Adaptation Measures Research Articles

Climatic temperature indices for the coastal resilience observatory in Tabasco (Dos Bocas)‒LANRESC

This study focused on calculating climate change indices derived from maximum and minimum temperature variables for the Coastal Resilience Observatory in Tabasco, Dos Bocas, located in Paraíso, Tabasco, Mexico. The indices were computed using CLIMPACT2, 2007 version, and a total of 26 indices were obtained for the period from 1940 to 2022. Subsequently, significant trends were calculated using statistical tests such as Mann‒Kendall, trend-free prewhitening, bias correction applied to prewhitening, and variance correction (by two methods). Sen's slope method was employed to determine the extent of alteration in extreme climate indices. Increasing trends were found in the indices tn90p (%), tx90p (%), tr (days), txgt50p (%), wdsi (days), su (days), tmge10 (days), tmge5 (days), gddgrow (days), and gsl (days), indicating the presence of local warming and providing evidence of climate change detection. These results contribute to updating climate information in the area and serve as a proposal for replication in the other six Coastal Observatories of the National Coastal Resilience Laboratory in Mexico, as part of measures related to climate stressors in coastal areas where these observatories are located. This information is valuable for decision-makers and the general population, as it will support socio-environmental adaptation and mitigation measures in the face of climate change as part of efforts to enhance the resilience of socioecosystems in coastal areas.

Water and Irrigation Needs of Tuber Crops in Coastal Climates: A Review

One of the most essential elements for plant growth is water. Large amounts of it are required by plants constantly throughout their life cycle. It significantly affects agricultural activities like irrigation, soil management, crop production, and chemical spraying environments, as well as plant processes like photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, transport, and use of mineral nutrients. This review examines the impacts of climate change on root and tuber crops, including rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and changes in pest and disease dynamics. These changes significantly affect root and tuber crop production, leading to lower yields, compromised quality, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, and limited access to water resources. Adaptation strategies encompass various approaches, such as agronomic practices, crop diversification, improved water management, breeding for climate resilience, and agro ecological methods. In the world, the most significant root and tuber crops are cassava, sweet potatoes, and potatoes. Water will produce maximum production for root crops; however, water stress during critical stages might adversely affect the final output of root crops. The purpose of this article of review is to understand the water and irrigation needs of tuber crops (sweet potato, greater and lesser yams, aerial yams, elephant foot yams, xanthosoma, and cassava) that are effectively produced in Maharashtra's coastal climate. This review emphasizes the urgent need to address climate change impacts on tropical root and tuber crops. It highlights the critical role of adaptive measures in ensuring long-term sustainability and food security in a changing climate.

The changing geography of wine climates and its implications on adaptation in the Italian Alps

AbstractWine production and quality both strongly depend on suitable climatic conditions. Increasing the climate resilience of wine regions is therefore of critical importance but requires instruments to evaluate shifts in climatic conditions and growing suitability. This evaluation is particularly challenging in mountain viticultural areas due to their complex topoclimatic patterns, yet they offer the possibility to analyze climate change impacts and adaptation strategies across various climatic conditions and cultivated varieties. Here, we assessed historical and future bioclimatic conditions and identified effective adaptation strategies toward more sustainable and climate‐resilient wine production in the mountain winegrowing regions within South Tyrol in the Italian Alps. We found significant changes in climatic conditions under future scenarios, such as an increase in the Huglin index (HI) and cool night index (CNI) as well as a decreased dryness index (DI), causing an expansion of suitable areas for viticulture as well as a spread of unprecedented climatic conditions in traditional vineyards. Impacts and suitable adaptation options varied depending on climate type and grape variety, highlighting the need for targeted solutions that balance the need for high‐quality wine production with environmental protection and sustainability. Higher elevated areas over 1000 m a.s.l. will experience an increased suitability raising the need for restrictions regarding the expansion of vineyards to avoid degradation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity declines. In contrast, many traditional winegrowing areas will need to implement a combination of short‐ and long‐term adaptation measures to maintain traditional wine styles. Our findings provide a framework for the assessment of viticultural suitability and the formulation of appropriate adaptation strategies for the sustainable cultivation of wine grapes in a changing climate that applies to a variety of climates and grape varieties.

Effectiveness of wetlands as reservoirs for integrated water resource management in the Ruzizi plain based on water evaluation and planning (WEAP) approach for a climate-resilient future in eastern D.R. Congo

It is widely predicted that climate change’s adverse effects will intensify in the future, and along with inadequate agricultural practices, settlement development, and other anthropic activities, could contribute to rapid wetland degradation and thus exert significant negative effects on local communities. This study sought to develop an approach based on the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in the Ruzizi Plain, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where adverse effects of the climate change are increasingly recurrent. Initially, we analyzed the trends of climate data for the last three decades (1990–2022). Subsequently, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) approach was employed on two contrasting watersheds to estimate current and future water demands in the region and how local wetlands could serve as reservoirs to meeting water demands. Results indicate that the Ruzizi Plain is facing escalating water challenges owing to climate change, rapid population growth, and evolving land-use patterns. These factors are expected to affect water quality and quantity, and thus, increase pressure on wetland ecosystems. The analysis of past data shows recurrence of dry years (SPI ≤ − 1.5), reduced daily low-intensity rainfall (Pmm < 10 mm), and a significant increase in extreme rainfall events (Pmm ≥ 25 mm). The WEAP outcomes revealed significant variations in future water availability, demand, and potential stressors across watersheds. Cropland and livestock are the main water consumers in rural wetlands, while households, cropland (at a lesser extent), and other urban uses exert significant water demands on wetlands located in urban environments. Of three test scenarios, the one presenting wetlands as water reservoirs seemed promising than those considered optimal (based on policies regulating water use) and rational (stationary inputs but with a decrease in daily allocation). These findings highlight the impact of climate change in the Ruzizi plain, emphasizing the urgency of implementing adaptive measures. This study advocates for the necessity of the IWRM approach to enhance water resilience, fostering sustainable development and wetland preservation under changing climate.

Climate Change and SADC`s Role in Malawi: A Brief Situational Analysis after Cyclone Freddy

The economic integration process of the Southern African Development Community is being affected by the damage caused by storms and floods in the region. The study looked at the role of the Southern African Development Community in the aftermath of Tropical Cyclone Freddy. The aim of the research is to provide an overview of the response of the Southern African Development Community to Cyclone Freddy in Malawi, based on secondary data published in newspapers, reports, articles and research papers. The need for assistance in the country increased because of the economic, social and infrastructural development that was affected by the storm. The study shows that the Southern African Development Community didn't play much of a role in providing emergency assistance. The study found that the Southern African Development Community has invested a lot in climate change and adaptation measures rather than responding quickly to the impact of storms in the country. The establishment of a good office in the Southern African Development Community would be important in the event of a storm in the region.

High-resolution projections of future FWI conditions for Portugal according to CMIP6 future climate scenarios

Wildfires are catastrophes of natural origin or initiated by human activities with high disruptive potential. "Portugal, located in western Iberia, has recently experienced several large fire events, including megafires, due to a combination of factors such as orography, vegetation, climate, and socio-demographic conditions that contribute to fuel accumulation.". One approach to studying fire danger is to use fire weather indices that are commonly used to quantify meteorological conditions that can lead to fire ignition and spread. This study aims to provide high-resolution (~ 6 km) future projections of the Fire Weather Index (FWI) for Portugal using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, forced by the Max Planck Institute (MPI) model from the CMIP6 suite, under three emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP58.5) for the present period (1995–2014) and two future periods (2046–2065 and 2081–2100). The results show good agreement between FWI and its subcomponents from the WRF and reanalysis. The modelled FWI reproduced the climatological distribution of fire danger Projections indicate an increase in days with very high to extreme fire danger (FWI > 38) across all scenarios and time frames, with the southern and northeastern regions experiencing the most significant changes. The southern and northeastern parts of the territory experienced the largest changes, indicating significant changes between the scenarios and regions. This study suggests that FWI and its subcomponents should be investigated further. Our results highlight the importance of creating new adaptation measures, especially in the areas most at risk, prepared in advance by different players and authorities, so that the increasing risk of wildfires can be mitigated in the future.

Phase nonlinearity–weighted optical flow for enhanced full-field displacement measurement and vibration imaging

In this study, we developed a technique to utilize phase nonlinearity as a quantifiable confidence measure of the reliability of component displacement vectors extracted from multi-scale and multi-direction phases. The proposed approach includes three novel concepts. First, relative confidence values are established based on phase nonlinearity to quantify the reliability of the displacement components across various environmental conditions. Second, by analyzing the distribution of the relative confidence values, adaptive confidence measures are extracted and are used to reject unreliable displacement components; these confidence measures can dynamically adapt to various environmental conditions, such as varying image noise and large amplitudes of motion. Third, phase nonlinearity–weighted motion integration is conducted to ensure accurate estimation of the full displacement vector from the component vectors. By integrating these three approaches, a remarkable enhancement was achieved in full-field displacement measurement in terms of accuracy, robustness, and signal-to-noise ratio, especially in environments with high noise levels. The capability of the proposed technique was evaluated through numerical experiments using artificial patterns that simulate identical motions under varying noise levels. Experimental validation was also performed on an air compressor to substantiate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed technique. The findings verify its improvements over conventional techniques for full-field displacement measurement.

Controlling the stock or the habitat – The crisis of native invasive encroachment in the grazing land of Norwegian reindeer husbandry

Climate change negatively impacts reindeer grazing in Fennoscandia, with the encroachment of Empetrum nigrum (crowberry) being a significant, yet largely unrecognized problem. Crowberry encroachment affects the neighboring palatable vegetation negatively, homogenizing the pasture and decreasing ecosystem biodiversity. Current husbandry management aims are based on sustainable use of the pasture land, yet pasture quality is not considered a central indicator. To prevent overgrazing, reindeer numbers are limited, but as the animals avoid crowberry, this invasive species exacerbates the Norwegian reindeer husbandry's pasture crisis. Herders therefore intervene with two adaptive strategies, supplementary feeding and/or crowberry control. We develop a general three-species bioeconomic model with five variants to understand the economic impact of an invasive species on herbivore husbandry, and the net benefits of the two adaptive measures at the steady state. Our analytical results show that the native invasive encroachment causes a decrease in not only the nutrient-high grazing land but also the optimal herbivore herd and slaughter volume. Supplementary feeding is implemented to increase the herd size, yet the measure further depletes the grazing pasture, making this practice unsustainable. Instead, controlling crowberry protects both the grazing pasture and reindeer herd size. Applying this to the Norwegian reindeer husbandry case, we find crowberry control more cost-effective and less stressful for the pasture land than supplementary feeding. Government subsidies are shown to be essential for restoring herd sizes to the status quo.

The local cooling potential of land restoration in Africa

Land restoration is becoming increasingly popular as a climate change mitigation and adaptation measure. It is suggested that resulting vegetation changes can impact the local surface temperature through biophysical processes such as albedo warming and evaporative cooling. Yet, the potential effect of land restoration on the local surface temperature in Africa remains uncertain. In this study, we use Terra MODIS time series of vegetation, albedo, and land surface temperature to determine vegetation-temperature relationships at a continental scale. We show that vegetation-albedo and vegetation-temperature relationships do not only vary spatially across Africa but also temporally over different time scales, with strong cooling effects in semi-arid environments. Furthermore, we predict that land restoration can decrease local land surface temperature by around 0.2 Kelvin on average. This study gives a more detailed insight into where future land restoration provides additional positive climate impacts, and where land restoration may instead warm the local environment.

Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty: Navigating Supply Chain Challenges Through Proactive Risk Surveillance and Mitigation Strategies among SMEs in ASEAN countries

Background Supply chain risk management is crucial for the consumer products industry due to its vulnerability to uncertainties and risks. This study investigates the relationship between supply chain risks and performance among SMEs in the ASEAN countries. Supply chain performance, defined as meeting end-customer demands, involves ensuring commodity availability, on-time deliveries, and maintaining sufficient inventory and capacity across organizational boundaries from raw materials to the final consumer. Methods The study utilized a sample of 385 entrepreneurs from the consumer products industry in ASEAN countries. The research was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to establish the correlation between supply chain performance and risks. Factors related to the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) for economic integration and regional trade agreements were incorporated to understand the diverse economic development, infrastructure, and regulatory environments across nations. Results The analysis revealed a strong correlation between supply chain risks and performance. Entrepreneurs in the consumer products industry should collaborate closely with governmental organizations to address the unique challenges posed by regulatory landscapes, cross-border logistics, and geopolitical risks within the ASEAN region. Adapting to cultural nuances and market variations, along with optimizing logistics and infrastructure, are crucial for successful supply chain risk management. Conclusions Effective supply chain risk management significantly enhances the performance of the consumer products industry’s supply chain. Entrepreneurs in this sector should align their strategies with regional and national governments to proactively address issues and mitigate risks. Continuous monitoring and adaptive measures are necessary to handle emerging risks in the dynamic market landscape. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting that supportive frameworks and policies are necessary to bolster SME capabilities in risk management. By fostering a collaborative environment between the public and private sectors, ASEAN countries can enhance overall supply chain resilience. Future research could explore sector-specific risk management practices and their impact on supply chain robustness, underscoring the imperative for SMEs to adopt proactive and integrated risk management approaches to thrive in a complex and evolving economic environment.

Climate winners: Adapting to shifting species in the New England supply chain

AbstractObjectiveClimate change is driving shifts in marine species' distributions, affecting resource availability for fishery supply chains worldwide. While research and governance have been in step with fishing impacts, consequences to the downstream supply chain are not generally considered. In this project, we identify how and to what extent New England seafood supply chains are capable of navigating anticipated shifts in species distributions. The study was especially concerned with the degree to which suppliers would consider incorporating "climate winners": species that are predicted to become more abundant in New England waters.MethodsUsing indicators derived from climate resilience and adaptive fisheries frameworks, we characterized supply chain adaptability for 27 seafood businesses across New England.ResultThe results revealed a range of adaptability linked to particular supplier characteristics, including diversity of services, processing infrastructure, and market diversity. External factors such as consumer preference, regulatory policy, and employment in the industry also indicated climate vulnerabilities. Despite these limiting factors, however, most businesses appeared to be not only capable but also willing to incorporate climate winner species into their portfolio.ConclusionOur conclusions support the idea that New England seafood suppliers adopt different strategies for climate resilience based on their business model, with considerable potential to take advantage of species shifts given the right incentives. To reduce vulnerabilities in the face of unprecedented change, it is critical that managing practitioners and partnering organizations encourage portfolio diversification with market incentives and adaptive management measures.

Spatiotemporal modeling of the potential impact of climate change on shifts in bioclimatic zones in Morocco.

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the impact of climate change on bioclimatic zones in Morocco, providing insights into potential shifts and emphasizing the need for adaptation measures to protect vulnerable species and ecosystems. To achieve this, we utilized eight general circulation models (GCMs) to simulate climate conditions under two representative concentration scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for two future time points (2050 and 2070). The modeling of bioclimatic zone shifts was accomplished through the implementation of the random forest (RF) algorithm. Our findings indicate that the subhumid and humid areas are expected to experience the most significant shifts, particularly toward the semi-arid zone. Shifts from subhumid to semi-arid were the most pronounced, ranging from 17.91% (RCP8.5 in 2070) to 25.68% (RCP8.5 in 2050), while shifts from humid to semi-arid ranged from 10.16% (RCP4.5 in 2050) to 22.27% (RCP8.5 in 2070). The Saharan and arid zones are expected to be the least affected, with less than 1% and 11% of their original extent expected to change, respectively. Moreover, our results suggest that forest species such as Atlas cedar and oaks are among the most vulnerable to these shifts. Overall, this study highlights the inevitability of climate change's impact on Moroccan ecosystems and provides a basis for adaptation measures, especially considering the species adapted to the bioclimatic conditions that will dominate the respective affected regions.

Examining the impact of climate information access on adaptive behaviors during heatwaves: insights from Central Vietnam

This study focuses on the correlation between the different sources of climatic information involving the Short Message Service (SMS), social networks, local governments, online platforms, and workplaces and the individual adaptation measures concerning heatwaves. The survey data were obtained from four areas in central Vietnam involving 400 respondents. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated, aiming to mitigate selection bias. Findings indicate that the availability of various information sources encourages communities to address rising heat stress, with information sourced from SMS, social media platforms, local authorities, and workplaces being prominent. The findings signal the need to increase the visibility of heatwave data, which can change people’s behavior to reduce climate risks. In order to accomplish this goal, it is important to focus on climate change information sharing through platforms such as social networks, local administration offices, and the workplace in coping with climate change-related threats.

Diversity in Action: Unveiling Flipkart’s Path to Inclusion and Excellence

This comprehensive case study explores the journey of Flipkart India Pvt. Ltd., tracing its trajectory from its inception to its current position as a pioneering force in the Indian e-commerce landscape. The study aims to outline the company’s exponential growth and potential by highlighting its pivotal milestones, strategic shifts, acquisitions, and the adaptive measures that have been instrumental in its evolutionary course. With a particular focus on the transformative influence of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&amp;I) initiatives within Flipkart’s organizational framework, the study emphasizes the changing needs of the workforce and their need for inclusion in the workplace. By analyzing how DE&amp;I efforts intersect with diverse operational domains, the study underscores their pivotal role in empowering a dynamic workforce and propelling societal progress. Flipkart’s journey as a pioneer of DE&amp;I in the e-commerce industry has set a benchmark for enhancing workforce potential and demonstrating its direct impact on the business altogether. The authors of the study have drawn insights from a range of secondary and publicly available sources that offer a comprehensive view of the symbiotic relationship between corporate growth and DE&amp;I initiatives, an imperative for businesses aspiring to expand, distinguish their brand, and foster innovation.

Natural and natural-anthropogenic measures for adapting transport infrastructure to climate change

The purpose of the study is to analyze and develop natural and natural-anthropogenic measures for adapting transport infrastructure to climate change. The analysis was based on national and international regulations, best practices in the development and implementation of technical, organizational, natural and natural-anthropogenic measures for adapting transport infrastructure facilities to a changing climate. Although technical adaptation measures can be seen as the basis for ensuring safety against climate risks, the adoption of complementary or alternative nature-based measures will allow effective adaptation to be achieved more cost-effectively based on sustainable and long-term solutions. In some cases, technical adaptation measures are clearly determined, which largely deprives decision makers of flexibility when choosing a set of measures for a specific territory. Thus, hybrid solutions combining natural and technical measures can provide an optimal level of safety, taking into account the environmental impact, the area required to accommodate adaptation means, and the magnitude of costs.Current engineering adaptation measures used at transport infrastructure facilities have been identified. With the exception of a number of procedural changes to current practice, most current measures are technical solutions. It has been established that complementing technical and organizational measures with natural and natural-human adaptation measures has the potential not only to provide ecosystem services that could increase biodiversity and ecological connectivity, but also to ensure the resilience of transport infrastructure to climate change. The widespread use of these adaptation measures will make it possible to position railway transport as a reliable, sustainable and environmentally friendly mode of transport.

Economic and Environmental Resilience of Tenant Farmers in Majuli, Assam

When agricultural land is unequally distributed, the land lease market can be essential in balancing factor endowments among agrarian families. With this backdrop, the study explores the economic and environmental sustainability of tenant farming among the Mishing tribe in Majuli, the biggest river island. The primary objectives are to compare the economic benefits of tenant versus owner farmers and to assess the resilience of the Mishing community to environmental challenges. Utilising purposive sampling, data were collected from the UjaniMajuli Block. Analytical methods include the Lekart scale, independent t-tests, and cost-benefit ratio analysis to evaluate economic benefits, complemented by field observations to assess resilience indicators. Results reveal that tenant farmers achieve a higher benefit-cost ratio than owner farmers for red and winter paddy, attributed to more efficient resource utilisation and adaptive agricultural practices. Despite strong resilience through traditional adaptive measures, there is a need for enhanced infrastructure and awareness programs. The study emphasises the necessity for targeted policy interventions and support mechanisms to enhance tenant farmers’ economic stability and resilience in Majuli.

Deteriorating wintertime habitat conditions for waterfowls in Caizi Lake, China: Drivers and adaptive measures

China has made enormous strides to achieve high-quality development and biodiversity conservation, and the establishment of nature-protected areas is one of the essential initiatives. Caizi Lake involves a natural reserve and two national wetland parks, accommodating winter migratory waterfowl over the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in China. However, the water transfer from the Yangtze River to the Huai River (YR-HR water transfer) has modified the winter hydrological conditions of Caizi Lake, negatively affecting wintertime waterfowl habitats. Hence, conserving wintertime waterfowl habitats necessitates knowledge of the dynamical mechanisms behind the impacts of YR-HR water transfer on wintertime waterfowl habitats and adaptive measures. Here we developed a machine learning model, the normalized difference vegetation index, and on-spot observatory datasets such as the spatial distribution of waterfowl species and underwater topography of Caizi Lake. We found that the rising winter water level of Caizi Lake encroaches on winter waterfowl habitat with extremely high suitability. Meanwhile, rising water levels reduced waterfowl food sources. Thus, rising water levels due to YR-HR water transfer deteriorated waterfowl living conditions over Caizi Lake. Therefore, we proposed adaptive measures to alleviate these negative effects, such as water level regulation, artificial feeding of waterfowls, restoration and reconstruction of contiguous mudflats, grass flats. This study highlights human interferences with waterfowl habitats, necessitating biodiversity conservation at regional scales.

Examining the Intersection of Agricultural Production, Farm Revenue, Gender Dynamics and Adaptation Strategies in the Face of Climate Change

In recent times the context of climate change has become a complex and multifaceted issue as it affects agricultural production by altering weather patterns and by shifting the growing seasons of the crops, increasing pest and disease prevalence, thus reducing the yield, affecting the quality of the produce and threatening the food security in both the global and regional level. The farm revenues fluctuate significantly due to the unpredictable yields and the increased costs associated with the adaptation measures. Greater financial instability due to the changing climate scenario is faced by small and marginal farmers, as it affects market dynamics, potentially leading to price volatility. It also exacerbates the existing gender inequalities in agriculture by making them more vulnerable to the challenges of adopting climate-resilient practices, access to resources, education and decision-making opportunities which can hinder their ability to adapt to climate change. Thus the intersection of crop production, farm revenue and gender disparity under climate change highlights the need for integrated approaches to address the impacts of climate change.

Association of precipitation extremes and crops production and projecting future extremes using machine learning approaches with CMIP6 data.

Precipitation extremes have surged in frequency and duration in recent decades, significantly impacting various sectors, including agriculture, water resources, energy, and public health worldwide. Pakistan, being highly susceptible to climate change and extremes, has experienced adverse events in recent times, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive investigation into the relationship between precipitation extremes and crops production. This study focuses on assessing the association between precipitation extremes on crops production, with a particular emphasis on the Punjab province, a crucial region for the country's food production. The initial phase of the study involved exploring the associations between precipitation extremes and crops production for the duration of 1980-2014. Notably, certain precipitation extremes, such as maximum CDDs (consecutive dry days), R99p (extreme precipitation events), PRCPTOT (precipitation total) and SDII (simple daily intensity index) exhibited strong correlations with the production of key crops like wheat, rice, garlic, dates, moong, and masoor. In the subsequent step, four machine learning (ML) algorithms were trained and tested using observed daily climate data (including maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation) alongside model reference data (1985-2014) as predictors. Gradient boosting machine (GBM) was selected for its superior performance and employed to project precipitation extremes for three distinct future periods (F1: 2025-2049, F2: 2050-2074, F3: 2075-2099) under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 derived from the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) archive. The projection results indicated an increasing and decreasing trend in CWDs (maximum consecutive wet days) and CDDs, respectively, at various meteorological stations. Furthermore, R10mm (the number of days with precipitation equal to or exceeding 10mm) and R25mm displayed an overall increasing trend at most of the stations, though some exhibited a decreasing trend. These trends in precipitation extremes have potential consequences, including the risk of flash floods and damage to agriculture and infrastructure. However, the study emphasizes that with proper planning, adaptation measures, and mitigation strategies, the potential losses and damages can be significantly minimized in the future.

Determinants of livelihood vulnerability to climate change among the agrarian community: Empirical evidence from the coastal region of Indian Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

The impacts of climate change on the livelihood of agrarian households on the coast of the Indian Sundaraban Biosphere Reserve have not been addressed. Thus, it is important to identify the underlying factors for livelihood vulnerability in this region and know how climate change-related events and socio-economic conditions affect them. This work aimed to measure six major domains of livelihood vulnerability, such as overall livelihood loss, livestock loss, crop and crop area loss, fishing area loss, housing loss, and income loss. I selected the ordered probit regression and focus group discussion approaches. Results revealed that the significant determinant factors of livelihood vulnerability were early warning system, education, land holding size, social group, type of house, occupation, distance to the local market and health centre, membership of self-help group, agreement with summer temperature increased, cyclone increased, flood increased, drought in Kharif season increased. In this region, several agrarian households have taken some adaptation measures such as changing crop varieties, crop diversification, converting agriculture to fishery, and saline tolerant varieties. This approach is adaptable and can be put into practice on different levels, not just in other parts of India but also in diverse developing countries.