Adaptive Antenna Array Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМА ОПТИМАЛЬНОСТІ АДАПТИВНИХ РАДІОТЕХНІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В СИТУАЦІЇ З НЕКЛАСИФІКОВАНОЮ НАВЧАЛЬНОЮ ВИБІРКОЮ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ

Statistical synthesis of adaptive systems for spatiotemporal signal processing in most radio engineering problems occurs under the condition of parametric a priori uncertainty. The prospective direction of overcoming parametric a priori uncertainty is affiliated with the prior learning procedure. As a result of the training, sufficient statistics of likelihood ratios are formed, which are used in decision-making. The asymptotic optimality of adaptive systems with alternative benchmarks, one of which is peculiar to the class of radio structures with an adaptive antenna array and the other with an adaptive interference compensator, is studied subjectively with unclassified training sampling. The optimality of the system is determined by the criterion of maximum signal-to-interference ratio. The energy parameter representing the signal-to-interference ratio at the output of adaptive radio systems with a generalized reference was chosen as an indicator of optimality. As a result of the research, analytical expressions for the estimation and comparative analysis of energy losses at the output of adaptive systems with different standards under conditions of classified and unclassified learning were obtained. The invariance of the system with an adaptive antenna array to any type of training with preservation of the asymptotic properties of the radio system in the situation with a finite size of the training sample is proved. This feature is considered as a basis for factorization of the transfer function of the adaptive system. This makes it possible to form an optimal hierarchical algorithm for compensation of combined passive and active interference, as well as active interference with an arbitrary spatial power spectrum. The obligatory classification of a training sample of observations for radio engineering systems with an adaptive interference compensator under conditions of signal-interference a priori uncertainty is substantiated. Keywords: asymptotic optimality, adaptive system, alternative benchmark, unclassified training sample, correlation matrix of observations, energy index.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРОГРАММИРУЕМЫХ ЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИНТЕГРАЛЬНЫХ СХЕМ В СИСТЕМАХ МНОГОКАНАЛЬНОЙ ЦИФРОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ СИГНАЛОВ СПУТНИКОВОЙ НАВИГАЦИИ

The study analyzes multichannel digital satellite navigation signal processing systems for unmanned aerial vehicles. To advance interference insusceptibility of navigation equipment on the basis of adaptive change in settings, it is advisable to apply a field programmable gate arrays in order to implement variations of algorithms of signal processing without reconfiguring the equipment’s structure in changes in radioelectronic settings. A navigation complex with the function of interference insusceptibility is developed based on the field programmable gate arrays. It may simultaneously receive signals from such satellite navigation systems as GLONASS, GPS, QZSS, BeiDou, Galileo, and NavIC via four independently tuned channels and their digital processing using adaptive filtering algorithms. Patterns in spatial selectivity of signals are studied, as are the possibilities for navigation equipment adaptability in interference settings using programs for electrodynamic modeling of adaptive antenna arrays ‒ SolidWorks, Altium Designer, and Quartus.

Influence of Spatial Selectivity of Radiation of Mobile Communication Base Stations on the Level of Electromagnetic Background Introduced by them

Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from base stations is the main source of electromagnetic background generated by mobile (cellular) communication systems in residential areas; its intensity makes a significant contribution to the level of electromagnetic pollution of the habitat and determines the level of electromagnetic safety of the population. The previously proposed technique for estimating the average intensity of this background, based on the analysis of the territorial intensity of mobile traffic, takes into account the spatial selectivity of base station radiation in a simplified form by introducing the radiation directivity parameter U, equal to the inverse of the number of base station service sectors, assuming that the width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is equal to the width of this sector and without taking into account the radiation directivity in the vertical plane, which determines the pessimistic nature of these estimates. The paper presents a refined analysis of the values of the parameter U for a two-level models of antenna radiation patterns, which reflects the real values of the width of their main lobes in horizontal and vertical planes, the relative levels of side lobes and the ratio of radiation power of the main and side lobes. The analysis was performed both for stationary sector antennas of cellular communication systems and for adaptive phased antenna arrays of 4G/5G systems capable of providing service using narrow beams. The analysis showed that the value of the U parameter of sector antennas is 5–15 dB less than the inverse of the number of sectors of base stations, and for narrow beams of adaptive antenna arrays, this difference reaches 20 dB. If tilt angles of main lobes of antenna radiation patterns with respect to the horizon are less than 30°, then at estimation of the average electromagnetic background intensity the inverse of their antenna gain in the main lobe can be used as the U parameter value of the spatial selectivity (directivity) of base stations radiations.

The method of adaptive signal reception with adaptive antenna arrays from moving sources

Spatial signal processing in adaptive antenna arrays should provide optimal signal reception from some desired source, this requires maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of adaptive antenna arrays. This task is well studied for the case when the signal source is fixed and point, and for mobile objects often have to use complex algorithms for controlling adaptive antenna arrays. The relevance of this study is that one of the most promising approaches to solving the problem is to increase the efficiency of signal reception is the use of adaptive antenna arrays and appropriate methods of spatial signal processing.The angular dispersion of the signal is assumed to be due to its multipath propagation in the communication channel. The configuration of adaptive antenna arrays is assumed to be arbitrary. This method allows to reduce the amount of calculations compared to the method when the weight vector with adaptive antenna arrays is optimal and is selected as the eigenvector of the signal correlation matrix and it is possible to maintain the efficiency of the signal is quite high, which determines its novelty.The article analyzes the method of adaptive reception of signals from moving sources using adaptive antenna arrays which is also called the method of quasi-optimal signal processing received by adaptive antenna arrays from a moving source with unknown angular coordinates, the possibility of its reception by mobile subscribers in angular variance. quasi-optimal signal processing with other known methods of signal processing.

Multiple Slot Fractal Structured Antenna for Wi-Fi and Radio Altimeter for uncertain Applications

A multiple slot fractal antenna design has been determined communication efficiency and its multi-function activities. High-speed small communication devices have been required for future smart chip applications, so that researchers have been employed new and creative antenna design. Antennas are key part in communication systems, those are used to improve communication parameters like gain, efficiency, and bandwidth. Consistently, modern antennas design with high bandwidth and gain balancing is very difficult, therefore an adaptive antenna array chip design is required. In this research work a coaxial fed antenna with fractal geometry design has been implemented for Wi-Fi and Radio altimeter application. The fractal geometry has been taken with multiple numbers of slots in the radiating structure for uncertain applications. The coaxial feeding location has been selected based on the good impedance matching condition (50 Ohms). The overall dimension mentioned for antenna are approximately 50X50X1.6 mm on FR4 substrate and performance characteristic analysis is performed with change in substrate material presented in this work. Dual-band resonant frequency is being emitted by the antenna with resonance at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz for FR4 substrate material and change in the resonant bands is obtained with change in substrate. The proposed Antenna is prototyped on Anritsu VNA tool and presented the comparative analysis like VSWR 12%, reflection coefficient 9.4%,3D-Gain 6.2% and surface current 9.3% had been improved.

Cognitive Computing for Multimodal Sentiment Sensing and Emotion Recognition Fusion Based on Machine Learning Techniques Implemented by Computer Interface System

A multiple slot fractal antenna design has been determined communication efficiency and its multi-function activities. High-speed small communication devices have been required for future smart chip applications, so that researchers have been employed new and creative antenna design. Antennas are key part in communication systems, those are used to improve communication parameters like gain, efficiency, and bandwidth. Consistently, modern antennas design with high bandwidth and gain balancing is very difficult, therefore an adaptive antenna array chip design is required. In this research work a coaxial fed antenna with fractal geometry design has been implemented for Wi-Fi and Radio altimeter application. The fractal geometry has been taken with multiple numbers of slots in the radiating structure for uncertain applications. The coaxial feeding location has been selected based on the good impedance matching condition (50 Ohms). The overall dimension mentioned for antenna are approximately 50X50X1.6 mm on FR4 substrate and performance characteristic analysis is performed with change in substrate material presented in this work. Dual-band resonant frequency is being emitted by the antenna with resonance at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz for FR4 substrate material and change in the resonant bands is obtained with change in substrate. The proposed Antenna is prototyped on Anritsu VNA tool and presented the comparative analysis like VSWR 12%, reflection coefficient 9.4%,3D-Gain 6.2% and surface current 9.3% had been improved.

Smart Antennas for Various Applications

The paper presents about smart antennas for advancement in wireless and mobile communication. Smart antennas also called adaptive array antennas with better signal processing & can be used to calculate beam forming vectors which helps in tracking & locating antenna beam of target. Smart antennas are helpful in health monitoring in covid-19 pandemic and provides better service quality. Smart antenna is one of the rising innovations which can satisfy the prerequisites. Smart antennas are being used for controlling, monitoring and analyzing real time systems for various applications In smart antennas spatial division of the signal is used as compared to spectrum division, it can be beneficial for improving the performance of wireless communication. This paper describes how switched beam & adaptive array antennas differ from basic antennas.

Equivalent forms of writing of processing algorithms of adaptive antenna array

The article is devoted to obtaining equivalent forms of writing of processing algorithms for the operation of adaptive antenna arrays, considering algorithms as varieties of some generalized LMS algorithm. This will facilitate a comparative analysis of the algorithms’ characteristics. The following algorithms of operation are considered: LMS, NLMS, LMS-Newton, SMI, RLS. The article contains the initial operation algorithms of adaptive antenna arrays, conclusions of equivalent processing algorithms and an equivalent block diagram of the generalized LMS algorithm. Equivalent forms of writing the operation algorithms of adaptive antenna arrays and their parameters are also presented in tabular form. Of particular interest is the equivalent operation algorithm in the case of the SMI algorithm, which differs most from the LMS algorithm. Equivalent algorithms differ only by the scalar convergence coefficient and the matrix normalizing factor. For LMS-Newton, SMI, and RLS algorithms, the matrix normalizing factor is the same, it is determined by inverting the estimation of the correlation matrix of input signals and reduces the dependence of the characteristics of the algorithms on the parameters of the correlation matrix. The scalar convergence coefficient of equivalent algorithms in the case of SMI and RLS algorithms depends on the iteration number and tends to zero for the SMI algorithm and to some non-zero value for the RLS algorithm. The dependence of the convergence coefficient on the iteration number makes it possible to optimize the characteristics of the algorithms at the transition stage. The tendency of the convergence coefficient to zero in the case of the SMI algorithm makes it effective only for stationary input signals. The non-zero steady-state value of the convergence coefficient in the case of the RLS algorithm allows its effective use in a non-stationary environment.

Inverse Covariance Matrix Estimation for Low-Complexity Closed-Loop DPD Systems: Methods and Performance

In this article, we study closed-loop digital predistortion (DPD) systems and associated learning algorithms. Specifically, we propose various low-complexity approaches to estimate and manipulate the inverse of the input data covariance matrix (CM) and combine them with the so-called self-orthogonalized (SO) learning rule. The inherent simplicity of the SO algorithm, combined with the proposed solutions, allows for remarkably reduced complexity in the DPD system while maintaining similar linearization performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods. This is demonstrated with thorough over-the-air (OTA) mmW measurement results at 28 GHz, incorporating a state-of-the-art 64-element active antenna array, and very wide channel bandwidths up to 800 MHz. In addition, complexity analyses are carried out, which together with the measured linearization performance demonstrates favorable performance–complexity tradeoffs in linearizing mmW active array transmitters through the proposed solutions. The techniques can find application in systems where the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities are time-varying and thus frequent or even constant updating of the DPD is required, good examples being mmW adaptive antenna arrays as well as terminal transmitters in 5G and beyond networks.

СТОХАСТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ПРОЦЕСУ ПАРАМЕТРИЧНОЇ АДАПТАЦІЇ РАДІОТЕХНІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В УМОВАХ НАВЧАННЯ ПО НЕКЛАСИФІКОВАНІЙ ВИБІРЦІ

On the stage of planning and development of radiotechnical systems (RТS) the special place is taken to the evaluation of their efficiency in the real terms. Taking into account complication of decision of the indicated task it is expedient to spare basic attention to development of such model with the use of method of stochastic imitation modeling, that in the first close will confirm adequacy of theoretical researches. The article is a comparison of these experimental processes of adaptation of RТS with the adaptive antenna array (AAA) for information systems and with the auto jamming canceller (АJC) for the equal terms of signal and jamming situation, when an training sample is unclassified, testifies in favor on RТS with adaptive antenna array. In RТS with ААA criterion of a of maximum of relation signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) will be realized, even, if there is an useful signal in the cross-correlation matrix of supervision. For situations, when the adaptive system arrives at the potential value (the process of adaptation is completed) informative losses are minimum. Not monotony of process of adaptation at a supervision for an unclassified selection can be conditioned by the hit of useful signal in the feed-back of such system. In RТS with AJC criterion of a maximum of relation SINR will not be realized in connection with its reaction as on hindrances so continuous useful signal that can is in an unclassified selection. Informative losses for such systems in nondeterministic terms are maximal. Conducted a stochastic imitation modeling allows in the first close to confirm adequacy earlier the got theoretical researches of gradient algorithms of self-reactance adaptation for ААA and АJC in the conditions of studies on an unclassified selection. Keywords: adaptation, algorithms of adaptation, adaptive antenna array, auto jamming canceller, training sample, modeling.

Aspects of practical implementation of space-time signal processing in adaptive antenna arrays in a complex electromagnetic environment

Aspects of practical implementation of space-time signal processing in adaptive antenna arrays in a complex electromagnetic environment

Экспериментальное исследование двумерного подавления помех в активном радаре на базе адаптивной антенной решетки для случая короткой выборки

The paper analyzes an experiment on two-dimensional (in azimuth and elevation) noise suppression in an active radar in the decimeter wavelength range. The radar includes an adaptive antenna array, the canvas of which has a rectangular topology. As jammers, a continuous tone generator is used, as well as a phase-shift keyed signal generator – a Barker code of length 11. In both cases, the interference can be considered narrowband. As a useful signal (reflected from the target), a Barker code of length 11, generated by the simulator, was used. The noise suppression was carried out by the power vector method, as well as by the method of direct inversion of the noise correlation matrix. The case of a short sample when evaluating the correlation matrix is considered separately, as the most interesting for practice in conditions of limited computing resources of digital signal processors. A set of scenarios is considered both in azimuth and in elevation. In all scenarios, there was one interference and one useful signal. For each of them, the estimation of losses in relation to signal-tonoise, the interference suppression coefficient was performed, and the directivity diagrams of the adaptive antenna array were formed. The processing of the experimental data showed the high efficiency of the power vector method. In all scenarios, interference is suppressed almost to the level of thermal noise.

Adaptive Beamforming With Continuous/Discrete Phase Shifters via Convex Relaxation

Adaptive antenna array employing phase shifters only can reduce the hardware cost and power consumption, but the related optimization is well understood to be difficult to solve. In this paper, we examine the use of both continuous phase shifters (CPS) and discrete phase shifters (DPS) in antenna array for adaptive interference suppression. First, we formulate the phase-only tuning problem with CPS via quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP), which can be approximated through semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and solved by convex-optimization solvers efficiently. We also demonstrate that quantizing such results directly may not necessarily give acceptable performance. Then, we propose to use binary quadratic program (BQP) for the optimization of the adaptive beamformer utilizing DPS with an arbitrary number of control bits to specify the phase-shift levels. The resultant BQP can be relaxed and solved efficiently too. Moreover, due to the similarity between the CPS and DPS formulation, we can mix them in a single beamforming scheme to provide additional compromises between the output signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) performance and implementation cost. Simulations show that in the considered interference-limited environment, our proposed beamformers with CPS, DPS, and hybrid phase shifters (HPS) give desirable results as expected.

Characteristics study of spatial interference canceller based on adaptive antenna array of the GNSS user equipment

Characteristics study of spatial interference canceller based on adaptive antenna array of the GNSS user equipment

An Efficient HAPS Cross-Layer Design to Mitigate COVID-19 Consequences

This paper proposes a new cross-layer communication system for the provision of Internet services and applications to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19, due to which the massive online demands are affecting the current communication systems’ infrastructures and capabilities. The system requirements and model are investigated where it utilizes high-altitude platform (HAP) for fast and efficient connectivity provision to bridge the communication infrastructure gap in the current pandemic. The HAP is linked to the main server or gateway station located on ground and can provide communication narrow beams towards isolated areas which suffer from poor terrestrial radio coverage or lack of communication infrastructure. The vital e-learning applications using Internet services provision from the proposed HAP system are described and modelled including system adaptation parameters such as the application and physical layers to control the data rates of different e-learning applications and the overall cell data rate. On the other hand, the provision of high-speed Internet services from the proposed system is supported by using adaptive antenna arrays onboard HAP which provides high-gain beams to achieve the required high-quality transmission data rates at the student premises and provides the capability of coverage cell area adaptation for load balancing. The concentric circular antenna arrays with tapered feeding are proposed in this adaptive antenna system to control the cell mainlobe gain and reduce the out-of-coverage radiation as well. In addition, the system feasibility has been proved in two coverage scenarios including single-beam and multibeam HAP communications.

Effectiveness Analysis of the Method of Measuring the Parameters of Network Elements and Signals in the Conditions of Concentrated Interference Spectrum

The measurement method of network elements and communication signals parameters in the conditions of the extraneous signals is developed. The possibility of using adaptive noise compensators in mobile network parameters is considered. In adaptive noise compensators, a reference signal is generated in a reference reception channel without the desired signal. Deleting the desired signal from the reference receiving channel is a problem, especially in a mobile network. In an actual situation, in the mobile network, installing the antenna of the reference channel of the reception in the right way is hardly possible. In addition, the direction of arrival of the reference signal can constantly be changing, which requires adjusting the zero pattern of the antenna of the reference reception channel in the direction of its arrival in real-time. To solve the problem of adaptive interference compensation, it is necessary to find such technical solutions that all these actions for the organization of the reference channel of reception are as simple as possible, formalized, and automated. The work proposes using an elemental adaptive antenna array in the reference receiving channel N. Using mathematical modeling in the MATLAB environment, the efficiency of removing the reference signal from the reference reception channel was analyzed. As a criterion for the effectiveness of the adaptive antenna array in the reference receiving channel, the traditional indicator of spatial-temporal processing, namely the SNR ratio of the reference signal levels to the sum of the levels of interference and noise, is taken. The dependences of the SNR in the reference receiving channel on the interference power level were obtained. The analysis showed that with the help of a 3-element AAA, it is possible to reduce the reference signal level in the reference channel of the adaptive interference compensator by 28 dB. The dependence of the SNR in the reference receiving channel on the number of antenna elements was obtained. The analysis showed that the SNR in the reference receiving channel decreases linearly with an increase in the number of antenna elements. That is, it can be concluded that the more antenna elements the reference receiving channel contains, the more effectively the reference signal is removed in the reference receiving channel of the adaptive interference compensator.

Ультразвуковой адаптивный томограф бетонных изделий с нестандартной конфигурацией

It is shown that should be used adaptive antenna arrays, the shape of which can take the form of a non-planar surface of the tested product, for ultrasonic tomography of concrete building structures with a non-standard surface configuration. It should also be used adaptive methods of ultrasound tomography, which allows both to determine the coordinates of defects and the velocity of ultrasound in concrete, as well as adjust the parameters of the probing signals to the characteristics of concrete products.

USE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR INCREASE THE THROUGHPUT IN LTE-A

Context. The aim of the article is to analyze the throughput of the LTE-A mobile network on the uplink using an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. Objective. Suggestions have been made for the possibility of using adaptive antenna arrays to increase bandwidth in LTE-A mobile networks and analyze the benefits of its use compared to the standard type of base station antenna Method. To achieve this result, a computer model of noise analysis of the mobile network in the form of a flat regular hexagonal antenna array consisting of 7 three-sector cells was developed. To estimate the benefit from the use of adaptive antenna arrays, two options were analyzed: when using a standard antenna array of the LTE-A network, and an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. During the simulation, 100 random placements of subscribers of useful and interference signals were performed and the minimum, maximum and average gain from the use of adaptive antenna arrays was calculated. The average value of the gain for the adaptive antenna array in the direction of the subscriber station, which generates a useful signal of 5.69 dB more than the standard antenna array of the LTE-A network. At the same time, there is a significant reduction in the gain of the adaptive antenna in the direction of the interference subscriber stations, namely, for those with the highest interference level, the gain is 32.84 dB and 28.33 dB, respectively. To clearly show the gain in the qualitative characteristics of the network, a bandwidth analysis was performed for different types of antennas. The bandwidth distribution (transport block size) for 50 resource blocks using an adaptive equidistant linear antenna array compared to a standard antenna array is presented. Results. It is shown that due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit / s for all types of distribution considered channels. Conclusions. The article proposes the use of adaptive antenna arrays to increase the bandwidth of the LTE-A network. The simulation of bandwidth for 50 resource blocks showed that in the presence of internal system interference when using standard antennas of base stations, the average bandwidth is from 11.2 Mbps to 12.3 Mbps. At the same time, due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s for all types of multipath channels considered.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТРАЄКТОРІЇ ПРОЦЕСУ АДАПТАЦІЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ РАДІОТЕХНІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ З АНТЕННОЮ РЕШІТКОЮ ПРИ НАВЧАННІ ПО НЕКЛАСИФІКОВАНІЙ ВИБІРЦІ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ

In the article the offered analysis of processes of adaptation of antenna array is in the conditions of studies on a non-training sample. Adaptation takes place in the conditions when the cross-correlation matrix of supervisions on the state an environment is characterized by the different contrast of spectral time-table, that substantially influences on this process. Comparing of processes of adaptation of the systems to the external and intrasystem standard model in the conditions of the non-training sample testifies in behalf of the system with an intrasystem standard. It is shown that an adaptive antenna array (ААA) with the external standard model criterion of maximum of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) cannot be realized in principle on reason of its reaction as on the interference so continuous useful signal that is present in the process of supervision. Therefore, for this system there are characteristic maximal informative losses. In turn, ААA with the intrasystem standard SINR satisfies the criterion of a maximum of relation in the mode that was set, without regard to being of useful signal in an educational selection. Naturally, that after completion the process of adaptation informative losses will be in such system. In ААA classification of a training sample is a necessary condition for the exception of its reaction on the useful signal of continuous structure. Exactly after the classified studies it maybe to conduct speech about the further stabilizing of dynamic parameters of process of adaptation of the radiotechnical systems on the whole. Undertaken studies allow estimating the efficiency of ААA in the conditions of studies on a non-training sample. Directions of further researches will be concentrated on the synthesis of undegenerate classifiers of training sample. Keywords: adaptation, adaptive antenna array, training sample.

DOA tracking for seamless connectivity in beamformed IoT-based drones

In recent times, there has been a surge of interest around the usage of adaptive antenna arrays of Internet of Things (IoT) based Drones in the communication systems. Adaptive antenna arrays have the ability to form customized radiation patterns based on the changes in the environment by employing methods for estimating Direction of Arrival (DOA) and adaptive beamforming. Nevertheless, upon deploying adaptive antenna arrays in complex IoT platforms, the radiation patterns that result from the use of such adaptive algorithms may be adjusted to the preceding location of the node and not attuned to the current location. These issues that arise due to mobility can be resolved by continuously tracking the DOA of the intended target. As DOA is time varying in an IoT Drone environment, existing algorithms for estimating the DOA like MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) cannot be used to track the signal subspace recursively, as they are based on batch eigenvalue decomposition which is highly time consuming with a time complexity of O(n3). Furthermore, DOA estimation algorithms do not result in robust subspace estimates when the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is low.The main novelty of the proposed work is a low computational complexity subspace tracking algorithm for tracking DOA in order to provide seamless connectivity. Simulation results show that the proposed DOA tracking takes lesser time for tracking the current location of the drone target as opposed to conventional DOA estimation methods. Furthermore,it is observed that the tracking process remains unaffected by SNR.