Ad Types Research Articles

Новые материалы для изучения оружия дальнего боя у населения северного Алтая в жужанское время

В статье публикуется коллекция железных наконечников стрел из некрополя булан-кобинской культуры Чобурак-I (Чемальский район Республики Алтай), исследования которого проводились экспедицией Алтайского государственного университета в 2017–2019 гг. В результате классификации 48 изделий, представленных полными и частично разрушенными образцами, выделены 14 типов наконечников, дополненных 24 вариантами. Типологическое исследование позволило определить относительную хронологию разных модификаций проникателей и их возможный генезис. Среди ярусных наконечников присутствуют образцы хуннуской (сюннуской) традиции II–V вв. н.э. (типы 1а, 2а, 4а–б) и южно-сибирской традиции III–V вв. н.э. (типы 1б, 2б, 3а, 4в). Трехлопастные наконечники стрел датируются разным временем: шестиугольные без упора (тип 8а) – II в. до н.э. – V в. н.э.; асимметрично-ромбические и ромбические без упора (типы 6а, 7а) – II–V вв. н.э.; асимметрично-ромбические, ромбические, шестиугольные с кольцевым упором (типы 6б, 7б, 8б) – III–V вв. н.э. Трехгранно-трехлопастные наконечники типа 10а являются результатом сочетания местной и среднеазиатской (кенкольской) традиций военного дела. Бронебойные наконечники (типы 11а–б, 12а–б, 13а, 14а) демонстрируют знакомство населения Северного Алтая с передовыми средствами поражения защитного доспеха, получившего широкое применение в Центральной Азии со 2-й половины IV в. н.э. под влиянием оружейного комплекса поздних сяньби. Публикуемые материалы расширяют источниковую базу для сравнительного изучения оружия дальнего боя народов восточной Евразии середины I тыс. н.э.

State-of-the-art human adenovirus vectorology for therapeutic approaches.

Human adenoviruses (Ads) have long been studied in the basic virology field and are exploited as vectors for gene therapy, vaccination, and oncolytic therapy. Ads are usually mild pathogens, but they can cause severe infections and symptoms in immunocompromised individuals. Ads show a large natural diversity and a broad spectrum of hosts. However, replication-competent and replication-deficient Ad vectors with therapeutic applications have been built mainly starting from human Ad type 5, because generating vectors from other human and animal Ads has proven challenging. This review provides an updated overview of vectors that are not derived from human Ad type 5. We discuss genetic engineering techniques for getting access to the natural diversity of human Ads and for vectorization of alternative Ad types. A catalogue of currently available vectorized human Ads and translational applications thereof is also compiled. We conclude with a perspective on Ad vectorology that looks into the future of Ad vectors in translational medicine.

Longitudinal quantification of adenovirus neutralizing responses in Zambian mother-infant pairs: Impact of HIV-1 infection and its treatment

Vaccination offers the most cost-effective approach to limiting the adverse impact of infectious and neoplastic diseases that reduce the quality of life in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, it is unclear what vaccine vectors would be most readily implementable in the setting and at what age they should be applied for maximal efficacy. Adenoviruses (Ad) and Ad-based vectors have been demonstrated to induce effective humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models and in humans. However, because immunity associated with Ad infection is lifelong, there exists a debate as to whether pre-existing immunity might decrease the efficacy of Ad vectored vaccines. In order to begin to rationally develop vaccination strategies for SSA, we have quantified neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against Ad4, Ad5, Ad7, Ad26, Ad28, Ad45 and Ad48 in 67 adult women and their infants. We are the first to define the decay kinetics of transferred maternal nAb in infants as well as the apparent initiation of de novo Ad responses. Our findings demonstrate that in Zambian adults, robust nAb responses exist against each of the Ads tested and are efficiently transferred to newborns. With few exceptions, neither the HIV-1 infection status of the mothers or the antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment of HIV-1 disease had significant impact on maternal Ad nAb responses or their transfer to infants. However, maternal Ad nAb decays in infants to a nadir at 12 months of age such that any of the seven Ad types could function as vaccine vectors. The definition of this ‘window of opportunity’ provides important foundational data for rational design and implementation of Ad vectors in this setting.

Enhanced Tropism of Species B1 Adenoviral-Based Vectors for Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Adenoviruses are efficient vehicles for transducing airway epithelial cells. Human adenoviruses (Ads) are classified into seven species termed A–G. Most species use the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) as a primary cellular receptor. Ad group B is notable because it is further divided into groups B1 and B2 and its members use CD46 or desmoglein 2 (DSG2) as cellular receptors. To date, human Ad types 2 and 5 have been the predominant choices for preclinical and clinical trials using Ad-based viral vectors in the airways. In this study, we screened 14 Ad types representing species C, B1, B2, D, and E. Using well-differentiated primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells (HAEs), we examined transduction efficiency. Based on GFP or nanoluciferase expression, multiple Ad types transduced HAEs as well as or better than Ad5. Ad3, Ad21, and Ad14 belong to species B and had notable transduction properties. We further examined the transduction properties of conditionally reprogrammed airway basal cells and primary basal cells from human lung donors. Again, the transduction efficiency of species B members outperformed the other types. These data suggest that adenoviral vectors based on species B transduce fully differentiated epithelial cells and progenitor cells in the human airways better than Ad5.

Similarity attraction-based mobile advertising: designing and testing

This study explores the possibility of applying the sociopsychological phenomenon known as similarity attraction to the creation of more customized and persuasive mobile advertising without privacy concerns, and for this purpose, we develop two applications, SensPlus and PerAds. While the SensPlus app accumulates the smartphone usage profiles of participants and constructs a regression model to predict their personality, the PerAds app presents user-created content according to the user's personality. The participants' response to a smartphone ad is measured in terms of invitation acceptance of the cherry blossom festival and classical music concert. The χ2 statistics imply participants respond differentially to the various types of smartphone ads according to the similarity between the personalities of the user and ad types. Our results indicate that the socio-psychological phenomenon can be introduced into practical application by replacing the personality trait factors with the smartphone usage pattern.

The In Vitro Evaluation of Povidone-Iodine Against Multiple Ocular Adenoviral Types.

Povidone-iodine (P-I) is being touted as a topical antiviral treatment for eye infections caused by adenovirus (Ad). This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of the several P-I concentrations previously used in clinical studies against multiple ocular Ad types commonly associated with eye infections. The antiviral activity of four concentrations of P-I was compared to vehicle for seven types of Ad after incubating the P-I with Ad at 33°C for various lengths of time. Following incubation and neutralization of the P-I with sodium thiosulfate, viral titers were determined for each Ad type and time point. Virucidal (99.9%, ≥3-Log10) reductions in titers were produced for 5%, 2%, and 0.4% P-I at 1 min for types Ad5 and Ad7a. Similar reductions were produced at 5 min for types Ad3, Ad4, and Ad8. For type Ad19/64, virucidal reductions took 60 min for 5% P-I and 15 min for 2% and 0.4%. For type Ad37, 60 min (5%), 15 min (2%), and 5 min (0.4%) were required to produce virucidal reductions. There were no virucidal reductions in titers produced by 0.001% P-I. P-I produced greater than 3-Log10 reductions of titers at 1-5 min for most of the ocular types tested (types Ad3, Ad4, Ad5, Ad7a, and Ad8). However, it took longer (15-60 min) for these reductions to be produced for types Ad19/64 and Ad37. The antiviral activity of P-I may be Ad type dependent.

Efficacy of a T Cell-Biased Adenovirus Vector as a Zika Virus Vaccine

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern due to the risk of congenital Zika syndrome in developing fetuses and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Currently, there are no approved vaccines available to protect against infection. Adenoviruses are safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vectors capable of inducing lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. Here, we developed two Adenovirus (Ad) vectored Zika virus vaccines by inserting a ZIKV prM-E gene expression cassette into human Ad types 4 (Ad4-prM-E) and 5 (Ad5-prM-E). Immune correlates indicate that Ad5-prM-E vaccination induces both an anti-ZIKV antibody and T-cell responses whereas Ad4-prM-E vaccination only induces a T-cell response. In a highly lethal challenge in an interferon α/β receptor knockout mice, 80% of Ad5 vaccinated animals and 33% of Ad4 vaccinated animals survived a lethal ZIKV challenge, whereas no animals in the sham vaccinated group survived. In an infection model utilizing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice that were immunized and then treated with a blocking anti-IFNAR-1 antibody immediately before ZIKV challenge, 100% of Ad4-prM-E and Ad5-prM-E vaccinated mice survived. This indicates that Ad4-prM-E vaccination is protective without the development of detectable anti-ZIKV antibodies. The protection seen in these highly lethal mouse models demonstrate the efficacy of Ad vectored vaccines for use against ZIKV.

The association between atopic dermatitis and hand eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common type of eczema, is a skin disease of early childhood. It causes intense itching and dry skin. Most children and adults experience eczema of the flexures (bends of the knees and elbows), but some adult patients also have eczema on the face, hands and feet. Traditional atopic hand eczema (HE) is located on the dorsal aspects (backs) of the hands, probably because the skin is thinner here than on the palms. However, AD also increases the risk of HE that develops due to irritants such as soap and water, so-called ‘irritant contact dermatitis’. This subtype of HE often begins on the skin between or on the sides of the fingers but can be located anywhere on the hands including the palms. Importantly, HE can prevent people being able to work and can reduce their enjoyment and quality of life. The present study looked into the link between AD and HE by reviewing published literature and scientific studies. In each study we searched for data on the association between AD and HE. We combined the results from 26 studies, which showed that patients with present or past AD had a 3 to 4-fold increased risk of HE when looking at one-year- and lifetime prevalence of HE (meaning people who developed HE at any point over the course of a given year, or ever in their lives so far, even if they did not have it currently). A slightly weaker association was found when studying the link with current HE. Similar positive associations were found when looking at HE due to exposure to irritants from different occupations, and HE reported in the general population. In conclusion, our analysis showed that patients with AD had a strongly increased likelihood of HE. Clinicians should continue to guide patients with AD away from occupations with high risk of HE where possible. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the importance of determining the association between AD and different types of HE.

Dementia drug consumption in the Basque Country between 2006 and 2011

ObjectiveWe evaluated the consumption of specific medications for treating cognitive symptoms associated with AD and other types of dementia in individuals over 60 years of age between 2006 and 2011 in the Basque Country. MethodsA retrospective descriptive study was conducted. The pharmacy division of the Basque Government Department of Health provided the prescribing data for the following drugs: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine. The number of defined daily doses (DDDs) and the number of DDDs per 1000inhabitants per day (DHD) were calculated. ResultsConsumption increased by 49.72% between 2006 and 2011. There were marked differences between drugs (13.02% donepezil; 93.18% rivastigmine; 37.79% galantamine; 70.40% memantine) and Basque provinces (16.34% in Álava; 50.49% in Bizkaia; 57.37% in Gipuzkoa). Likewise, expenditure increased from €11.5 million in 2006 to €18.1 million in 2011. ConclusionsThis study shows increased consumption of these drugs, although there are also marked differences by province which may be due to differences in prescribing habits. Spending for these drugs rose parallel to this increase in consumption; drug prices remained stable throughout the study period.

14. Engineering and Characterization of a Cloned Adenoviral-Library to Explore Natural Virus Diversity

Large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses such as adenovirus (Ad), herpesvirus, poxvirus and their recombinant counterparts were well explored in basic virology and biomedical research. Especially for the development of novel vaccines and gene therapies, Ad gained special attention and represents the most widely explored vector worldwide. Although ~70 types of human Ad and numerous nonhuman Ad (>200) have been identified so far a system for efficient Ad genome cloning and manipulation was lacking and therefore the majority of recombinant adenoviral vectors (AdVs) are based on a small fraction of Ad types. Here we report the generation and characterization of an engineered human adenoviral-library allowing exploration and system studies of the natural Ad diversity. Towards that end we first established that adenoviral genomes can be cloned and tagged in a high-throughput manner utilizing advanced homologous recombination techniques. Wild type Ads from clinical isolates including around half of the currently known adenovirus types that represent all seven human adenovirus species were propagated and direct high-throughput cloning (HTC) applied. The integrity of cloned Ad genomes was confirmed by DNA restriction enzyme pattern and virus reconstitution was conducted using optimized conditions. Most importantly next-generation sequencing (NGS) and phylogenetic analysis was performed. As a further step, half of all cloned adenoviruses representing each species were tagged with a 2A peptide-mediated multicistronic expression cassette providing a Turbo Green fluorescent protein as in vitro marker, a NanoLuc luciferase for in vivo studies and kanamycin/neomycin as selection marker. For HTC of tagged viruses the reporter cassette was inserted into the adenovirus E3 region using different orientations because the orientation of the transgene was essential for reconstitution efficiencies. After successful reconstitution these double reporters-labeled AdVs were evaluated in cultured cell lines and mouse models. In vitro characterization revealed distinct tropisms for tested viruses. Among the currently evaluated cell lines, specie B viruses demonstrated high transduction efficiencies in epithelial (Hela- and A549 cells) and endothelial cells, while Ad5 still displayed highest transduction rates in other human and murine cell types (hepatocytes, lymphocytes, neuroblastoma cells and myoblasts). For the further characterization of unknown receptor usage, we injected recombinant viruses into DSG2 or CD46 transgenic mice for in vivo bio-distribution analyses on genome level by quantitative PCR and on protein level by immunohistology analyses. We anticipate that our engineered adenoviral-library will provide a spacious novel view to the adenovirus field. As a broader perspective it will bring AdV and also other large dsDNA viruses from mono- to multi-types and enables broader applications in molecular medicine including gene therapy and vaccination studies, as well as basic virology.

Manipulating adenovirus hexon hypervariable loops dictates immune neutralisation and coagulation factor X-dependent cell interaction in vitro and in vivo.

Adenoviruses are common pathogens, mostly targeting ocular, gastrointestinal and respiratory cells, but in some cases infection disseminates, presenting in severe clinical outcomes. Upon dissemination and contact with blood, coagulation factor X (FX) interacts directly with the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) hexon. FX can act as a bridge to bind heparan sulphate proteoglycans, leading to substantial Ad5 hepatocyte uptake. FX “coating” also protects the virus from host IgM and complement-mediated neutralisation. However, the contribution of FX in determining Ad liver transduction whilst simultaneously shielding the virus from immune attack remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the FX protection mechanism is not conserved amongst Ad types, and identify the hexon hypervariable regions (HVR) of Ad5 as the capsid proteins targeted by this host defense pathway. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we manipulate Ad5 HVR interactions to interrogate the interplay between viral cell transduction and immune neutralisation. We show that FX and inhibitory serum components can co-compete and virus neutralisation is influenced by both the location and extent of modifications to the Ad5 HVRs. We engineered Ad5-derived HVRs into the rare, native non FX-binding Ad26 to create Ad26.HVR5C. This enabled the virus to interact with FX at high affinity, as quantified by surface plasmon resonance, FX-mediated cell binding and transduction assays. Concomitantly, Ad26.HVR5C was also sensitised to immune attack in the absence of FX, a direct consequence of the engineered HVRs from Ad5. In both immune competent and deficient animals, Ad26.HVR5C hepatic gene transfer was mediated by FX following intravenous delivery. This study gives mechanistic insight into the pivotal role of the Ad5 HVRs in conferring sensitivity to virus neutralisation by IgM and classical complement-mediated attack. Furthermore, through this gain-of-function approach we demonstrate the dual functionality of FX in protecting Ad26.HVR5C against innate immune factors whilst determining liver targeting.

Developing campaigns in the context of a disaster

Purpose– The purpose of this paper are to determine: how disasters are used as a theme in advertising; how the public evaluates different ways of using disasters in advertising; what dimensions directly affect these evaluations; and what aspects should be taken into account by an organization that wants or need to develop a campaign after a disaster.Design/methodology/approach– This paper presents two studies examining the relationship between catastrophes and advertising in the context of the February 2010 earthquake in Chile. The first study scrutinizes the characteristics of print ads that used this event as their main theme. The second study evaluates the reactions of consumers to different types of post-catastrophe ads. This issue was explored in a survey on the attitudes toward and credibility of these ads and in a qualitative examination, which explored the reasons for the interviewees’ evaluation.Findings– The first study identified nine types of advertisements as the most used by advertisers. The second study showed that the most common ad types had the worst evaluations by the public. In addition, the evaluation of the ads was directly related to three dimensions: opinion with regard to the advertised brand, evaluation of the ad’s performance, and perception of commercial intent.Research limitations/implications– It is important to consider some limitations of this study: this paper used only print advertising, and the sample was selected from Chilean internet users (50 percent of the population).Practical implications– This paper provides recommendations for for-profit and non-profit organizations that need or want to effectively develop campaigns in the context of a disaster.Originality/value– Within the context of a few studies on the development of campaigns in the context of a catastrophe, this paper seeks to test and expand upon the scarce findings in this field.

Consumo de medicamentos para el tratamiento de la demencia en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca durante el periodo 2006-2011

ObjectiveWe evaluated the consumption of specific medications for treating cognitive symptoms associated with AD and other types of dementia in individuals over 60 years of age between 2006 and 2011 in the Basque Country. MethodsA retrospective descriptive study was conducted. The pharmacy division of the Basque Government Department of Health provided the prescribing data for the following drugs: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine. The number of defined daily doses (DDDs) and the number of DDDs per 1000 inhabitants/day (DHD) were calculated. ResultsConsumption increased by 49.72% between 2006 and 2011. There were marked differences between drugs (13.02% donepezil; 93.18% rivastigmine; 37.79% galantamine; 70.40% memantine) and Basque provinces (16.34% in Áraba; 50.49% in Bizkaia; 57.37% in Gipuzkoa). Likewise, expenditure increased from €11.5 million in 2006 to € 18.1 million in 2011. ConclusionsThis study shows increased consumption of these drugs, although there are also marked differences by province which may be due to differences in prescribing habits. Spending for these drugs rose parallel to this increase in consumption; drug prices remained stable throughout the study period.

Psychosis associated behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of psychosis in mild cognitive impairment (MCI, Petersen's criteria) and patients with Alzheimer's dementia, and to characterize the associated behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD).Method: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from an ongoing, prospective, longitudinal study on BPSD was performed, including 270 MCI and 402 AD patients. BPSD assessment was performed through Middelheim Frontality Score (MFS), Behave-AD, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD). Psychosis was considered to be clinically relevant when delusions and/or hallucinations occurred at least once in the last two weeks prior to the BPSD assessment.Results: The prevalence of psychosis in AD (40%) was higher than in MCI (14%; p < 0.001). AD patients with psychosis showed more severe frontal lobe, BPSD, agitation and depressive symptoms (MFS, Behave-AD, CMAI and CSDD total scores), whereas MCI patients with psychosis only showed more severe frontal lobe and physically non-aggressive agitated behavior. In addition, only in psychotic AD patients, all BPSD and types of agitation were more severe compared to non-psychotic AD patients. Comparing MCI and AD patients, MCI patients with psychosis did not show more severe frontal lobe, behavioral and psychological (Behave-AD), depressive symptoms or agitation than AD patients without psychosis.Conclusion: AD patients clearly display psychosis associated BPSD, whereas MCI patients only display more severe frontal lobe symptoms and physically non-aggressive agitated behavior, but also less pronounced than in AD.

Cidofovir and brincidofovir reduce the pathology caused by systemic infection with human type 5 adenovirus in immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters, while ribavirin is largely ineffective in this model

There are no drugs approved specifically to treat disseminated adenovirus (Ad) infections in humans. Cidofovir is active against Ad in cell culture, and it is used frequently in the clinic with disseminated infection in pediatric transplant patients; however, controlled clinical studies have not been conducted to prove the anti-Ad efficacy of cidofovir. Brincidofovir, a lipid-linked derivative of cidofovir, which has strong activity against Ad in cell culture and in animal models, is a promising new drug currently in clinical trials. Ribavirin, which has modest activity against some Ad types in cell culture, has been used in the clinic against disseminated Ad, but the efficacy of ribavirin is unknown. In the current study, we have examined the activity of cidofovir, brincidofovir, and ribavirin against disseminated Ad5 infection in the immunosuppressed Syrian hamster model. Hamsters are immunosuppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide, then infected intravenously with Ad5, leading to disseminated Ad5 infection, especially in the liver. We found that cidofovir and brincidofovir have excellent activity against Ad5 pathology and replication in the liver, even when administered therapeutically starting at 3days post-challenge with Ad5. Ribavirin did not have anti-Ad5 activity in our model. Our data support the use of cidofovir and brincidofovir in humans for the treatment of disseminated Ad infections in humans.

Which types of televised anti-tobacco campaigns prompt more quitline calls from disadvantaged groups?

To examine the efficacy of different types of mass media ads in driving lower socio-economic smokers (SES) to utilize quitlines. This study collected all 33 719 calls to the Victorian quitline in Australia over a 2-year period. Negative binomial regressions examined the relationship between weekly levels of exposure to different types of anti-smoking ads and quitline calls, after adjusting for covariates. Interaction terms were added to determine whether relationships differed by SES. In total, smokers were exposed 88.39 times to anti-smoking ads over the 2-year period, as estimated by target audience ratings points. Higher emotion narrative ad exposure had the strongest association with quitline calls, increasing call rates by 13% for every additional ad exposure per week (per 100 points, rate ratio = 1.132, P = 0.001). Substantially, greater increases in calls to quitline from lower SES groups were observed when higher emotion narrative ads were on air compared with when other ad types were on air, and this advantage was not as strong among higher SES groups. Airing higher emotion narrative anti-smoking ads may contribute to reducing, but not eliminating, socio-economic disparities in calls to the quitline through maximizing the responses of the lower SES smokers.

Structural Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Bisphenol A Derivatives as β-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation Inhibitors

The aggregation of Abeta is a crucial step in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Our previous work showed that Abeta undergoes alpha-helix/beta-sheet intermediate structures during the conformational transition, and an Abeta aggregation inhibitor (1) was discovered by targeting the intermediates. Here, structure optimization toward compound 1 was performed and 34 novel derivatives were designed and synthesized. Nine compounds showed more effective inhibitory activity than the hit compound 1 in ThT fluorescence assay. Among them, compound 43 demonstrated more excellent inhibitory potency, which not only can suppress the aggregation of Abeta but also can dissolve the preformed fibrils as shown by CD spectroscopy, PICUP and AFM assays. Cellular assay indicated that 43 has no toxicity to neuronal cells, moreover, can effectively inhibit Abeta(1-42)-induced neutrotoxicity and increase the cell viability. Together, on the basis of these positive results, these novel chemical structures may provide a promising potential for therapeutic applications in AD and other types of neurodegenerative disorders.

Novel High-Speed Real-Time PCR Method (Hyper-PCR): Results from Its Application to Adenovirus Diagnosis

PCR, including real-time PCR, usually requires at least 1 h to obtain results. To shorten this time, a novel real-time PCR method (Hyper-PCR) was developed. This method utilizes high-speed DNA polymerase and a thin disc-type reaction vessel that can quickly alter the temperature of the reaction mixture in a newly developed PCR machine. Reactions capable of amplifying adenovirus (Ad) DNA can be completed within 11 min (3 temperature steps, 55 cycles). Hyper-PCR can detect 3.1-18.0 DNA copies/reaction of Ad types 1-4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 19, and 37. Hyper-PCR and conventional real-time PCR were applied to diagnose 147 clinical samples, and the results were compared. Hyper-PCR had a sensitivity of 100% (73/73) and a specificity of 100% (74/74), using conventional real-time PCR as the gold standard. Our newly developed PCR method, Hyper-PCR, was able to diagnose Ad infection within 17 min (not including the time for genome extraction). The thermocycling time of the novel PCR is faster than that of previously available PCR applications, and this method is thought to be potentially applicable to clinical and environmental diagnostics, where rapid diagnosis is important.

Human Adenovirus 14a: A New Epidemic Threat

Human Adenovirus 14a: A New Epidemic Threat

Effects of ad types, positions, animation lengths, and exposure times on the click-through rate of animated online advertisings

In this study, we focus on the click-through rate for the advertising effectiveness to examine the effects of design factors on animated online advertisings. A factorial experiment with repeated measuring was designed to collect a set of serially correlated click-through data. Ad types, positions, animation lengths, and exposure times were considered as the independent factors in this study. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach is introduced to the logistic regression models with correlated binary data. A goodness-of-fit statistic, quasi-likelihood information criterion (QIC) for data correlated models will be used for evaluating GEE-constructed models. The results showed a logistic regression model with order effect, two-factor interaction effect of ad types and ad positions, as well as ad positions and animation lengths are statistically significant. In addition, the GEE model with AR(1) correlation structures was well verified by the data.