Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System Training Research Articles

Optimization of the brain tumor MR images classification accuracy using the optimal threshold, PCA and training ANFIS with different repetitions

Introduction: One of the leading causes of death among people is brain tumors. Accurate tumor classification leads to appropriate decision-making and providing the most efficient treatment to the patients. This study aims to optimize of the brain tumor MR images classification accuracy using the optimal threshold, PCA and training Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with different repetitions. Materials and Methods: This procedure used in this study consists of five steps: (1) T1, T2 weighted images collection, (2) tumor separation with different threshold levels, (3) feature extraction, (4) presence and absence of feature reduction applying principal component analysis (PCA) and (5) ANFIS classification with 0, 20, and 200 training repetitions. Results: ANFIS accuracy was 40%, 80% and 97% for all features and 97%, 98.5% and 100% for the 6 selected features by PCA in 0, 20 and 200 training repetitions, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that accuracy can be raised up to 100% by using an optimized threshold method, PCA and increasing training repetitions.

Prediction of river flow using hybrid neuro-fuzzy models

The complex nature of hydrological phenomena, like rainfall and river flow, causes some limitations for some admired soft computing models in order to predict the phenomenon. Evolutionary algorithms (EA) are novel methods that used to cover the weaknesses of the classic training algorithms, such as trapping in local optima, poor performance in networks with large parameters, over-fitting, and etc. In this study, some evolutionary algorithms, including genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization for continuous domain (ACOR), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), have been used to train adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in order to predict river flow. For this purpose, classic and hybrid ANFIS models were trained using river flow data obtained from upstream stations to predict 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-day ahead river flow of downstream station. The best inputs were selected using correlation coefficient and a sensitivity analysis test (cosine amplitude). The results showed that PSO improved the performance of classic ANFIS in all the periods such that the averages of coefficient of determination, R2, root mean square error, RMSE (m3/s), mean absolute relative error, MARE, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) were improved up to 0.19, 0.30, 43.8, and 0.13%, respectively. Classic ANFIS was only capable to predict river flow in 1-day ahead while EA improved this ability to 5-day ahead. Cosine amplitude method was recognized as an appropriate sensitivity analysis method in order to select the best inputs.

Measuring maintenance activity effectiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for measuring the imprecise and subjective “effectiveness” of a major maintenance activity. Such a measure will not only bring objectivity in gauging the effectiveness of maintenance task carried out by the workforce without any intervention from an expert but also help in measuring the slow degradation of the performance of the concerned major equipment/system.Design/methodology/approachThe paper follows a three-step approach. First, identify a set of parameters considered important for estimating the maintenance activity effectiveness. Second, generate a set of data using expert opinions on a fuzzy performance measure of maintenance activity effectiveness (output). Also, find an aggregated estimate of the effectiveness by analysing the consensus among experts. This requires using a part of the “fuzzy multiple attribute decision making” process. Finally, train a neuro-fuzzy inference system based on input parameters and generated output data.FindingsThe paper analysed major maintenance activity carried out on diesel engines of a power plant company. Expert opinions were used in selection of key parameters and generation of output (effectiveness measure). The result of a trained adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) matched acceptably well with that aggregated through the expert opinions.Research limitations/implicationsIn view of unavailability of data, the method relies on training a neuro-fuzzy system on data generated through expert opinion. The data as such are vague and imprecise leading to lack of consensus between experts. This can lead to some amount of error in the output generated through ANFIS.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper lies in presentation of a method to estimate the effectiveness of a maintenance activity.

Soft-Computing Control of Ball and Beam System

This article derives a mathematical model and compares different soft-computing techniques for control of a highly dynamic ball and beam system. The techniques which were incorporated for control of proposed system were fuzzy logic, proportional-integral-derivative (PID), adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and neural networks. Initially, a fuzzy controller has been developed using seven gaussian shape membership functions. The article illustrates briefly both learning ability and parameter estimation properties of ANFIS and neural controllers. The results of PID controller were collected and used for training of ANFIS and Neural controllers. A Matlab simulink model of a ball and beam system has been derived for simulating and comparing different controllers. The performances of controllers were measured and compared in terms of settling time and steady state error. Simulation results proved the superiority of ANFIS over other control techniques.

Modelling soil compaction of agricultural soils using fuzzy logic approach and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approaches

One of the most important physical properties of the soil is its mechanical strength. Increasing soil mechanical strength will lead to increments in the draft, fuel consumption, work duration and equipment wear, but will follow the reduction in the root growth. Awareness of the soil cone index (as a criterion of the arable soil compaction) in order to production management in connection with the soil physical properties have high importance, especially in precision farming. On the other hand, finding the methods and models that be able to create the best function or model to estimate the soil cone index at the least cost and use of available data are crucial for researchers. The aim of this study was predicting arable soils cone index values by effective parameters on the soil cone index, including bulk density, soil moisture content and soil electrical conductivity by using Fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy systems. In this study, for measurement and determination of the influencing factors on the soil cone index value, the experimental design was the factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with five replications. The experimental field had three types of loam, sandy loam and loamy sand soils. The modeling of soil cone index was performed by using effective parameters such as bulk density, moisture content and soil electrical conductivity in the fuzzy and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) systems. For fuzzification of input and output parameters, the linguistic variables, including very low (VL), low (L), medium (M), high (H) and very high (VH) were used. Since determining the type and number of membership functions was conducted experimentally, the triangular membership function for both input and output variables was used due to the high accuracy and convenience in system design. In ANFIS model, 80% and 20% of total data were considered as training and test data, respectively. The numbers of membership functions were selected 5 for each input parameters. ANFIS training was done by the hybrid method. The average of coefficients of determination (R2) were obtained 80.1% and 97.9% for the fuzzy and ANFIS models, respectively. The obtained model through ANFIS presented the high accuracy of 2.54% rather than the fuzzy models with the accuracy of 9.68%. Also in comparison with regression models, ANFIS model has high accuracy and can be used to estimate the soil cone index in agricultural land.

Optimization of Brain Tumor MR Image Classification Accuracy Using Optimal Threshold, PCA and Training ANFIS with Different Repetitions

One of the leading causes of death is brain tumors. Accurate tumor classification leads to appropriate decision making and providing the most efficient treatment to the patients. This study aims to optimize brain tumor MR images classification accuracy using optimal threshold, PCA and training Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with different repetitions. The procedure used in this study consists of five steps: (1) T1, T2 weighted images collection, (2) tumor separation with different threshold levels, (3) feature extraction, (4) presence and absence of feature reduction applying principal component analysis (PCA) and (5) ANFIS classification with 0, 20 and 200 training repetitions. ANFIS accuracy was 40%, 80% and 97% for all features and 97%, 98.5% and 100% for the 6 selected features by PCA in 0, 20 and 200 training repetitions, respectively. The findings of the present study demonstrated that accuracy can be raised up to 100% by using an optimized threshold method, PCA and increasing training repetitions.

Optimization of Fuzzy Neural Networks using Mine Blast Algorithm for Classification Problem

The integration of Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNNs) with optimization techniques has not only solved the issues “black box” in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) but also has been effective in a wide variety of real-world applications. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) still needs effective parameter training and rules optimization methods to perform efficiently when the number of inputs increases. ANFIS accuracy depends on the parameters it is trained with and the drawbacks of gradients based learning of ANFIS using gradient descent and least square methods in two-pass learning algorithm. Many researchers have trained ANFIS parameters using metaheuristic, however, very few have considered optimizing the ANFIS rule-base. We propose an effective technique for optimizing ANFIS rule-base and training the network parameters using newly Accelerated modified MBA (AMBA) to convergence the speed during exploitation phase. The AMBA optimized ANFIS was tested on real-world benchmark classification problems like Breast Cancer, Iris, and Glass. The AMBA optimized ANFIS has also been employed to model real datasets. The performance of the proposed AMBA optimized ANFIS model was compared with the ones optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), MBA and Improved MBA (IMBA), respectively. The results show that the proposed AMBA optimized ANFIS achieved better accuracy with optimized rule-set in less number of function evaluations. Moreover, the results also indicate that AMBA converges earlier than its other counterparts.

Dynamic stabilization of one wheel mobile robot (OWMR): a soft-computing approach

This paper presents application of various Soft-computing control strategies for offline control of one wheel mobile robot (OWMR). The techniques considered for controlling were Fuzzy logic reasoning, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and Neural networks (NNs). The study compares the performance of proposed techniques in terms of settling time, maximum overshoot, and steady state error. A Matlab-Simulink model of OWMR system has also been developed. The results obtained from simulation of fuzzy controller were used to train ANFIS and NNs controller. The simulation results showed better performance and learning ability of ANFIS controller as compared to other two controllers. The results are shown with the help of graphs and tables to validate the proposed study.

DCE-MRI prediction of survival time for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based model and nested model selection technique.

This pilot study investigates the construction of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for the prediction of the survival time of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). ANFIS is trained by the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters estimated by the model selection (MS) technique in dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data analysis, and patient age. DCE-MRI investigations of 33 treatment-naïve patients with GBM were studied. Using the modified Tofts model and MS technique, the following physiologically nested models were constructed: Model 1, no vascular leakage (normal tissue); Model 2, leakage without efflux; Model 3, leakage with bidirectional exchange (influx and efflux). For each patient, the PK parameters of the three models were estimated as follows: blood plasma volume (vp ) for Model 1; vp and volume transfer constant (Ktrans ) for Model 2; vp , Ktrans and rate constant (kep ) for Model 3. Using Cox regression analysis, the best combination of the estimated PK parameters, together with patient age, was identified for the design and training of ANFIS. A K-fold cross-validation (K=33) technique was employed for training, testing and optimization of ANFIS. Given the survival time distribution, three classes of survival were determined and a confusion matrix for the correct classification fraction (CCF) of the trained ANFIS was estimated as an accuracy index of ANFIS's performance. Patient age, kep and ve (Ktrans /kep ) of Model 3, and Ktrans of Model 2, were found to be the most effective parameters for training ANFIS. The CCF of the trained ANFIS was 84.8%. High diagonal elements of the confusion matrix (81.8%, 90.1% and 81.8% for Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3, respectively), with low off-diagonal elements, strongly confirmed the robustness and high performance of the trained ANFIS for predicting the three survival classes. This study confirms that DCE-MRI PK analysis, combined with the MS technique and ANFIS, allows the construction of a DCE-MRI-based fuzzy integrated predictor for the prediction of the survival of patients with GBM.

Control Dynamics and Simulation of Inclined Cart and Pendulum System

This paper applies various soft-computing control strategies for offline mode control of highly non-linear cart and pendulum system moving on an inclined surface. The surface is considered at inclination of 12° from horizontal. The study compares performance of four different control techniques namely Proportional-integral-derivative (PID), Fuzzy logic, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Neural networks for control of proposed system. A Matlab-Simulink model of system has been developed from mathematical equations derived using Newton's second law. The cart and pendulum system has been initially controlled using PID controllers and results were further used to train ANFIS and neural controllers. The ANFIS and fuzzy controllers were designed using three and nine gbell shape membership functions (MFs) respectively. The controllers were further compared in terms of settling time, overshoot and undershoot.

Design of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy computing technique for predicting flow variables in a 90° sharp bend

Investigating flow patterns in sharp bends is more essential than in mild bends due to the complex behaviour exhibited by sharp bends. Flow variable prediction in bends is among several concerns of hydraulics scientists. In this study, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is applied to predict axial velocity and flow depth in a 90° sharp bend. The experimental velocity and flow depth data for five discharge rates of 5, 7.8, 13.6, 19.1 and 25.3 L/s are used for training and testing the models. In ANFIS training, the two algorithms employed are back propagation (BP) and a hybrid of BP and least squares. In model design, the grid partitioning (GP) and sub-clustering methods are used for fuzzy inference system generation. The results indicate that ANFIS-GP-Hybrid predicts velocity best followed by flow depth.

Evaluation of Ground Vibration Due to Blasting Using Fuzzy Logic

This paper presents an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the evaluation of ground vibration due to blasting. The training of ANFIS was performed by a hybrid method of gradient descent method and least square algorithm. The least square algorithm is used to optimize the consequent parameters with the premise parameters fixed. Seven factors including the hole depth, burden, spacing, stemming, maximum charge per delay, charge and distance, were taken into account as the input parameters of the ANFIS model, whereas the peak particle velocity is the output parameter. The results show that the proposed ANFIS model is a feasible, efficient, and accurate tool for predicting the ground vibration due to blasting.

Intelligent and integrated soft computing techniques for the prediction and graphical generation of Nd:YAG laser weldment macrostructure

Weld bead geometry is an important physical characteristic of a weldment. This study includes computerized simulation and graphical generation of pulsed Nd:YAG laser weldment macrostructure of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel(LDSS) butt welds. Experiment data obtained using design of experiment techniques is utilized to train Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS) for the prediction of weld bead geometry. The predicted results are used to generate and plot weld macrostructure for any combination of four input laser process parameters using a graphical interface utilizing a MATLAB platform. The predicted results are found to be in close agreement with experimental values.

A Cost-Driven Design Methodology for Additive Manufactured Variable Platforms in Product Families

Additive manufacturing (AM) has evolved from prototyping to functional part fabrication for a wide range of applications. Challenges exist in developing new product design methodologies to utilize AM-enabled design freedoms while limiting costs at the same time. When major design changes are made to a part, undesired high cost increments may be incurred due to significant adjustments of AM process settings. In this research, we introduce the concept of an additive manufactured variable product platform and its associated process setting platform. Design and process setting adjustments based on a reference part are constrained within a bounded feasible space (FS) in order to limit cost increments. In this paper, we develop a cost-driven design methodology for product families implemented with additive manufactured variable platforms. A fuzzy time-driven activity-based costing (FTDABC) approach is introduced to estimate AM production costs based on process settings. Time equations in the FTDABC are computed in a trained adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The process setting adjustment's FS boundary is identified by solving a multi-objective optimization problem. Variable platform design parameter limitations are computed in a Mamdani-type expert system, and then used as constraints in the design optimization to maximize customer perceived utility. Case studies on designing an R/C racing car family illustrate the proposed methodology and demonstrate that the optimized additive manufactured variable platforms can improve product performances at lower costs than conventional consistent platform-based design.

Thermal Error Prediction of the Spindle Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

This paper proposes a new method to predict the spindle deformation based on temperature data. The method introduces ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system). For building the predictive model, we first extract temperature data from sensors in the spindle, and then they are used as the inputs to train ANFIS. To evaluate the performance of the prediction, an experiment is implemented. Three Pt-100 thermal resistances is used to monitor the spindle temperature, and an inductive current sensor is used to obtain the spindle deformation. The experimental results display that our prediction model can better predict the spindle deformation and improve the performance of the spindle.

An Objective Approach to Schizophrenia Recognition Utilizing an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference (ANFIS) Model

Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. A systematic approach and an overview perception has been carried out over the years by different researchers, but none has sufficiently introduced and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) approach for these prediction which has served as the focal aim of this research paper using available parameters and datasets. Matric Laboratory (MATLAB) 7.0 served as the tool of implementation highlighting various views. The ANFIS training was successful completed at epoch 34, and had an error of 2.47367e-005 and the test error which was generated by the ANFIS was 0.0002511. The training was accomplished using a constant membership function type at an error tolerance at 0.05.

Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling of the Free Convection Heat Transfer From a Wavy Surface

In this paper an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is applied to model and predict the experimental results of free convection heat transfer from a vertical array of attached cylinders, which can be considered as a wavy surface, in the presence of a vertical wall. The effects of the wall–wavy surface spacing and Rayleigh number variation on average heat transfer from the wavy surface are considered via this prediction. The training data for optimizing the ANFIS structure are based on available experimental data. A hybrid learning algorithm consisting of gradient descends method and least-squares method is used for ANFIS training. The proposed ANFIS model is developed using MATLAB functions. For the best ANFIS structure obtained in this study, the mean relative errors of the train and test data were found to be 0.02% and 1.2%, respectively. The predicted results showed that ANFIS can predict the experimental results precisely.

New Neural Network-based Approaches for GPS GDOP Classification based on Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Radial Basis Function, and Improved Bee Algorithm

Global positioning system (GPS) is the most widely used military and commercial positioning tool for real-time navigation and location. Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) stands as a relevant measure of positioning accuracy and consequently, the performance quality of the GPS positioning algorithm. Since the calculation of GPS GDOP has a time and power burden that involves complicated transformation and inversion of measurement matrices, in this paper we propose hybrid intelligent methods, namely adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), improved ANFIS, and radial basis function (RBF), for GPS GDOP classification. Through investigation it is verified that the ANFIS is a high performance and valuable classifier. In the ANFIS training, the radius vector has very important role for its recognition accuracy. Therefore, in the optimization module, bee algorithm (BA) is proposed for finding the optimum vector of radius. In order to improve the performance of the proposed method, a new improvement for the BA is used. In addition, to enhance the accuracy of the method, principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized as a pre-processing step. Experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed intelligent methods have high classification accuracy rates comparing with conventional ones.

Recognition of Control Chart Patterns Using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Fuzzy Rules Approach

Traditionally, Control Chart Patterns (CCP) is widely used as a powerful method to measure, classify,analyze and interpret process data to improve the quality of products and service by detecting instabilities and justifying possible causes. In this study, we have developed an expert system that we called an expert system for control chart patterns recognition for recognition of the common types of control chart patterns (CCPs). The proposed system includes three main modules: the feature extraction module, the classifier module and the optimization module. In the feature extraction module, the multi-resolution wavelets (MRW) are proposed as the effective features for representation of CCPs. In the classifier module, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is investigated. In ANFIS training, the vector of radius has a very important role for its recognition accuracy. Therefore, in the optimization module, imperialist competitive algorithm(ICA) is proposed for finding optimum vector of radius. Simulation results show that the proposed system has high recognition accuracy.

Identification of the Control Chart Patterns Using the Optimized Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Unnatural patterns in the control charts can be associated with a specific set of assignable causes for process variation. Hence pattern recognition is very useful in identifying process problem. This paper presents a novel hybrid intelligent method for recognition of common types of control chart patterns (CCPs). The proposed method includes three main modules: the feature extraction module, the classifier module and the optimization module. In the feature extraction module, a proper set of the shape features and statistical features is proposed as the efficient characteristic of the patterns. In the classifier module adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is investigated. In ANFIS training, the vector of radius has very important role for its recognition accuracy. Therefore, in the optimization module, cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) is proposed for finding of optimum vector of radius. Simulation results show that the proposed system has high recognition accuracy.