majority demonstrating above-average performance levels. Statistical analysis showed a strong positive correlation between Cooper test performance and VO2 max values, validating the effectiveness of field-based testing for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in Junior players. Heart rate response patterns indicated diverse cardiovascular adaptations across performance levels, suggesting the need for individualized training approaches. Conclusion. The findings contribute to understanding the relationship between field-based fitness assessments and physiological responses in Junior football, particularly in regions with unique environmental conditions. This research provides practical insights for optimizing Junior football development programs while highlighting the importance of considering individual adaptation patterns in training design.

Insight Into Body Size Evolution in Aves: Based on Some Body Size-Related Genes.

Birds exhibit remarkable variations in body size, making them an ideal group for the study of adaptive evolution. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying body size evolution in avian species remain inadequately understood. This study investigates the evolutionary patterns of avian body size by analyzing 15 body-size-related genes, including GHSR, IGF2BP1, and IGFBP7 from the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis, EIF2AK3, GALNS, NCAPG, PLOD1, and PLAG1 associated with tall stature, and ACAN, OBSL1, and GRB10 associated with short stature, four genes previously reported in avian species: ATP11A, PLXDC2, TNS3, and TUBGCP3. The results indicate significant adaptive evolution of body size-related genes across different avian lineages. Notably, in the IGF2BP1 gene, a significant positive correlation was observed between the evolutionary rate and body size, suggesting that larger bird species exhibit higher evolutionary rates of the IGF2BP1 gene. Furthermore, the IGFBP7 and PLXDC2 genes demonstrated accelerated evolution in large- and medium-sized birds, respectively, indicating distinct evolutionary patterns for these genes among birds of different sizes. The branch-site model analysis identified numerous positively selected sites, primarily concentrated near functional domains, thereby reinforcing the critical role of these genes in body size evolution. Interestingly, extensive convergent evolution was detected in lineages with larger body sizes. This study elucidates the genetic basis of avian body size evolution for the first time, identifying adaptive evolutionary patterns of body size-related genes across birds of varying sizes and documenting patterns of convergent evolution. These findings provide essential genetic data and novel insights into the adaptive evolution of body size in birds.

Election Interference and Online Propaganda Campaigns: Dynamic Interdependencies on Facebook, Google Trends, and the New York Times

The relationship between propaganda campaigns, news outlets, and search patterns is of significant interest to political authorities and academic scholars from various disciplines. We explore these dynamic relationships using 3,500 Facebook propaganda advertisements, 167,000 New York Times stories, and hundreds of Google Trends searches for terms from the advertisements and articles in the two years preceding the 2016 US presidential election. The data indicate that propaganda campaigns utilize random content infrequently and instead follow specific Google search patterns. Depending on the subject matter, Facebook advertisements can anticipate the New York Times. In the contexts of immigration, racism, and the LGBT community, such patterns of content adaptation are more prominent. We use the results to provide policy and research recommendations.

Elevational differentiation occurs alongside high plasticity in a general‐purpose genotype invasive plant

Abstract Highly plastic general‐purpose genotypes are a frequent occurrence among invasive plants. Yet it remains uncertain to what extent genetic differentiation can co‐occur with such elevated levels of plasticity. Understanding the interplay between these two evolutionary strategies is essential to understand potential invasive success and future climate change responses. We investigated the potential for genetic shifts between upland and lowland populations of the highly plastic invasive herb Erythranthe guttata in New Zealand. We aimed to determine (a) the presence of genetic differentiation between upland and lowland origin E. guttata populations; (b) whether any differences aligned with established adaptive patterns; and (c) whether genetic differentiation was occurring alongside the high plasticity of E. guttata populations in response to varying elevations. We grew cuttings from 38 E. guttata populations from upland and lowland Canterbury in a lowland and an upland common garden, where we measured a wide range of growth and reproductive traits. We found significant differentiation between upland and lowland origin populations over most measured traits. Plants sourced from upland populations flowered earlier and produced more flowers than plants originating from lowland populations. Lowland origin plants were taller, had larger leaves and higher photosynthetic rates than upland plants. These differences occurred alongside high levels of unspecialised plasticity to the growing environment. Synthesis: We found that over a period of less than 150 years, distinct lowland and upland phenotypes of E. guttata have emerged. These differences are consistent with known selective patterns to elevation that favour reproductive security at higher elevations and competitive ability at lower elevations. This rapid genetic differentiation occurred alongside high plasticity to growing environment, suggesting that highly plastic invasive species still retain the capacity to genetically adapt to novel environments.

Stochastic modeling of single-cell gene expression adaptation reveals non-genomic contribution to evolution of tumor subclones.

Cancer progression is an evolutionary process driven by the selection of cells adapted to gain growth advantage. We present a formal study on the adaptation of gene expression in subclonal evolution. We model evolutionary changes in gene expression as stochastic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, jointly leveraging the evolutionary history of subclones and single-cell expression data. Applying our model to sublines derived from single cells of a mouse melanoma revealed that sublines with distinct phenotypes are underlined by different patterns of gene expression adaptation, indicating non-genetic mechanisms of cancer evolution. Sublines previously observed to be resistant to anti-CTLA4 treatment showed adaptive expression of genes related to invasion and non-canonical Wnt signaling, whereas sublines that responded to treatment showed adaptive expression of genes related to proliferation and canonical Wnt signaling. Our results suggest that clonal phenotypes emerge as the result of specific adaptivity patterns of gene expression. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.