Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol Research Articles

Comparative analysis of reactive routing protocols for vehicular adhoc network communications

In the recent past, vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) have gained a lot of importance. The routing protocols play a vital role to deliver payloads from one vehicle to another one while they are moving at relative speeds. It is a challenging task to select a routing protocol for VANETs because of the uneven distribution and high mobility of vehicles. In this paper, we have analysed the two standard reactive protocols, adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and ant colony optimization (ACO). The performance comparison of AODV and ACO routing protocols has been presented in this paper. The results show AODV performed better in terms of energy consumption and routing overhead. While considering the throughput, energy loss ratio, and delay ACO has performed. ACO resulted as upperhand.

Detection of black hole attacks in vehicle-to-vehicle communications using ad hoc networks and on demand protocols

PurposeThe potential of vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) to improve driver and passenger safety and security has made them a hot topic in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). VANETs have different characteristics and system architectures from mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), with a primary focus on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. But protecting VANETs from malicious assaults is crucial because they can undermine network security and safety.Design/methodology/approachThe black hole attack is a well-known danger to VANETs. It occurs when a hostile node introduces phony routing tables into the network, potentially damaging it and interfering with communication. A safe ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol has been created in response to this issue. By adding cryptographic features for source and target node verification to the route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) packets, this protocol improves upon the original AODV routing system.FindingsThrough the use of cryptographic-based encryption and decryption techniques, the suggested method fortifies the VANET connection. In addition, other network metrics are taken into account to assess the effectiveness of the secure AODV routing protocol under black hole attacks, including packet loss, end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and routing request overhead. Results from simulations using an NS-2.33 simulator show how well the suggested fix works to enhance system performance and lessen the effects of black hole assaults on VANETs.Originality/valueAll things considered, the safe AODV routing protocol provides a strong method for improving security and dependability in VANET systems, protecting against malevolent attacks and guaranteeing smooth communication between cars and infrastructure.

Trust-Based Routing Selection Policy on Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using Aodv Routing Protocol

This study presents an enhanced Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, termed Proposed_TAODV, designed to improve security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) of 150 nodes by incorporating trust-based mechanisms. Through a comprehensive simulation, the Proposed_TAODV is evaluated against existing AODV and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols under conditions of increasing malicious node presence. The results reveal that Proposed_TAODV maintains a higher Packet Delivery Ratio, experiences lower Average End-to-End Delay, and achieves greater Throughput compared to the benchmarks, indicating its superior performance and robustness. The integration of Direct Trust Evaluation, Indirect Trust Evaluation, and Trust Aggregation methods into the AODV protocol clearly enhances the MANET's resilience to security threats, establishing the Proposed_TAODV as a promising approach for securing MANETs against various forms of attacks and network disruptions.

Energy and Mobility Models based Performance Evaluation in MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks are constituted with randomly moving nodes and movement of these nodes is depended upon moving model used in the network. Performance of the network directly depends on the movements and energy consumed in a specific time period by the nodes. Also performance of the protocol used for communication depends on the type of mobility model used by that specific protocol. In this paper, performance of AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) routing protocol have been evaluated in respect of five mobility models Random Way Point Mobility Model, Manhattan Grid Mobility Model, Gauss Markov Mobility Model, Random Direction Mobility Model, RPGM (Reference Point Group Mobility)). Performance metrics are considered as: average energy consumption and average residual energy. By varying the network connections, speed of the nodes, and node densities, in different scenarios, routing protocol has been simulated in network simulator 2. Simulation results show that reference point group mobility model is best suitable model as compared to other mobility models for AODV protocol in terms of energy consumption.

Design of a Self-Organizing Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Location and Energy Information

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high latency, variable topology, limited battery, low processing power and so on. These new features pose many challenges to the design of self-organizing routing protocol for UWSNs. This paper focuses on the application of Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in UWSNs. In order to solve the problems of packet collision and excessive energy consumption associated with the flooding-based routing discovery method and the periodic hello packet routing maintenance mechanism of AODV, a routing discovery and maintenance method based on location and energy information is proposed, and it is referred to as the route-focusing AODV (RFAODV) routing protocol. In the RFAODV protocol, the routing discovery process is focused on a few nodes through forwarding area control and dynamic delay adjustment. In addition, feedback from a media access control layer and residual energy control are used for routing maintenance. We implement the RFAODV and evaluate its performance according to the sea trial data as parameters in the NS-2. The simulation results show that compared with the other protocols, RFAODV improves the routing discovery success ratio by at least 18%, increases the packet transmission ratio by at least 4%, reduces the protocol overhead by at least 15% and reduces the energy consumption by at least 5% under various simulation scenarios. RFAODV is suitable for large-scale, high-load and dynamic networks underwater wireless sensor networks.

Modelling and modular supervisory control for the AODV routing protocol

The model of the Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, being favorable in several wireless networks (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET), ZigBee etc.) is presented for a network with parametric number of nodes in the Ramadge Wonham (RW) framework of discrete event systems (DES). For a generic network, consisting of n nodes, the first goal is to introduce two specification rules, per node. The first rule guarantees the hierarchy of the requests of the nodes and the routing paths. The second rule offers a first level security regarding requests’ replies. The two rules are expressed as two regular languages. Each regular language is realized by a supervisor automaton. The two supervisor automata of each node compose the local controllers of a distributed supervisory control architecture controlling the total network. The physical realizability of the local controlled automaton is proved. Also, the nonblocking property and the satisfactory marked behavior of the total controlled automaton are proved. The complexity of the proposed distributed architecture is computed. To illustrate the effectiveness of the present control scheme, a four-node network simulation of the controlled automaton of the protocol is presented.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Performance Comparison Utilizing Telnet and Superframe

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have recently established themselves as an extremely interesting area of research thanks to the mysterious qualities of the ocean. The UWSN consists of sensor nodes and vehicles working to collect data and complete tasks. The battery capacity of sensor nodes is quite limited, which means that the UWSN network needs to be as efficient as it can possibly be. It is difficult to connect with or update a communication that is taking place underwater due to the high latency in propagation, the dynamic nature of the network, and the likelihood of introducing errors. This makes it difficult to communicate with or update a communication. Cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks (CB-UWSNs) are proposed in this article. These networks would be deployed via Superframe and Telnet applications. In addition, routing protocols, such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Location-Aided Routing 1 (LAR1), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and Source Tree Adaptive Routing—Least Overhead Routing Approach (STAR-LORA), were evaluated based on the criteria of their energy consumption in a range of various modes of operation with QualNet Simulator using Telnet and Superframe applications. STAR-LORA surpasses the AODV, LAR1, OLSR, and FSR routing protocols in the evaluation report’s simulations, with a Receive Energy of 0.1 mWh in a Telnet deployment and 0.021 mWh in a Superframe deployment. The Telnet and Superframe deployments consume 0.05 mWh transmit power, but the Superframe deployment only needs 0.009 mWh. As a result, the simulation results show that the STAR-LORA routing protocol outperforms the alternatives.

INFLUENCE WITH TRAFFIC RATE AND BEACON TIME FOR JAMMING ATTACK ON 802.11B IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

MANETs have distinctive characteristics like dynamic topology, wireless radio medium, restricted resources and lack of centralized administration; as a result, they're liable to differing types of attacks in several layers of protocol stack. Every node in a Manet is capable of acting as a router. The need for a secure Manet networks is powerfully tied to the protection and privacy options. This Jamming attacks are one in every of them. These occur by transmittal continuous radio ways in which to inhibit the transmission among sender and receiver. These attacks have an effect on the network by decreasing the network performance with buffer size, beacon amount varied as certained result on mobile ad-hoc network degrade the performance with Jamming attack. This work includes a network with high Mobility IEEE 802.11b with improved AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol parameters. FTP with high rate is being generated within the network. For the Simulation purpose we tend to utilized OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool) MODELER 14.5 is employed for simulation. The performance of network is measured with relation to the QoS parameters.

Secured mobile IOT ecosystem using Enhanced Multi-level Intelligent Trust Scheme

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of heterogeneous, interconnected mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) devices. High-level security is always required to protect sensitive information travelling over MANET-IoT networks. IoT security ensures the privacy, confidentiality, and security of the users, infrastructure, and data. The Enhanced Multi-Level Intelligent Trust Scheme (EMITS) initially designs to authenticate and validate the data for the Mobile IoT (MIoT) ecosystem. The proposed model used the AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing) routing protocol with an intelligent trust scheme. This paper aims to present a MANET-IoT-based model combined with a hybrid cryptographic scheme that ensures secure communication between mobile IoT ecosystems against the black hole attack. The performance of the proposed EMITS-MIoT model is verified based on the packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), false positive ratio (FPR), false negative ratio (FNR), and attack detection rate (DR). The EMTS-IoT technique shows a 3–5% success in data transmission over existing techniques.

Invulnerability Improvement of Multipath Protocols in Different Scenarios

Developments in computer communications and networks enabled the deployment of exciting new areas. Meanwhile, Efficient network and communication technologies also promote the development of routing protocols. AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, AODV) routing protocol has invulnerability to different mobile attributes of agent nodes and network damage scenarios. However, this invulnerability performance can not meet the needs of mobile multi-agent cooperative communication. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV(Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV, MD_AODV). This routing protocol is based on AODV routing protocol. It is mainly improved in three aspects: multichannel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. Firstly, in this research, an improved multipath routing protocol is modeled and implemented, which is based on OPNET Network simulation platform. Then, network models with different degrees of impairment are built. Combines the mobile attributes of mobile multi-agent task coordination to carry out invulnerability simulation experiments . These experiments study the invulnerability of the improved multipath routing protocol. Finally, this paper evaluates and compares the routing invulnerability of MD_AODV, AODV and AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector, AOMDV). The evaluation results show that MD_AODV routing has better invulnerability when the network is severely damaged

Virtual Local Area Network Performance Improvement Using Ad Hoc Routing Protocols in a Wireless Network

Wireless Communication has become one of the most popular types of communication networks because of the many services it provides; however, it has experienced several challenges in improving network performance. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a different approach which enables a network administrator to create a logical network from a physical network. By dividing a large network into smaller networks, VLAN technology improves network efficiency, management, and security. This study includes VLAN for wireless networks with mobile nodes integration. The network protection was improved by separating the connections and grouping them in a way that prevents any party from being able to contact unauthorized stations in another party using VLAN. VLAN demonstrated restricted access to private server data by managing traffic, improving security, and reducing levels of congestion. This paper investigates the virtual local area network in a wireless network with three ad hoc routing protocols in a number of different scenarios, using the Riverbed Modeler simulation, which was used as a simulation program in this study. It was found from the investigation process that adopting VLAN technology could reduce delay and data of the network and considerably lower throughput, which is a major drawback of VLAN. Ad hoc routing algorithms, including AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) routing protocols, were used to improve the delay and throughput of the network. Routing methods with VLAN were tested across the WLAN to obtain the best throughput gain performance. The findings also revealed that these ad hoc routing protocols improved the Wireless Sensor Network performance as an additional investigation for the improvement of any network’s delay and throughput.

Secure and efficient data transfer in AODV routing protocol using RSA encryption

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are recognised as a key emerging technology for use whenever cellular communications are either infeasible, inefficient, or cost-ineffective. MANETS are composed of nodes that are arranged in a self-organizing manner, without a central device like a switch or router. The nodes communicate with each other over wireless links and cooperate in a distributed fashion. Smartphones are the most ideal network nodes in many scenarios where traditional networks are unavailable, but building a secure network with them is not easy. This paper extensively uses the existing possibilities to build a secure MANET. The designed MANET has been built on an NS3 simulator, with the base protocol being Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and message encryption is done by using RSA Algorithm. The Secure AODV protocol extension is implemented using the RSA extension.

A Review Paper of M-AODV Routing Protocol in VANET to Detect and Prevent Black Hole Attack

Abstract: In the field of contemporary intelligent transportation, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a popular and promising technology. They are employed to provide effective life safety, intelligent transportation systems, and traffic information systems (TIS). Due to the nodes' mobility and the connections' brittleness, the VANET is open to a variety of security risks. One type of security risk known as a "black hole attack" involves a node presenting itself to other nodes in such a way that it has the quickest and most direct access to the target. As a result, an effective method for the detection and eradication of the Black hole attack in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is given in this research study. One of the most widely used routing protocols for VANET, AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) is used to achieve the suggested method. In the first stages of route discovery, the technique can identify both a single black hole attack and a cooperative black hole attack. The simulation is carried on NS2 and the results of the proposed scheme are compared to [14] and the fundamental AODV routing protocol, this results are examined on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and endto-end delay. The found results show the efficacy of the proposed method as throughput and the delivery ratio of the network does not deteriorate in presence of the back holes

Improvement and Optimization of a Mobile Multi-agent AODV Routing Protocol

<p>In the scenario of node failure in mobile multi-agent, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) rout-ing protocol fails in network information transmission due to the damage of communication link. In addi-tion, the existing AODV multipath routing protocol node load balancing mechanism is imperfect. In order to solve the low network survivability caused by the above problems, an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV (Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV) is proposed. The protocol is opti-mized in three aspects: multi-channel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. The simulation analysis of the modified AODV multipath routing protocol is realized on OPNENT simulation platform. The simulation results show that compared with AODV protocol, the improved multipath routing protocol can enhance the utilization of network re-sources and has better link redundancy. Moreover, the modified routing protocol not only enhances the reliability and fault tolerance of the path, but also increases the network aggregation bandwidth. </p> <p> </p>

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Intrusion detection in healthcare domain using machine learning

Intrusion detection system is considered as one of the main sources for protection of important information and communication technologies especially in healthcare networks. Intrusion detection system must be updated frequently because of intrusions that improves periodically. Due to particular limitations such as resource-constrained devices, limited memory and battery capacity of nodes, and unique protocol stacks, traditional intrusion detection algorithms must be updated and improved for application to the Internet of Things. To address this issue, a lightweight attack detection approach based on supervised machine learning–based FIDS (Frothy Disturbance Intrusion Detection System) was developed to detect an adversary attempting to inject unneeded data into the network. FIDS can play an important role in intrusion detection. The proposed model was trained with KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Database) dataset using SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm. AODV (Ad-hoc- on-demand Distance Vector) routing protocol was used for routing to make it more energy efficient since the energy usable was limited. The process of packet transmission was done with the help of clustering algorithm to separate the sensors into groups with each group containing a cluster head. 

Effect of NTT on Performance of AODV in a Linear AD HOC Network

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (WANETs) are predicted to be prevalent networks in coming future because of their infrastructure-less characteristics that result in self-organization, self-healing, and self-configuration of such networks. Routing means the process of selecting a path along which data can be transferred from source to destination that plays a significant role in the performance of ad hoc networks. There are many routing protocols developed for wireless ad hoc networks. One of such protocols, developed by C. E. Perkins, is Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, which is a reactive routing protocol, AODV is used to establish route(s) between source node(s) and destination node(s) as and when routes are required. Performance of AODV routing protocol depends heavily on choice of values of a set of predefined attributes. One of such attributes of AODV is Node Traversal Time (NTT) which is supposed to play significant role in establishing route(s) between source node(s) and destination node(s). In this paper, we have investigated the performance of AODV in a linear wireless ad hoc network using different values of NTT using as well as without using Hello messages. The performance of the network has been measured using several metrics like Route Error Overhead, Routing Overhead, Normalized Routing Load, Average Hop Count, Total Number of Received Data Packets, Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay and Throughput. It is observed that choice of value of NTT has a significant effect on establishment of route(s) between source node(s) and destination node(s) that eventually affects the performance of the linear wireless ad hoc network under consideration. The insights gained through this work could be useful in analysis of more realistic and complex networks.

Design and implementation of a safety algorithm on V2V routing protocol

Abstract Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications have been widely employed to ameliorate a variety of transportation-related issues in cities, the most significant of which being traffic congestion. The inefficient utilization of resources in vehicle infrastructure is frequently the source of a great deal of traffic congestion. Furthermore, due to its high dynamic nature, incorporating traffic congestion into vehicular traffic decision-making is difficult. In this paper, V2V communications will be implemented as an intelligent transportation systems (ITS) safety mechanism solution to solve these traffic congestion problems. The proposed mechanism is applied over integration between AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) as one of the best topology-based routing protocols with one of geographic-based routing protocols to overcome OADV limitations. As AODV floods the network with control messages to find a path to the target, and the network is going to host a high volume of control packets. So the proposed method will use Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates to search the region where a path to the target is likely to be found. As this paper describes the efforts to create a hybrid model that combines a typical reactive routing protocol with a geographic one, there will be two steps to identify the proposed ITS network. In first Phase: Choose the most functioning Geographic routing protocol on the V2V simulation environment. In the second Phase: Integrate this suggested Geographic routing protocol with ADOV protocol to implement ITS architectures. The RIVERBED modulator and NS2 simulator will be utilized to choose the best routing protocol. Based on the paper’s key performance indicators simulation results, Distance-Vector-Based Recovery-Strategy (PBR-DV) geographic routing protocol is selected to integrate with AODV routing protocol. Comparing the proposed method with the independent use of AODV, it demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in overcoming all the problems related to resource scarcity and geographical obstacles.

Performance Analysis of MANET under Security Attacks

In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), performance of the routing protocols is degraded by various network attacks such as black hole attack and rushing attack. Mostly all layers of mobile ad hoc networks are vulnerable to several attacks. Routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc networks are designed by considering that all the nodes are trustable in communication mode. MANET is less secure network due to its features like no centralized administration control and no infrastructure is required. In this paper, Ad hoc On Demand distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is evaluated under rushing attack, black hole attack, and grayhole attack. Under multiple attacking, single attacking, and without attacking modes, performance of network has been evaluated. By varying the speed, network size, node density, and number of attacking nodes, four different network scenarios have been generated. Performance metrics are considered as average throughput, average end to end delay and packet delivery ratio. Network simulator 2 is used to simulate the attacks over AODV routing protocol. Results show that all the above attacks are responsible for the poor throughput, heavy dropping packets and higher end to end delays in the network. Throughput is degraded as the numbers of attacking nodes are increased. AODV is less affected by rushing attack as compared to black hole and grayhole attacks.

Enhanced-AODV Routing Protocol to Improve Route Stability of MANETs

Establishing and maintaining link stability in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is one of the key challenging issues. Topology changes in MANET because overhead traffic that leads to consuming extra energy of nodes as well as decreasing the performance of routing protocols. Thus, a comprise approach should be considered during the design of a routing scheme in MANETs to deal with challenges incurred by the mobility of the nodes. In this study, a simple efficient routing scheme called Enhanced_AODV (E-AODV) is proposed, aiming to enhance Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol performance by constructing the most stable and reliable route from source to the destination node. In this routing scheme, the remaining lifetime of links and hop count are the metrics considered for calculating the Route Stability Factor (RSF) that can be utilized as a cost metric to establish the best route between source and destination node. The simulation results reveal that the proposed E-AODV routing scheme effectively outperforms the conventional AODV routing protocol and Stable and Bandwidth Aware Dynamic Routing Protocol (SBADR) in terms of packet delivery ratio, average network throughput, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing overhead.