Adaptation Efforts Research Articles

Understanding the Impacts of Arctic Climate Change Through the Lens of Political Ecology

ABSTRACTClimate change is a critical global issue with far‐reaching implications for the environment, society, and economy. Political ecology examines the relationship between political systems, social inequalities, and ecological concerns in relation to climate change. It focuses on how power dynamics, resource allocation, and political decisions influence vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation efforts, highlighting the intersectionality between politics, ecology, and climate change impacts. Climate change in the Arctic is having profound geopolitical, environmental, and socioeconomic impacts on Indigenous Peoples. However, few, if any, studies have examined these interactions from a political ecology standpoint. Herein, we review and analyze the complex relationships and power dynamics that shape and are shaped by climate change in the Arctic through a political ecology lens, developing an understanding of how political, economic, and social factors interact to drive climate change impacts and responses. We introduce the term Arctic Political Ecology to understand these dynamics. The paper examines the significance of Indigenous knowledge, environmental governance, and Indigenous Peoples' sovereignty in control over productive resources, promoting sustainable practices, and addressing the challenges posed by climate change. We highlight the need for a comprehensive approach that considers the political ecology of climate change in the Arctic to understand the interplay of capitalism, colonialism, and resource exploitation.

ADAPTASI RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN PULAU HARUKU TERHADAP DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM (STUDI KASUS DI NEGERI HULALIU DAN ABORU)

The dependence of fisher households on fisheries resources is highly affected by climate change, therefore fishermen must be adaptive to all changes. Adaptation to climate change generally varies according to the potential owned and the ability of fishermen and the government. This study aims to determine the adaptation activities carried out by fishermen households in Negeri Hulaliu and Negeri Aboru of Central Maluku Regency due to climate change in the economic aspect. Primary data was obtained from interviews with 17 fishing households of Hulaliu Village and 14 fishing households of Aboru Village. Secondary data were obtained from various related agencies and scientific literature related to this research. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative analysis to determine the types of adaptation activities carried out and quantitative analysis to analyse the amount of income earned. The results showed that adaptation efforts to climate change made by fishermen to continue to earn income when they cannot carry out fishing activities are by utilising agricultural potential. entrepreneurship and cattle. Income from fishing is known in Hulaliu Village at IDR 5.333.733/month and Aboru Village at IDR 4.454.466/month, while income from farming is IDR 925.000/month, entrepreneurship is IDR 500.000/month, and farming is IDR 800.000/month in Hulaliu Village, in Aboru Village it is known that farming is IDR 1.100.000/month, entrepreneurship is IDR 700.000/month, and farming is IDR 200.000/month.

Redefining maladaptation to climate change: a conceptual examination of the unintended consequences of adaptation strategies on ecological-human systems

This study presents a redefinition of maladaptation to climate change, offering a comprehensive analysis through qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach, supported by focus group discussions. The main goal was to uncover the conceptual dimensions of the unintended and negative impacts of adaptation strategies on socio-ecological systems, particularly forests and natural resources. The findings indicate that some adaptation measures, though initially aimed at mitigating climate change effects, can paradoxically exacerbate long-term vulnerability, leading to environmental degradation and a diminished adaptive capacity of these systems. In response to these outcomes, the study offers strategic recommendations for managing maladaptation risks. These include adopting integrated adaptation management practices, fostering participatory policymaking, and leveraging local knowledge to enhance both social and ecological resilience. By highlighting the critical need to recognize maladaptation’s potential, this research equips policymakers and natural resource managers with insights into the unintended consequences of adaptation efforts, enabling them to craft more effective strategies for climate resilience.

Engaging Young People in Community-based Flood Risk Management in Pekalongan, Indonesia

This technical report describes a capacity development project for flood risk management in Indonesia. The project aimed to equip tertiary students, referred to as 'learners,' with the basic knowledge and skills for flood risk management. We adopted a holistic approach that integrated online lectures, remote coaching and locally-based activities. We implemented a wide range of field activities to foster collaborative experiential learning. Our project took place in Pekalongan, a coastal city in Central Java Province. The significance of our efforts was underscored by the formal endorsement and support provided by the City Government of Pekalongan, which actively engaged 18 government officials in our programme. The capacity development project was structured into two parts. The first part encompassed six online lectures, delving into various aspects of flood risk management. In the second part, 18 enthusiastic Indonesian students took part in our field activities, which included water quality testing, flood exposure assessment, community vulnerability evaluation and community disaster planning. The majority of participants conveyed that the project either met or surpassed their expectations, significantly altering their understanding of climate change and climate vulnerability in Indonesia, while also redefining their roles in local climate change adaptation efforts.

UNDERSTANDING THE ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS: EVIDENCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRADUATES IN PAKISTAN

Climate change is a pressing issue that significantly impacts agriculture, health, biodiversity, water resources, forests, and the socioeconomic well-being of populations, particularly in developing and least developed nations. Raising public awareness of climate change through accurate knowledge is a key strategy to encourage proactive mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study investigates the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by university graduates to enhance climate change awareness, focusing on the role of both educators and students in knowledge transfer within academic environments. The research was conducted across 15 major universities in Pakistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on demographic, socio-cultural, technological, and economic factors influencing graduates’ awareness and perceptions of climate change. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of ICTs on climate change awareness. The results indicate that access to smartphones, agricultural magazines, news bulletins, newspapers, television, and internet connectivity significantly enhances climate change awareness. However, access to radio and computers or laptops did not show a significant impact. Universities should integrate ICT-based training and outreach activities into their curricula, promoting technological solutions that address climate change challenges. Furthermore, collaboration between technological solution providers, environmental departments, and academic institutions is recommended to design ICT-driven strategies for raising climate change awareness among the youth.

Climate intervention research in the World Climate Research Programme: a perspective

The 2023 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Open Science Conference underscored the critical need for increased climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, along with enhanced climate knowledge and decision-making systems. This Perspective discusses climate intervention (CI) within WCRP’s research framework, emphasizing three main approaches: terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (CDR), marine CDR, and solar radiation modification (SRM). As global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, CI strategies are increasingly recognized as potentially critical supplements to traditional mitigation methods. We call for WCRP to take a leadership role in CI research, highlighting the need for inclusivity and collaboration, especially with researchers from the Global South, to establish a firm scientific foundation for an equitable and comprehensive assessment of the benefits and risks of CI approaches relative to the risks of anthropogenic climate change.

Not Just ‘Sinking Islands’: Climate Change and Adaptation in Small Island Developing States

Small Island Developing States are among the countries which are hit the most by climate change, and especially by sea-level rise. In this article, I argue against the narrative focused on plans for collective relocation for the populations of Small Island Developing States. I argue that focusing exclusively on relocation leads us to endorse a ‘doomsday’ approach, which normalises the inevitability of territory loss, and obscures theoretically distinct and pressing problems related to how to tackle the current environmental issues and resource scarcity affecting those countries. In the first part of the article, I argue that adaptation efforts, which are systematically neglected in the dominant political theory literature about Small Island Developing States, should be prioritised over plans for relocation. In the second part of the article, I start to cast light on some of the normative dilemmas raised by a close focus on adaptation, and I defend a community-based approach to adaptation in Small Island Developing States.

Knowledge and Attitude of Climate Change Impacts on Human Health among Community in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Background: Climate change poses significant threats to human health through increased frequency of extreme weather events, alterations in disease patterns, and impacts on food and water security. This study aimed to determine the levels of knowledge and attitudes regarding climate change and its health impacts among the community in Kuantan, Pahang. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 292 residents conveniently selected in Kuantan, Pahang’s areas. Data gathered between March to June 2024 using questionnaires through Google Form. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact test were used to describe the findings. Results: The findings indicate that 80.5% of respondents possess adequate knowledge about the health impacts of climate change, and 88.4% demonstrate positive attitudes toward mitigation and adaptation. A significant association exists between higher levels of knowledge and more favorable attitudes toward addressing climate change (p=0.045). Additionally, younger age and higher education levels are significantly associated with better knowledge of climate change on health impacts among the community in Kuantan. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of enhancing community education to improve both knowledge and attitudes regarding the health impacts of climate change. These insights are vital for developing targeted public health strategies and fostering proactive community engagement in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Climate change and poultry production: Enhancing resilience and sustainability through climate-smart practices, a review

Chicken production plays a vital role in global food systems, providing essential protein to billions of people, particularly in developing nations. However, climate change poses significant challenges to the poultry industry, including temperature stress, water scarcity, feed supply disruptions, disease prevalence, and economic impacts. This review examines the intricate effects of climate change on chicken production, highlighting primary challenges and exploring potential solutions. Proactive measures such as improved housing, water management, feed innovation, disease control, and genetic selection are crucial for enhancing the resilience of poultry farming systems. Collaborative efforts among industry stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers are essential to effectively implement these strategies and safeguard food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. By prioritizing adaptation and mitigation efforts, stakeholders can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on chicken production, ensuring continued productivity and profitability in a changing climate. It is imperative that decisive action is taken to address these challenges, fostering innovation, sustainability, and resilience in chicken production systems worldwide.

Climate Change and Potential of Agroforestry in Uganda: Youth Perceptions and Willingness to Participate in Adaptation and Transition Efforts

Climate Change and Potential of Agroforestry in Uganda: Youth Perceptions and Willingness to Participate in Adaptation and Transition Efforts

Sustainability of Aqua Feeds in Africa: A Narrative Review

In recent decades, the aquaculture industry has seen exponential growth worldwide, surpassing other food production sectors. This review aims to explore the dynamics of aqua feed production, particularly the shift from conventional to local feed production in Africa, driven by cost-effectiveness and the availability of raw materials. This review examines various scientific publications on aqua feed, focusing on both conventional and novel feed formulations and their impact on both small-scale and large-scale aquaculture. Commonly used aqua feed ingredients among African farmers include cassava, maize gluten, groundnut oilcake, sunflower oilcake, soybean meal, kale, peas, garlic, shrimp wastes, and waste blood. Novel ingredients such as insect-based diets, micro-algae, and fish discard formulations are also explored. Aqua feed composition impacts aqua waste, water quality, algae, oxygen demand, fish mortality, and eutrophication, and findings from literature reiterate the need to reorient feed formulation methods and ingredients to achieve a circular economy in Africa. This will entail promoting increased fish production at minimal costs and creating employment while supporting climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. Ultimately, the aqua feed sector has the potential to grow sustainably through the adoption of feed alternatives that prioritize sustainable production and encourage beneficiation studies.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The agricultural and allied sectors of many countries have experienced the impacts of climate change in one way or the other. This study highlights the impacts of climate change on agriculture, water resources, health, and economy of sub-Sahara African countries. The study reveals its significant threats to gross domestic product (GDP) and economic sustainability at the national level, and livelihoods, food security, and well-being of citizens at individual level. The study explored research reports on adaptation, mitigation, and integrated approaches to solving climate change issues. Meta AI was found useful in generating data for the study. Though climate change is a global issue, impacts on the countries of the global north are quite different from those of the global south, with impacts being more severe in sub-Sahara Africa. GDP, GDP/capital, contribution of agriculture to GDP, and water availability will decline while numbers of people living below poverty line, people displaced and occasions of deceases will increase due to climate change. Policy and practice interventions with consideration for local factors are recommended to enhance adaptation capacity, promote sustainable development, and support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study provides policy insight to the growing discussions on climate change issues globally, especially as it focuses on how its impacts alter the economic situations and daily expectations of the already indigent farmers in the countries of the global south. These countries contribute very little to causation of climate change, yet are at the receiving end of the impacts with extremely high Climate Change Vulnerability Index values recorded.

Community Engagement in Climate Change and Adaptation in Kenya: A Socio-Anthropological and Linguistic Perspective

Community engagement and participatory approaches are essential for effective climate adaptation in Kenya, particularly when integrating local communities into resilience-focused efforts that consider cultural and linguistic diversity. This review employs a desktop methodology, guided by a theoretical framework rooted in participatory action research, cultural anthropology, and the CSAM (Cultural-Sustainable Agroforestry Model (CSAM)), to synthesize key studies on climate adaptation in Kenya. It examines how local stakeholders are integrated into planning and resilience programming, with a focus on the importance of indigenous knowledge and cultural contexts in shaping effective adaptation strategies. The review highlights the crucial role of communication strategies in disseminating climate information and fostering community engagement, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches that resonate with diverse linguistic and cultural groups. Practical insights show that participatory, culturally informed strategies are central to building community resilience and promoting sustainable development in the face of climate challenges. The review concludes that effective climate adaptation requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes community engagement, culturally appropriate methods, and robust communication to ensure locally relevant and sustainable adaptation measures. Furthermore, the adoption of the CSAM model is essential for integrating indigenous knowledge, cultural practices, and modern scientific approaches, ensuring that local contexts are central to the adaptation process. Recommendations include enhancing participatory planning, incorporating indigenous knowledge systems, strengthening communication channels, addressing vulnerability hotspots, and integrating adaptation into broader development planning. The review calls for further research that employs mixed-methods approaches to assess the long-term impacts of climate adaptation, evaluate the effectiveness of communication strategies, document indigenous knowledge, and explore cross-regional comparisons to support climate adaptation efforts in Kenya

How to Measure Evapotranspiration in Landscape-Ecological Studies? Overview of Concepts and Methods

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of the hydrological cycle, encompassing evaporation processes from soil and water surfaces and plant transpiration (Sun et al., 2017). Accurate estimation of ET is vital for effective water resource management, agricultural planning, and environmental monitoring (Gowda et al., 2008). However, the complex interactions between land surface conditions, vegetation, and atmospheric factors make direct measurement of ET challenging, leading to the development of various estimation methods. Remote sensing has become a widely used approach for estimating ET over large areas because it provides spatially comprehensive data (Xiao et al., 2024). Methods like the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land and the Surface Energy Balance System utilise satellite-derived thermal imagery and meteorological inputs to calculate ET by analysing the energy exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere. These methods are advantageous for their broad spatial coverage, making them particularly useful for regional to global scale studies. However, they require careful calibration and validation, and their accuracy can be affected by the spatial resolution of the satellite data and the quality of meteorological inputs. In addition to remote sensing, several other ET estimation methods are commonly employed. The Penman-Monteith equation is one of the most widely accepted methods, integrating meteorological data—such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation— with biophysical properties of vegetation to estimate ET. This method has been validated extensively, making it a standard reference in ET studies. Empirical methods like the Hargreaves-Samani equation provide simpler alternatives that require fewer data inputs, making them suitable for regions with limited meteorological information but with a trade-off in accuracy. Direct measurement techniques offer highly accurate ET data, including lysimeters and eddy covariance systems. Lysimeters measure water loss directly from a soil column, while eddy covariance systems assess the exchange of water vapour and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. Despite their precision, these methods are limited by high costs, maintenance requirements, and their applicability to small-scale, homogeneous areas (Howell, 2005). Choosing the appropriate ET estimation method depends on the scale of the study, data availability, and the specific application. Remote sensing and models like Penman-Monteith offer scalability and broad applicability, while direct measurements provide precise data at localised scales. Integrating these methods can improve the reliability of ET estimates, enhance water resource management, and aid in climate adaptation efforts.

Climate resilience action to policy: embodied community-based climate risk resilience (CBCRR) in drought prone community in Thailand’s economic corridor

ABSTRACT Climate change exacerbates drought and water scarcity in Thailand, particularly in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), a key geoeconomic strategy corridor. Climate risk, coupled with industrialization and urbanization, has accelerated water shortages in this area. Despite adaptation efforts such as shifting to drought-tolerant crops, rural communities face an increasing threat of water scarcity. Thailand's 2018 National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aims to increase adaptive capacity and enhance resilience. However, while national and provincial plans are underway, district, subdistrict, municipal, and community-level plans are still under development. This participatory action research applied the Community-Based Climate Risk Resilience (CBCRR) approach to communities at risk of drought in the EEC of Thailand. The demonstrated CBCRR approach and empirical evidence for the actual process, practice, and intervention were observed and documented. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized, including questionnaire surveys, interviews, gaming simulations, mapping workshops, field surveys, and brainstorming meetings. The key findings of this research are as follows: (1) Community-household-level climate action: This case study identified empirical climate resilience actions that can be generalized to other vulnerable local communities. These actions highlight the importance of addressing climate change at the community and household levels, alongside national/provincial plans and policies. (2) Three-tier resilience strategies: This research identifies three levels of resilience strategies that can be applied to local practices and policies in other communities. (3) CBCRR is an alternative approach: the concept of the CBCRR and its four key elements can be utilized to build climate resilience. Key policy insights Promote Climate Resilience at All Levels: Climate risk resilience practices should be prioritized at all levels of governance, from national to local. Investing in Local Capacity Building: Investing in capacity building at the local level is crucial for achieving tangible results that reinforce broader national climate initiatives. Integrate Resilience into Local Planning: A resilience approach should be embedded in local plans, policies, budget allocations, and evaluation systems. Institutionalize CBCRR: Community-Based Climate Risk Resilience (CBCRR) should be institutionalized, especially in high-risk and vulnerable communities. Data-Driven Decision Making: Prioritize the collection and utilization of risk and vulnerability data at the community and household levels.

Accounting for Climate and Inherent Soil Quality in United Nations (UN) Land Degradation Analysis: A Case Study of the State of Arizona (USA)

Climate change and land degradation (LD) are some of the most critical challenges for humanity. Land degradation (LD) is the focus of the United Nations (UN) Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 15: Life on Land). Land degradation is composed of inherent and anthropogenic LD, which are both impacted by inherent soil quality (SQ) and climate. Conventional LD analysis does not take into account inherent SQ because it is not the result of land use/land cover change (LULC), which can be tracked using remote sensing platforms. Furthermore, traditional LD analysis does not link anthropogenic LD to climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study uses one of the indicators for LD for SDG 15 (15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over the total land area) to demonstrate how to account for inherent SQ in anthropogenic LD with corresponding GHG emissions over time using the state of Arizona (AZ) as a case study. The inherent SQ of AZ is skewed towards low-SQ soils (Entisols: 29.3%, Aridisols: 49.4%), which, when combined with climate, define the inherent LD status. Currently, 8.6% of land in AZ has experienced anthropogenic LD primarily because of developments (urbanization) (42.8%) and agriculture (32.2%). All six soil orders have experienced varying degrees of anthropogenic LD. All land developments in AZ can be linked to damages from LD, with 4862.6 km2 developed, resulting in midpoint losses of 8.7 × 1010 kg of total soil carbon (TSC) and a midpoint social cost of carbon dioxide emissions (SC-CO2) of $14.7B (where B = billion = 109, USD). Arizona was not land degradation neutral (LDN) based on an increase (+9.6%) in the anthropogenic LD overall and an increase in developments (+29.5%) between 2001 and 2021. Considering ongoing climate change impacts in AZ, this increase in urbanization represents reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA) because of the increased population. The state of AZ has 82.0% of the total state area for nature-based solutions (NBS). However, this area is dominated by soils with inherently low SQ (e.g., Entisols, Aridisols, etc.), which complicates efforts for climate change adaptation.

Examining the nexus of social vulnerability, land cover dynamics, and heat exposure in Reno, Nevada, USA

Intense heat is a persistent urban challenge whose impacts are detrimental to human health. Heat-related effects disproportionately impact underserved populations. Modification of urban landscapes through increased imperviousness intensifies surface temperatures, leading to heightened heat exposure risks. While climate adaptation efforts have advanced, they are inadequate in addressing the uncertainties of climate change and the long-term risks of climate-related hazards. In addition, despite the numerous heat vulnerability studies across U.S. cities, the City of Reno is largely understudied. To address these gaps, the research examined the relationship between the spatiotemporal patterns of social vulnerability, changes in biophysical properties, and the heat hazard in Reno, Nevada. We utilized CDC census data to map the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and Landsat satellite data from 1990 to 2023 to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST) trends for a temporal comparative study of heat patterns. Additionally, we employed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for vegetation extent. The zonal statistics tool helped assess the influence of different land use features on surface temperatures. The results showed that regions identified as social vulnerability hotspots often coincided with areas highly exposed to extreme temperatures and vice versa. Our findings also revealed an extension of heat vulnerability hotspots from the urban core to suburban regions. We observed a decline in mean LST values in regions covered by vegetation and a rise in mean surface temperatures in regions encompassed with imperviousness. These findings underscore the need for increased vegetation for heat mitigation.

Decomposing Future Exposure from Increasing Flood Risk and Forecast Population Changes Across Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in the United States

Extreme weather events, like flooding, are expected to become more severe due to climate change and increasingly impact populations across the US. Adding to this challenge, populations have concurrently settled in risky areas that were previously thought to have low, or no, exposure. Objective: This research seeks to understand the unique contribution of population growth and climate change as independent components of future risk levels in the US. To do so, future population level forecasts are coupled with future flood projections along all five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) at the block group level across the US. The results indicate that, across the five SSPs, the most increase in exposure will occur in SSP5 (+470,719), and the least will occur in SSP 3 (+57,189). By decomposing the contributions from flood and population growth, we find that the population growth-induced effect contributed to an increase in the population exposure for all of the SSPs except for SSP3. This research, and these results, provide a foundation for understanding future risks of flood exposure in an isolated framework and lay the groundwork for the development and integration of planning, adaptation, and mitigation efforts that may be used to address the growing risk of flooding in the context of the population forecasts provided here.

Urban Climate Health Risks and Resilience

The effects of climate change health impacts on urban healthcare systems and vulnerable populations are a researched topic with foundations on urban risk management, urban health methodologies, and sustainable urbanization. As climate change is a dynamic and transform-ative global issue the gap between adaptation and mitigation efforts and urban planning relies, among other things, on the limitations of previous studies of risk management structures tailored to the existing strategy to calculate the uncertainties and predict their influence on urban systems and subsystems. Moreover, Although, there is vast documentation on health and urbanization challenges facing climate change impacts, little is known about climate health risks affecting the megacities’ urban poor and the available methodologies to cope with climate health risks in urban environments. Climate and health is a well-researched issue, it is also complex as the methodologies and strategic approach to minimize health risks of climate change are intrinsically contingent on risk methodologies and policy-making processes that are efficient with support of knowledge-based information. This paper emphasizes the need for strategic applications and frameworks on urban health risk management methods that identify potential opportunities, and then manage and take action to prevent adverse health effects. It also emphasizes the probability of events and their consequences, which are measurable both qualitatively and quantitatively

Machine learning for improved drought forecasting in Chhattisgarh India: a statistical evaluation

Meteorological drought is one of the major natural hazards that affects the ecosystem of the Central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. This study delves into the analysis, comparison, and prediction of drought trends spanning the period from 1993 to 2023 in the study area. Employing a comprehensive methodology, utilization of the Modified Mann–Kendall test to analyze drought trends, while assessing drought severity through the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) has been done. Further research entails assessing the link between SPI and SPEI utilizing the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression techniques. Additionally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) methods were used for predictive modelling feasibility. The findings helped to deepen our understanding of drought dynamics in the region, providing important insights for drought mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study emphasizes the importance of using a variety of statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms to thoroughly analyze, compare, and forecast drought patterns, thereby informing evidence-based decision-making for sustainable water resource management and agricultural planning in Chhattisgarh, India.