Acute Respiratory Infections In Children Research Articles

Factors Associated With Ari Disease in Toddlers at Desa Lumbutarombo, Banawa Selatan District, Donggala Regen

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infection that attacks one part and or more of the respiratory tract starting from the nose (upper tract) to alveoli (lower tract) including tissue adenexes, such as the sinuses, middle ear cavity, and pleura. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with is a disease in children under five, consisting of smoking in the house, romanization, and the use of biomass cooking fuel. This is Analytical survey research with an approach cross-sectional. This research was conducted in Desa Lumbutarombo, Banawa Selatan District, Donggala Regency in February until March 2020, with a sample of 66 respondents. The results showed that there was a correlation between smoking in a clean water supply house and ARI in children under five as evidenced by statistical tests with a p-value of 0.039 <0.05. The results showed that there was a correlation between roomization and ARI in children under five as evidenced by statistical tests with a p-value of 0.000 <0.05. The results showed that there was no correlation between the use of biomass cooking fuel and ARI in children under five as evidenced by statistical tests with a p-value of 0.275> 0.05. This is hoped that the government and health workers and the community in Lumbutarombo Village will always protect the surrounding environment and conduct health service surveys and conduct counseling so that it can reduce the risk of ARI disease.

Salivary C-reactive protein-a possible predictor of serum levels in pediatric acute respiratory illness.

Identifying the etiology of an acute respiratory infection in children is a well-known challenge. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and its serum counterpart, which is known to be higher in bacterial infections but necessitates a venipuncture. Salivary and serum CRPs were measured in children with an acute respiratory illness, aged 2 months to 18 years. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to measure correlation. Discrimination of the salivary CRP levels for predicting serum levels above 100 mg/L was calculated and compared to serum CRP levels. Sensitivity and specificity were similarly calculated. Salivary CRP was measured in 104 samples. Levels correlated significantly and positively with serum CRP levels (r = 0.670, p<0.001). Area under the curve for predicting serum CRP levels of 100 mg/L was 0.848. For a salivary CRP concentration above 32,610 ng/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 69% and 93%, respectively, for accurately predicting a serum CRP level ≥100 mg/L.Conclusions: Salivary CRP can be used in the pediatric acute setting due to its high specificity for predicting elevated serum levels without the need for venipuncture. Further studies are required to achieve higher sensitivity rates. What is known: • Salivary C-reactive protein has shown correlation to its serum counterpart, mainly in healthy children, adults, and ill neonates. What is new: • In a large population of children with acute respiratory illness, aged 2 months to 18 years, salivary C-reactive protein showed high specificity for predicting elevated serum levels, thus indicating its potential as a diagnostic tool.

Housing conditions and respiratory health in children in mining communities: An analysis of data from 27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundPoor housing conditions, such as poor building materials and weak structures as well as high levels of indoor air pollution, are important risk factors for a broad range of diseases, including acute respiratory infections (ARI). In mining areas, research on the determinants of respiratory health predominantly focuses on exposures to outdoor air pollutants deriving from mining operations. However, mining projects also influence the socioeconomic status of households, which, in turn, affect housing quality and individual behaviors and, thus, housing quality and levels of indoor air pollution. In this study, we aimed to determine how proximity to an industrial mining project impacts housing quality, sources of indoor air pollution, and prevalence of ARI. MethodsWe merged data from 131 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) with georeferenced data on mining projects in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to determine associations between housing quality, indoor air pollution sources, and child respiratory health. Spatial differences in selected indicators were explored using descriptive cross-sectional analyses. Furthermore, we applied a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DiD) approach using generalized linear mixed-effects models to compare temporal changes in household and child health indicators at different operational phases of mining projects and as a function of distance to mines. ResultsFor cross-sectional analyses, data of 183,466 households and 141,384 children from 27 countries in SSA were used, while 41,648 households and 34,406 children from 23 SSA countries were included in the DiD analyses. The increase in the share of houses being built from finished building materials after mine opening was more than 4-fold higher (odds ratio (OR): 4.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.98–6.24) in close proximity to mining sites (i.e., ≤ 10 km) compared to areas further away (i.e., 10–50 km). However, these benefits were not equally distributed across socioeconomic strata, with considerably weaker effects observed among poorer households. Increases in indoor tobacco smoking rates in close proximity to operating mines were twice as high as in comparison areas (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.15–3.68). The cross-sectional analyses revealed that traditional cooking fuels (e.g., charcoal, dung, and wood) were less frequently used (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.23–0.31) in areas located in close proximity to mines than in comparison areas. Overall, no statistically significant association between mining operations and the prevalence of symptoms related to ARI in children under the age of 5 years was observed (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.29–2.07). ConclusionsMines impact known risk factors for ARI through diverse pathways. The absence of significant changes in ARI symptoms among children is likely the result of counteracting effects between improvements in housing infrastructure and increased exposures to air pollutants from outdoor sources and tobacco smoking. For mining projects to unfold their full potential for community development, we recommend that impact assessments move beyond the mere appraisal of mining-related pollution emissions and try to include a more comprehensive set of pathways through which mines can affect ARI in exposed communities.

Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.

The role of multistraine probiotics in non-specific seasonal prevention of acute respiratory infections in children with recurrent URTI in organized teams

Introduction. A broad evidence base of numerous randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses asserts the role of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the development of various diseases, including those of infectious origin, in infancy and later stages of life.Purpose. Assessment of the efficacy of a multi-strain immuno-probiotic during rehabilitation of frequently ill children visiting organized groups during the period of epidemiological distress for acute respiratory diseases.Materials and methods.93 children older than 3 years of age were enrolled in an open comparative prospective clinical observation during the high-risk respiratory infection period – November, December. Children were observed for 1.5 months during administration of the multi-strain probiotic and 1 month after discontinuation of the probiotic. The subjects were randomized into two groups: the treatment group (60 children) received the multi-strain probiotic in the maximum age-specific dosage variances (children aged 3 to 12 years old – 1 capsule, older than 12 years of age – 2 capsules) once a day in the morning for 14 days and the comparison group (33 children) did not receive the multi-probiotic for the same period.Results and discussion. It was found that the incidence of disease in children receiving the multi-probiotic (the treatment group – 60 children) was statistically lower, and the disease severity was milder than in the group of children, who did not receive the probiotic (the comparison group – 33 children). Not a single child who received the multi-probiotic in the course of disease did not require antibiotic therapy during the entire observation period. Moreover, the incidence of respiratory infections in the treatment group within a month after discontinuation of the probiotic was 4.6 times lower than in the comparison group. No side effects were reported.Conclusions. The study results allowed the author to recommend the use of a multi-strain immuno-probiotic as a nonspecific immunomodulatory supplement for the seasonal prevention of acute respiratory infections, especially in frequently ill children at a high risk of infections.

Probiotics for prevention of acute respiratory infections in children: therapeutic potential.

Acute respiratory viral infections represent a group of clinically, pathomorphologically similar acute inflammatory respiratory diseases that manifest by fever, a runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, a general feeling of ill health of varying severity. Activation of latent, persistent infections of viral and/or bacterial origin may occur in recurrent respiratory infections. Decreased production of local immunity contributes greatly to the development of viral and bacterial infections, persistence of pathogenic micro-organisms. Intestinal microflora can directly or indirectly affect the human respiratory tract through increased production of cytokines, short-chain fatty acids. In recent years, there has been a scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Earlier studies have shown a positive effect of probiotics on the respiratory tract with a view to prevent and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory infectious diseases by expending the number of IgA secreting cells in the bronchial mucosa. Studies showed that the use of probiotics can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections, duration of fever, cough, and the need for antibacterial agents in children. Peptidoglycans and muramyl peptides that are constituents of the bacterial cell wall have antiviral activity. Probiotics can also inhibit virus attachment through a process of competing for the specific receptors. The regeneration of the mucous membrane is enhanced by the ability of mucin to prevent the virus from attaching to epithelial cells and suppress virus replication. The antiviral effect of probiotics may be caused by the ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, dehydrogenases and NOs. Probiotics can modulate the functions of epithelial and dendritic cells, CD4 +, CD8 + T lymphocytes, NK cells, stimulate the synthesis of secretory immunoglobulins, helping to neutralize the virus.

Respiratory infections of combined etiology in the clinical practice of the pediatrician

Acute respiratory infections hold the leading position in the structure of infectious pathology in children and are one of the main reasons for visits to the doctor. Most often causative agents of acute respiratory infections are viruses. In recent years, respiratory infections of combined etiology are becoming an increasingly significant problem, the proportion of which is increasing.In co-infections, clinical diagnosis is difficult, which once again emphasizes the importance of the widespread introduction of highly sensitive etiological diagnostic methods, in particular polymerase chain reaction. Data on the tendency to a more severe course of co-infections compared to mono-infections are ambiguous, which seems to depend on the specific causative agent and the level of viral load. Another urgent problem of acute respiratory infections in children is the frequent registration of concomitant respiratory viral and herpes virus infections. The clinical picture of acute respiratory tract infections is not very diverse: fever, intoxication symptoms, cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, etc. At the same time, pathognomonic symptoms can be identified in some monoinfections, but in coinfections such clinical diagnosis is difficult, suggesting the importance of etiological diagnosis, especially polymerase chain reaction (PCR).All of the above, as well as age and clinical manifestations largely determine the rational selection of antiviral therapy simultaneously effective against both respiratory viruses and herpes viruses. One such drug is Cycloferon, which has not only a broad antiviral spectrum, but also a high level of safety.Inclusion of an interferon inducer in the treatment of acute respiratory infections will reduce the need to prescribe other drugs, including antibiotics, and reduce the medication load on the body.

The Relationship Between Immunization Completeness and Incidents of Acute Respiratory Channel Infection Amongst Children in the Working Area Of Puskesmas Gintu

Acute Respiratory Infection is caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi. If not handled properly, Acute Respiratory Infections can cause death in sufferers. Complete immunization is one of the early efforts to prevent this complaint. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between completeness of immunization and the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection in children under five in the working area of the Gintu Health Center. The research is descriptive and analytical with a cross sectional approach. Samples were taken using the simple random sampling technique, and there were 58 respondents. The instrument in the study was a questionnaire. The results were analysed using the Chi square formula. The result was P value: 0.000 &lt;0.05, from which it can be concluded that there is a relationship between completeness of immunization and the occurence of Acute Respiratory Infections in children under five.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Completeness of Immunization, Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection, Children

Relationship Between The Physical Environment of House and The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under Five in Ngada Regency

Acute Respiratory Infections (ISPA) is the highest cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five in Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the physical environment of the house and the incidence of ISPA in toddlers in the working area of ​​Aimere Public Health Center. The type of research used was analytical survey research with a cross-sectional study design. This study's population was all toddlers listed in the Aimere Puskesmas register, as many as 783 toddlers. The sample in this study was some of the toddlers recorded in the Aimere Puskesmas register, totaling 265 toddlers. The sampling technique in this study was random sampling. This study used the Chi-Square test for data analysis. The results of this study indicated that there was a relationship between occupancy density (p= 0.020), ventilation area (p= 0.023), floor type (p= 0.000), wall type (p= 0.000), indoors lighting (p= 0.011) with the incidence of ISPA in toddlers. Health promotion efforts and actions are needed to improve environmental health, especially housing conditions, to prevent ISPA in children under five.

Antibiotics for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: Now, Later, or Never?

* Abbreviations: ARTI — : acute respiratory tract infection AOM — : acute otitis media On average, children in the United States receive more than 1 antibiotic prescription per year, driven largely by acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs).1,2 Although most ARTIs are caused by viruses, some are bacterial infections, a subset of which benefit from antibiotics. Identifying the ARTIs that need antibiotics is not always easy. Primary care, urgent care, and emergency medicine clinicians have a hard job. To address this challenge, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlines multiple approaches to outpatient antibiotic stewardship,3 including delayed antibiotic prescribing, in which a provisional antibiotic prescription is given to a patient or caregiver to fill if symptoms persist or worsen. An example of this approach is acute otitis media (AOM), in which delayed prescribing has been shown to safely reduce antibiotic exposure.4 In this issue of Pediatrics , Mas-Dalmau et al5 report findings from a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing antibiotic prescribing strategies for ARTIs in children from 2 to 14 years old presenting to 1 of 39 primary care clinics in Spain. Overall, 436 subjects with AOM, … Address correspondence to Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Room 10364, Philadelphia, PA 19146. E-mail: gerberj{at}chop.edu

Virological Profile of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children at Dakar CHU

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a global public health priority. They are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. The main objective of this study was to see mainly the virological aspects in ARI in children in Senegalese hospitals Methodology: We had conducted a prospective descriptive mono-centric study over a period of one year (from July 01, 2017 to June 30, 2018) at the Albert Royer National Children's Hospital in Dakar. Results: The hospital frequency for acute respiratory infections in children was 3.7%. The average age was 23.7 months with extremes between 1 month and 144 months. The peaks of consultations were found in August, March and April with respectively 22%, 15.6% and 12.8%. Fever, respiratory distress and pulmonary condensation syndrome were the main signs found on examination in our patients. Virologic tests were positive in 80.7%. The viruses most frequently found in the samples were the Rhinovirus in 33% of the samples, the respiratory syncytial virus in 24.8% and the coronavirus in 15.6%. Among the diagnoses retained, pneumonia was predominant and found in 61 of the cases, or a prevalence of 59.9%, followed by acute bronchiolitis with a prevalence of 16.51%. The average length of hospital stay was 10 days. Conclusion: Acute respiratory infections in children are still a public health problem in developing countries; children under the age of five years are the most affected, hence the need to strengthen programs to fight ARI. The identification of germs is essential in the treatment and epidemiological surveillance in our regions.

Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infections Incidence in Children Under Five in the Working Area of the Siak Hulu II Community Health Center in Kampar Regency

BACKGROUND: The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is high among under-five children, especially in developing countries. ARIs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children worldwide. ARIs in children take a heavy toll on life. ARI disease ranks first in the spread of illness in the Siak Hulu II Public Health.&#x0D; AIM: This study aims to determine the incidence of non-pneumonia ARI in children under five in the working area of the UPTD Siak Hulu II.&#x0D; METHODS: This research uses quantitative methods with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 74 children under five aged 12–59 months using the consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis used Chi-square, univariate and bivariate statistical tests.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results showed that there was a relationship between birth weight p = 0.017 and OR = 4.844, cigarette smoke exposure p = 0.012, indiscriminate snacking p = 0.013, maternal knowledge p = 0.016, and exclusive breastfeeding p = 0.038, with the incidence of non-pneumonia ARI in toddlers aged 12–59 months in the working area of the Siak Hulu II Health Center, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency. Respondents who have low birth weight have a 4.8 times greater risk of suffering from ARI.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between birth weight, exposure to cigarette smoke, casual snacks, knowledge of mothers, and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of ARI in children under five in the work area of the UPTD Siak Hulu II Community Health Center, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency.

Epidemiological characteristics of four common respiratory viral infections in children

BackgroundViruses are the main infectious agents of acute respiratory infections in children. We aim to describe the epidemiological characteristics of viral pathogens of acute respiratory tract infections in outpatient children.MethodsFrom April 2018 to March 2019, the results of viral detection using oral pharyngeal swabs from 103,210 children with acute respiratory tract infection in the outpatient department of the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were retrospectively analyzed. Viral antigens, including adenovirus (ADV), influenza A (FLUA), influenza B (FLUB) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were detected by the colloidal gold method.ResultsAt least one virus was detected in 38,355 cases; the positivity rate was 37.2%. A total of 1910 cases of mixed infection with two or more viruses were detected, and the positivity rate of multiple infection was 1.9%. The ADV positivity rate was highest in the 3–6-year-old group (18.7%), the FLUA positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (21.6%), the FLUB positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (6.6%), and the RSV positivity rate was highest in the < 1-year-old group (10.6%). There was a significant difference in the positivity rate of viral infection among different age groups (χ2 = 1280.7, P < 0.001). The rate of positive viral infection was highest in winter (47.1%). The ADV infection rate was highest in spring (18.2%). The rates of FLUA and FLUB positivity were highest in winter (28.8% and 3.6%, respectively). The rate of RSV positivity was highest in autumn (17.4%). The rate of positive viral infection in different seasons was significantly different (χ2 = 6459.1, P < 0.001).ConclusionsViral infection rates in children differ for different ages and seasons. The positivity rate of ADV is highest in the preschool period and that of RSV is highest in infants; that of FLU increases with age. The total positive rate of viral infection in different seasons is highest in winter, as is the rate of FLU positivity.

Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Characteristics of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children and New Developments in Laboratory Testing

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in children is the most common infectious disease in childhood, and its pathogens include viruses, bacteria and fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia and rickettsia. In recent years, with the continuous development of pathogen detection methods, the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections has received more and more clinical attention. The clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics of acute respiratory infections in children and the research of clinical laboratory detection methods have also been continuously developed. The author collected references to review the clinical features and new developments in laboratory testing of acute respiratory tract infection in children.

Bacteriological Profile of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children: About a Prospective Study at the Albert Royer Hospital in Dakar

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is a global public health priority. It is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The main objective of this work was to look mainly at the bacteriological aspects of ARI in children in Senegalese hospitals. Methodology: We have been conducted a prospective descriptive mono-centric study over a period of one year (from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018) at the Albert Royer National child hospital in Dakar. A multiplex PCR (protein chain reaction) has been performed on nasopharyngeal swabs taken from all patients. This technique (viral RNA transcribed into DNA, then the DNA of the different pathogens is simultaneously amplified in the same tube by PCR Fast-tract&reg, multiplex). Results: During the study period, 109 patients were included. The hospital prevalence of acute respiratory infections was 3.7%. The mean age was 23.7 months with extremes between 1 month and 144 months. Peaks of consultations were found in the months of August, March and April with 22%, 15.6% and 12.8% respectively. Fever, respiratory distress and pulmonary condensation syndrome were the main signs found in our patients. Bacteriology was positive in 82.6% of samples and the most frequently found bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae in 38.5%, Haemophilus influenza b in 32.1% and Moraxella catarrhalis in 25.7%. Pneumonia was the main diagnosis, found in 61 cases, a prevalence of 59.9%. The average length of hospitalization was 10 days. Lethality was 1.8% or 2 cases. Conclusion: Acute Respiratory Infections in children still remains a public health problem in developing countries; children under 5 years of age are the most affected hence the need to strengthen ARI control programs. The identification of germs is indispensable in treatment and epidemiological surveillance in our regions.

1. ReKOMendacje Postępowania w ostrych zakażeniach dróg oddechowych u dzieci w czasie pandemii SARS-CoV-2 dla lekarzy Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej – KOMPAS COVID

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Kuchar E, Karlikowska-Skwarnik M, Szenborn L, Jackowska T, Doniec Z, Mastalerz-Migas A. Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2021;23(1):116-124. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647. APA Kuchar, E., Karlikowska-Skwarnik, M., Szenborn, L., Jackowska, T., Doniec, Z., & Mastalerz-Migas, A. (2021). Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 23(1), 116-124. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647 Chicago Kuchar, Ernest, Monika Karlikowska-Skwarnik, Leszek Szenborn, Teresa Jackowska, Zbigniew Doniec, and Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas. 2021. "Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS". Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 23 (1): 116-124. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647. Harvard Kuchar, E., Karlikowska-Skwarnik, M., Szenborn, L., Jackowska, T., Doniec, Z., and Mastalerz-Migas, A. (2021). Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 23(1), pp.116-124. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647 MLA Kuchar, Ernest et al. "Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS." Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, vol. 23, no. 1, 2021, pp. 116-124. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647. Vancouver Kuchar E, Karlikowska-Skwarnik M, Szenborn L, Jackowska T, Doniec Z, Mastalerz-Migas A. Recommendations for primary healthcare doctors for the management of acute respiratory infections in children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – COVID COMPASS. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2021;23(1):116-124. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2021.102647.

Состояние кишечной микробиоты и местного иммунного ответа желудочно-кишечного тракта у часто болеющих детей, находящихся в трудной жизненной ситуации

During evolution, microorganisms and humans have evolved to live in symbiosis with each other. The microbiome, in particular the intestinal microbiota that includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, their metabolites and genomic elements, plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. Alterations in the microbiome composition have been shown to affect the immune system of the host, triggering not only infectious, inflammatory or allergic intestinal pathology, but also frequent recurrent infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs. Objective. To analyze intestinal microbiota and local immune response in the gastrointestinal tract among young children with frequent respiratory infections, who are in a difficult life situation (in an orphanage) in order to identify possible pathogenetic association between intestinal dysbiosis and inadequate immune responses. Patients and methods. In the period between October 2018 and May 2019, residents of the specialized psychoneurological orphanage (PNDR) in St. Petersburg were examined. To carry out the study, 46 respondents with health groups II-III aged from 11 to 36 months were selected. The average age was 21.2 ± 6.75 months. Among them were 25 (54.34%) boys and 21 (45.6%) girls. When analyzing the incidence of acute respiratory infections, we took into account the severity of each episode, its duration, complications, the need for antimicrobial therapy, and hospitalization of the child. All results were recorded on specially designed record forms. Results. The analysis of medical record confirmed that the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children living in the orphanage is higher than that among children living in families. Respondents with an altered state of the nose and oropharynx usually had longer episodes of respiratory infections and more frequent complications. These patients were also found to have severe diversification of the intestinal microbiota and less pronounced mucosal immune response of the intestinal mucosa as demonstrated by bacteriological examination of feces and testing of fecal filtrates using ELISA. We discuss the effectiveness of fermented dairy products enriched with probiotics and prebiotics with a proven effect on the local immunity. Conclusion. Our findings suggest possible association between dysbiosis and inadequate local and systemic immune response. Key words: intestinal microbiota, mucosal immune response, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), children with frequent respiratory infections, fermented dairy products, probiotics, prebiotics

Профилактика дисбиотических нарушений и антибиотик- ассоциированной диареи у детей с острыми респираторными заболеваниями на фоне антибиотикотерапии

Aim: to develop a method of dysbiotic abnormality prevention after antibiotic therapy (ABT) in early childhood. Patients and Methods: the study enrolled 90 children aged 12–60 months who were admitted to the hospital with complicated acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and received ABT. The children were randomized into three groups (each comprised of 30 children). The children received either a probiotic with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium BB-12 (group 1) or a cytomucoprotector, gelatin tannate (group 2) to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Group 3 children received ABT only. To assess microbiocenosis, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in stool were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Results: AAD was reported in 23.3% of group 1 children, 17% of group 2 children, and 46.7% of group 3 children (p=0.03). In group 2, the duration of diarrhea was significantly lower. Baseline stool concentration of SCFAs was 2.5-times lower compared to normal ranges. Further reduction in the total absolute level of SCFAs was reported in group 3 after treatment. An increase in total SCFA level, a significant increase in the relative amounts of acetic acid, and a reduction in propionic acid and (to a lesser degree) butyric acid were reported in groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3. Conclusions: an improvement in stool SCFA levels was reported in group 1 and 2 children who received probiotics or cytomucoprotector. Incorporation of these medications and ABT in the complex treatment for ARIs in children stabilized metabolic activity of microbiota through preserving the pool of indigenous microorganisms producing butyrate. KEYWORDS: antibiotic, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, acute respiratory viral infections, microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, probiotic, gelatin tannate. FOR CITATION: Mazankova L.N., Perlovskaya S.G., Ardatskaya M.D. et al. Prevention of dysbiosis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with acute respiratory infections after antibiotic therapy. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):712–720 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-712-720.

1714. Influenza C Virus in U.S. Children with Acute Respiratory Infection 2016-2019

BackgroundInfluenza C virus (ICV) is associated with acute respiratory infection (ARI); however, the burden of ICV is not well-described. We sought to determine the burden and characteristics of ICV in a prospective, population-based cohort.MethodsThe study was conducted within the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), a CDC-led, seven-site network that performs population-based surveillance for ARI in children < 5 years. Nasal/throat swabs were collected from emergency department (ED) or inpatient children with ARI, or healthy controls in clinic, between 12/05/2016-10/31/2019 and tested by real-time RT-PCR for ICV and other respiratory viruses. Preliminary data were extracted and demographic/clinical features of ICV+ cases analyzed. We sequenced the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene from ICV+ Pittsburgh samples.ResultsAmong 19,321 children with ARI or healthy controls enrolled and tested for ICV from 2016-2019, 115/17,668 (0.7%) ARI cases and 8/1653 (0.5%) healthy controls tested positive for ICV. The median age of ICV+ ARI subjects was 19 months (IQR 10,46) and 81(70%) were ≤36 months. 42.6% (49) were white, 33.9% (39) black, and 16.5% (19) Hispanic, with the remainder Asian or unknown; 56.5% (62) attended daycare. Among ICV+ ARI cases, 67.8% (78) had fever, 94.8% (109) cough, and 60.8% (70) wheezing. 45.2% (52) ICV+ cases occurred in 2016-17, 6.5% (8) in 2017-2018, and 47.8% (55) in 2018-19 (Table). 40% (46) of ICV+ cases were seen in the ED, while the remainder were inpatients. Median length of stay was 2d (IQR,1-3) with 15 admitted to ICU. 67.8% (78/115) ARI cases had 1 or 2 co-detected pathogens, with rhinovirus (26), respiratory syncytial virus (26), and adenovirus (14) most frequently co-detected. ARI symptoms including fever, myalgias, chills, and wheezing did not differ significantly between coinfected subjects and those who were only ICV+. HE sequences were in the two currently circulating Kanagawa and Sao Paulo lineages.ICV+ Cases by Site and Year ConclusionICV was an uncommon cause of ARI symptoms leading to healthcare encounters in young children. The prevalence varied year-to-year and between different geographic regions. Most children infected with ICV were ≤3 years old and had co-detected pathogens. ICV was similarly rarely detected in healthy controls.Disclosures Christopher J. Harrison, MD, GSK (Grant/Research Support, Infant menigiciccal B conjugate vaccine trial)Merck (Research Grant or Support, Infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trial) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech)Karius (Consultant)Moderna (Consultant)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) John V. Williams, MD, GlaxoSmithKline (Advisor or Review Panel member)IDConnect (Advisor or Review Panel member)Quidel (Advisor or Review Panel member)

The Effect Of Environmental Factors On The Events Of Restricted Ardes In Age Children Under Five Years

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the health problems in developing and developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that under-five mortality is generally caused by infectious diseases, and two-thirds are caused by Acute Respiratory Tract Infection or ARI. Objective To find out the effect of environmental factors on recurrent ISPA occurrence in children under five years of age in the work area of ​​Baolan Health Center, Tolitoli District.&#x0D; The design used in this study is cross-sectional analytic. The population is all mothers who have children with a history of Ispa disease in the last 6 months without complications (asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia). The sample size is 75 respondents using the Simple Random Sampling technique. Independent Variables of research are Environmental Factors. Dependent variable is Repeated Ispa Event based on observation of Toddler Medical Record. Data was collected using a questionnaire, then the data were analyzed using the Logistic Regression test, with a significance level of α 5 0.05.&#x0D; The results showed that p &lt;a with a value of &lt;0.05, this can be seen in Overall Statistics with a significance value of (p) 0.001 which means that there are variables that affect the incidence of recurrent ARI, and when viewed (p) in each independent variables namely ventilation variable has a value (p) of 0.007 occupancy density variable has a value (p) of 0.009, mosquito repellent use variable has a value (p) of 0.038, cooking fuel type variable has a value (p) of 0.073, the variable habit of smoking family members has a value (p) of 0.003.&#x0D; The discussion of this study was ventilation factors, occupancy density, use of medicinal drugs, types of cooking fuel, smoking habits of family members affecting the incidence of recurrent ARI in children under five years of age in the work area of ​​the Baolan Community Health Center, Tolitoli district.