Acute Food Shortages Research Articles

Contribution of Millets in food and nutritional security to human being: Current status and future perspectives

Globally food and nutrition insecurity remain a serious challenge however the situation is more sever to the groups of people living under marginal and disadvantaged society. The causes of food and nutrition insecurity are multifaceted and complex, and influenced by a range of factors including high poverty, natural resource degradation, climate change, low level of market development, uncertain food support, and inadequate policy and institutional support. Considering the acute shortage of food and nutrition facing by global population, strengthening food and nutritional security is crucial in order to feed the ever-growing world population. One of the promising approaches of promoting millets, which requires low external inputs, a novel candidate for nutrients and adapted to thrive in harsh and dry environment. These crops play an important role in global food and nutrition security, and may have potential to contribute to sustainable food systems under changing climatic conditions. Keeping in view the importance of the millets in diversifying diet as well as a source of rich nutrition, we conducted an analysis by reviewing the research articles/reports/books as well as online databases to identify the prospects of millets crops crucial for continuous supply of food and nutrition, traditionally managed genetic resources for future crop improvement and making agricultural system resilient under changing climatic conditions. Evidences suggested from the meta-analysis that as a product of generations of agricultural landrace, there are range of millet crops are rich in nutrients, resilient, and adapted to location specific agricultural environments. Such millet crops in the existing cropping systems could support diverse food systems and nutrient suppliers and represent a broad gene pool to improving crops with suitable genetic interventions in the future. The study advocates for advancement in genomics coupled with molecular breeding for improving the genetic potential of millet crops and open avenues for developing sustainable food systems. The study also emphasis on developing strategies and roadmap for future research engagement and a policy interface to facilitate conservation and management of traditional landraces and associated indigenous knowledge of cultivation and consumption while adopting sustainable production of millet crops under marginal environmental conditions.

Cyclic Formula Feeding Among Infants Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

BackgroundLow-income households often experience a cyclic pattern in food availability, with acute food shortages at month end. Variations in the monthly feeding of infant formula are understudied. ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the amount and frequency of formula consumed at the beginning and end of the monthly Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) assistance cycle and test associations with total energy intake and other feeding practices among infants aged 7–11 mo. MethodsThis study was conducted between May 2020 and April 2021 in the southeastern United States and involved mothers of infants participating in WIC’s fully formula package. Mothers were interviewed and 24-h feeding recalls were conducted at the beginning and end of the month. We defined month beginning as 5 d following the first WIC formula purchase and month end as 5 d before the next monthly cycle. Fifty mother-infant dyads participated in single or multiple monthly cycles, totaling 98 monthly cycles. Generalized linear mixed-effects modeling was used to test differences in formula feeding at month beginning and end. ResultsMost participants (84%) were African American or Latino and >90% purchased all formula within 2–3 d of the WIC issuance. The energy intake from formula at month beginning was significantly higher than at month end (67.63% and 57.85%, respectively; P = 0.002), with no differences in total energy intake. The odds of infants being fed cow milk and fruit juices/drinks increased from month beginning to end (P < 0.05). ConclusionsInfants in low-income households are at risk of experiencing a cyclic feeding pattern characterized by higher formula feeding at month beginning and an increase in feeding of nonrecommended drinks at month end. The WIC program policy could review educational and distribution options to reduce cyclic formula feeding and clarify caregivers’ understanding of infants’ formula needs. Household-level investigations into formula management and determinants of cyclic feeding are warranted.

The Threats of Climate Change in Nepal: Natural Catastrophes and Global Conflict Frontiers

Nepal, nestled amidst the majestic Himalayas, is uniquely positioned with its delicate geological makeup. This renders it vulnerable to escalating environmental threats, primarily driven by global climate change-induced adversities. These climatic adversities not only disrupt the ecological balance but also create a space for multiple conflict frontiers. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the multifaceted conflicts that include competition for scarce resources, decision-making process, and vested interest of foreign powers that may arise from the climatic challenges especially flash floods, glacier lake outbursts, droughts, landslides, and other catastrophic disasters. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of climatic-induced disaster events and their significant role in the origin of conflicts. Employing a qualitative research design using the tool of comparative analysis, the study investigates the conflicts triggered by these disasters of the past two decades. The study will draw insightful parallels between Nepal's unique situation and other global regions. I will spotlight regions like South Sudan, Rwanda, Syria, and, South and Southeast Asia where climate-induced factors, such as acute water and food shortages, have ignited community tensions and other resource-based conflicts in the historical review and analysis. Within Nepal's borders, I will undertake a detailed historical analysis of the specific cases due to climate change. The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between climate change and conflict dynamics, offering actionable insights for holistic resource management, disaster risk mitigation, and proactive conflict prevention.

The Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency on Health and Nutrition among the Residents of Bolori 2 of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State, Nigeria.

The Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency on Health and Nutrition among the Residents of Bolori 2 of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State, Nigeria.

Forecasting the Economic Crisis of Sri Lanka: Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Time Series Data

The economic crisis in Sri Lanka began in 2019 and reached a crisis point in 2022 when protesters stormed the presidential palace in Colombo. Acute food, fuel, and other item shortages, soaring inflation, prolonged power outages, and a collapsing economy with few job opportunities all contribute to the populace's unrest. Sri Lanka still faces severe economic difficulties, and no one can say when they will be resolved. This country has seen the most prominent financial collapse since its independence in 1948. Unexpected inflation levels, a close to complete exhaustion of foreign currency reserves, a shortage of medical aid, and a rising price of essential commodities are the results. Numerous compounding reasons, including tax cuts, printing money, a countrywide regulation to move to natural or biological agriculture, the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, and the repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic, have been cited as the root cause of the disaster. As early as 2022, these protests in Sri Lanka might be traced back to the country's economic woes. The primary driver of the current financial crisis in Sri Lanka is inflation. This article will look into Sri Lanka's inflation rates beginning in 2021. The inflation Rate of Sri Lanka has been forecasted for the next 6 months (through September 2023) using time series data. We used numerous Time Series Forecasting Algorithms for this multi-step ahead forecast. The results generated by these time series forecasters were in accordion with each other. Thus, we put forward the normalized results from each of these forecasting paradigms to get a better prediction on the inflation Rates, that Sri Lanka is supposed to face shortly (6 months), keeping in consideration of the current scenario being unaltered. The authors hope the Sri Lankan Administration will use the paper's predictions to take charge, which could lead to positive changes.

Abundance and demographic structure of the great bustard (&lt;i&gt;Otis tarda&lt;/i&gt;) (Otididae, Aves) population at lek areas in the Saratov and Volgograd Trans-Volga region

The results of our studies of the great bustard population in the Saratov and Volgograd Trans-Volga region are presented. For the first time in this territory, censuses of the numbers of bustards were carried out in their lek areas in the spring for 3 years. This made it possible to obtain more reliable data on the numbers of individuals of this species, as well as on the demographic structure in the model area and compare them with those obtained during autumn population counts. In our opinion, as a result of agriculture intensification, the nesting habitats of the bustard have been sharply reduced, which was caused by changes in the structure of crop areas and the massive use of pesticides. In the absence of necessary protection measures, this has led to a reduction in the numbers of birds in the Saratov Trans-Volga region by almost 10 times over 20 years. This trend is observed throughout almost the entire world range of the great bustard, where there are no long-term effective measures aimed at preserving the natural habitats of the species. In the Trans-Volga region, the number of lek areas has decreased by approx. half and the numbers of individuals of the species in the remaining leks have decreased. The demographic structure of the bustard population when studied in lek areas shows a significant predominance of males over females, which contradicts the stability of the population. Due to the reduction in the number of habitats suitable for bustards to nest, the success of their reproduction has significantly decreased. Spring treatment of crop areas with pesticides by ground and aerial methods coincides with the nesting period of birds, which is a powerful factor of disturbance and leads to the loss of clutches. Females whose clutches have been preserved, have the problem of acute food shortage after their chicks hatched, which also leads to elimination of some part of the broods.

Comprehensive assessment of climate extremes in high-resolution CMIP6 projections for Ethiopia

Climate extremes have more far-reaching and devastating effects than the mean climate shift, particularly on the most vulnerable societies. Ethiopia, with its low economic adaptive capacity, has been experiencing recurrent climate extremes for an extended period, leading to devastating impacts and acute food shortages affecting millions of people. In face of ongoing climate change, the frequency and intensity of climate extreme events are expected to increase further in the foreseeable future. This study provides an overview of projected changes in climate extremes indices based on downscaled high-resolution (i.e., 10 × 10 km 2) daily climate data derived from global climate models (GCMs). The magnitude and spatial patterns of trends in the projected climate extreme indices were explored under a range of emission scenarios called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). The performance of the GCMs to reproduce the observed climate extreme trends in the base period (1983–2012) was evaluated, the changes in the climate projections (2020–2100) were assessed and the associated uncertainties were quantified. Overall, results show largely significant and spatially consistent trends in the projected temperature-derived extreme indices with acceptable model performance in the base period. The projected changes are dominated by the uncertainties in the GCMs at the beginning of the projection period while by the end of the century proportional uncertainties arise both from the GCMs and SSPs. The results for precipitation-related extreme indices are heterogeneous in terms of spatial distribution, magnitude, and statistical significance coverage. Unlike the temperature-related indices, the uncertainty from internal climate variability constitutes a considerable proportion of the total uncertainty in the projected trends. Our work provides a comprehensive insight into the projected changes in climate extremes at relatively high spatial resolution and the related sources of projection uncertainties.

Discrimination On The Immigrants: Migration Venezuelan To The Colombia

Venezuela is facing a severe economic, political, and social crisis, with acute shortages of food, medicine, and other basic goods. At the same time, large numbers of Venezuelans left the country to migrate, causing Latin America to be hit by a massive migration crisis that never happened before. On the other hand, the Venezuelan population who migrated, especially to Colombia, experienced discrimination. Covid 19 is also making the Venezuelan conditions worsen, along with shortages of food, medicine, and health, as well as access to social services. This research aims to analyze various aspects of the Venezuelan immigrant crisis in recent years. Emphasis is placed on the importance of regional migration issues and the participation of the international community. The research used normative juridical legal research methods. The main points of this research are: a) The main social, economic, and political factors related to the humanitarian crisis, especially discrimination and migration issues in Venezuela; b) Venezuelan Migration and Refugee Issues; c) Response and participation of the international community, with particular emphasis on the activities of the European Union, the United Nations, and Latin America, in particular, Colombia. The results of this research are the discrimination that refugees from Venezuela receive due to the lack of funds they must migrate due to a corrupt government which results in them looking for easy and inexpensive alternatives to flee to other countries.

Solar Energy powered active Greenhouse for the cultivation of Fresh Food during winter in Trans Himalayan Cold Arid Region, India

The Trans-Himalayan Cold arid high altitude region of Ladakh have hostile climatic conditions particularly lowtemperature (-20°C to -45°C). The region shares international borders with two countries viz. China and Pakistanand hence large numbers of Army personnel are deployed in the region due to their strategic importance. Production of fresh food locally is difficult due to low atmospheric temperatures. The region remains cut off from the external world during the winter period for almost 6-8 months due to the closure of roads, which causes an acute shortage of fresh food. Some supply from other regions through the air is carried out but available only to a limited population and costly also, hence beyond the pocket of the common’s man. The inhabitants hence mostly have to survive on packaged food containing food preservatives and harmful chemicals, which are the causes of many diseases. In addition, the unavailability of fresh food causes nutritional deficiency in the inhabitants of the region. Production of fresh food locally seems possible and realistic in closed structures, only if the temperature is maintained. The objective of this study is to prove fresh food production by maintaining suitable temperatures in structures during peak winter using solar energy. Solar energy is available in plenty in the region and stood at 4 th position in India in terms of irradiation. A variety of fresh foods were produced by maintaining temperature in the coldest and largest existing structure using commercially available heating units successively from 2016-2019 during the winter period. The heating units were supplied energy from a Solar PV-based system. An average of 1500kgs-1800kgs of a variety of fresh vegetables were produced and supplied for the first time in the region during the peak winter period of 2016 to 2019. The survival percentage of 92.5% to 100% is found in a structure with an area of 3600 2 feet.Fresh foods were produced and supplied to the user by maintaining minimum survival temperature using solar energy as a source with commercially available heating technology in the largest and coldest existing structure.

Environmental drivers of body size in North American bats

Abstract Bergmann's rule—which posits that larger animals live in colder areas—is thought to influence variation in body size within species across space and time, but evidence for this claim is mixed. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to test four competing hypotheses for spatiotemporal variation in body size within 20 bat species across North America: (1) the heat conservation hypothesis, which posits that increased body size facilitates body heat conservation (and which is the traditional explanation for the mechanism underlying Bergmann's rule); (2) the heat mortality hypothesis, which posits that increased body size increases susceptibility to acute heat stress; (3) the resource availability hypothesis, which posits that increased body size is enabled in areas with more abundant food; and (4) the starvation resistance hypothesis, which posits that increased body size reduces susceptibility to starvation during acute food shortages. Spatial variation in body mass was most consistently (and negatively) correlated with mean annual temperature, supporting the heat conservation hypothesis. Across time, variation in body mass was most consistently (and positively) correlated with net primary productivity, supporting the resource availability hypothesis. Climate change could influence body size in animals through both changes in mean annual temperature and resource availability. Rapid reductions in body size associated with increasing temperatures have occurred in short‐lived, fecund species, but such reductions will be obscured by changes in resource availability in longer‐lived, less fecund species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

EXCURSION TO THE HISTORY OF TRACTOR BUILDING AND THE INTRODUCTION OF TRACTORS IN AGRICULTURE

Attempts to build steam plows have been made since the XIX century. By the middle of the century, steam traction engines began to appear in the fields. (Research purpose) The research purpose is making a brief overview of the initial period of the history of agricultural mechanization in order to highlight the designs of machines that initiated new directions in this field, to determine the chronology of the main stages of the development of motorcycle culture in industrial countries, to identify factors that had a significant impact on the course of world tractor development. (Materials and methods) Studied literary sources, publications in periodicals, patents on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability accepted in the history of technology. (Results and discussion) It was noted that the mechanization of agriculture began in the era of steam, as soon as it became possible to create mobile engines. It was shown that at the end of the XIX century, internal combustion engines began to be used to drive cars. It was determined that the path to mass tractor farming was not easy, it took a quarter of a century; the number of tractors was significantly inferior to the number of cars. The agrotechnical revolution began with the introduction of automotive technologies into tractor construction during the First World War. The interaction of tractor builders with farmers, open competition contributed to the development of the most effective types of tractors, which led to the beginning of mass tractor farming. (Conclusions) In the history of motorization of agricultural work, the following stages can be distinguished: the beginning of the steam era since the forties of the XIX century; the beginning of the era of internal combustion engines since 1890; the introduction of automotive technologies in tractor construction since 1917; the development of the most efficient types of tractors for plowing by 1920; mass tractor farming in the early 20s of the XX century. The decisive role in the widespread introduction of the tractor into land processing was rendered by the World War, which caused an acute shortage of food, workers, draft animals in agriculture.

НАРУШЕНИЯ В ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ СФЕРЕ ВО ВЛАДИМИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article discusses violations in the food sector during the Great Patriotic War on the example of the Vladimir region. During the Great Patriotic War in connection with the loss in 1941–1942. The Red Army of the vast territories has developed an acute shortage of food, a result of which was the half -starred existence of a significant mass of the population of the rear. For the urban population, the supply system was installed. The main attention is paid to the analysis of deficiencies in food supply, as well as crimes in this area. The access of individuals to a scarce product stacked the basis for various violations in the field of food supply, the main of which was speculation and illegal spending of cards. The analysis of available sources created by the city party committees of the Vladimir region shows that the effectiveness of counteracting violations in the food sector from law enforcement agencies was not effective. On this negative side of their work, they repeatedly paid attention to the meetings and plenums of the city committees of different cities of the region. Cases of food embezzlement were ambiguous in nature, and if fraud with coupons and theft of products by managers and warehouse workers were mainly to cash in on the troubles of fellow citizens, then the theft of products by minors and military were explained by their half -starved existence. The author came to the conclusion that a number of problems that took place in the field of food support were systemic and during the war it was not possible to get rid of them. Despite the formally strict legislation, there were a significant number of cases of criminal crimes in the entire length of the war regarding the plotting of food products.

Hunger and power: Politics, food (in)security and the development of small grains in Zimbabwe, 2000-2010

White maize sadza is the most eaten food in Zimbabwe. Yet, over the decade of the 2000s, its consumption was threatened by drought and consequent acute food shortages. Small grains - sorghum and millet - offered a panacea to looming starvation and civil unrest. Yet, as we argue in this article, its access became rooted increasingly within political contestations between the ruling ZANU PF government, the budding opposition party and ordinary citizens. Using the story of small grains -sorghum and millet - between 2000 and 2010, we trace how food (in)security took a political form, stirring a pot of sometimes violent clashes between political and social contenders. We argue that through 'political grain', various political and social elites were able to amass wealth and power for themselves and grab control of sociopolitical discourse on food security during the crisis years. As the state imposed a series of seemingly well-intentioned and sometimes even widely welcomed food initiatives such as Operation Maguta and BACOSSI, these food security measures were often ad hoc, temporary and - as we argue - actually had an adverse long-term impact on local grain production and food availability. The government worked through key parastatals like the Grain Marketing Board and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to allocate resources and food support to ruling party loyalists. In this period, the ZANU PF regime was concerned primarily with holding on to its waning political power and avenues for personal wealth accumulation at the expense of food security in the country. This paper demonstrates how an anthropogenically-induced 'hunger' effectively prolonged ZANU PF's control of society - but we also show how 'small people' fought back against President Robert Mugabe's 'big men' by embracing the growing and eating of traditional 'small grains'.

Hunger and power: Politics, food (in)security and the development of small grains in Zimbabwe, 2000-2010

White maize sadza is the most eaten food in Zimbabwe. Yet, over the decade of the 2000s, its consumption was threatened by drought and consequent acute food shortages. Small grains - sorghum and millet - offered a panacea to looming starvation and civil unrest. Yet, as we argue in this article, its access became rooted increasingly within political contestations between the ruling ZANU PF government, the budding opposition party and ordinary citizens. Using the story of small grains -sorghum and millet - between 2000 and 2010, we trace how food (in)security took a political form, stirring a pot of sometimes violent clashes between political and social contenders. We argue that through 'political grain', various political and social elites were able to amass wealth and power for themselves and grab control of sociopolitical discourse on food security during the crisis years. As the state imposed a series of seemingly well-intentioned and sometimes even widely welcomed food initiatives such as Operation Maguta and BACOSSI, these food security measures were often ad hoc, temporary and - as we argue - actually had an adverse long-term impact on local grain production and food availability. The government worked through key parastatals like the Grain Marketing Board and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to allocate resources and food support to ruling party loyalists. In this period, the ZANU PF regime was concerned primarily with holding on to its waning political power and avenues for personal wealth accumulation at the expense of food security in the country. This paper demonstrates how an anthropogenically-induced 'hunger' effectively prolonged ZANU PF's control of society - but we also show how 'small people' fought back against President Robert Mugabe's 'big men' by embracing the growing and eating of traditional 'small grains'.

WAYS TO REDUCE FOOD WASTE AT THE LEVEL OF HOSPITALITY AND CONSUMER INSTITUTIONS

Against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic and military action in Ukraine, there is an acute shortage of food in the world and this figure continues to grow. The poor social strata of the middle- and even highly developed groups of the country found themselves in a difficult situation. At the same time, 17 percent (1.3 billion tons) of total world food production is wasted, many products are thrown away, forming food waste that negatively affects the state of the environment and can irreversibly change its quality. A significant amount of food is lost in retail and consumption. This amount of food is enough to feed 2 billion people. Such waste is estimated to cost the world economy more than $ 1 trillion a year. Reducing per capita food waste at the level of retail, hospitality and consumers themselves is important for food security and the transition to a resource-efficient economy. The classic linear model of product production can be replaced by a closed-loop economy that focuses on products and services that minimize waste and other types of pollution. A significant project of the closed-loop economy is Farm to Fork. The initiative acts as a link between all sectors of the food industry. A number of state and public initiatives are in place to prevent the negative consequences of irresponsible eating habits and to avoid the threat of hunger. Many countries around the world have established rules for restaurants and free food shops to food banks or charities. In order to reduce food losses in the world, there are three largest food banking networks: Global Food Banking Network (GFN), Feeding America – in the US and the European Federation of Food Banks; public initiatives are spreading; various volunteer programs provide tools that restaurants can use to achieve this goal, tracking their own costs; software will help to control food stocks and store products in hospitality establishments. Responsible consumption of food by the population, which is based on proper and balanced nutrition, will significantly reduce the amount of food wasted, so educational work with consumers is extremely important. Ukraine needs to develop clear programs aimed at reducing food waste and responsible consumption. Therefore, an effective food waste reduction strategy must take into account supply, demand, operations and outlets. It should be based on the participation in this process of the state (at the legislative level), entrepreneurs (at the level of production and services), as well as consumers (understanding and support of public initiatives, personal behavior with food).

Повседневность женщин Ишима в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг.

The article considers the social and cultural role of women under the rear living conditions in the days of Great Patriotic War on the example of Ishim and Ishim district of the Tyumen region. The study draws on archival materials of the Ishim Shoe Factory, Ishim Museum Complex A.P. Ershov, State Archive in Ishim, Ishim Medical College Museum, Larikha School Museum, which are being thus introduces into scientific use. Records keeping documents represent the formal perception of challenges in the way of life and contain quantitative data of the home front enterprises, while personal provenance sources provide a greater awareness of things at an individual level and draw a picture of women’s everyday living in Ishim in the days of the Great Patriotic War, showing all the severity of the wartime. Historical and anthropological approach, focusing on the specificity of feminine writing, highlights such features of the feminine world perception as emotionalism and great detailing of “male business.” The study shows the changing status of women with the outbreak of the war. Male professions, which were dangerous to human health and needed a greater amount of energy, entered the women’s daily life. The memoirs of home front workers tell of the difficulties of everyday life and of ways to overcome the challenges; describe the specificities of living in densely populated accommodations and of nutrition in acute food shortage; showcase their active assistance to the army and evacuees; demonstrate revitalization of leisure activities and their confidence in victory. At the same time, women maintained their traditional social roles relating to house-keeping and child-rearing; care for family, loved ones, and other people; fighting numerous wartime diseases; supporting children evacuated from Leningrad. In the wartime, women had an important social function: they created a special spiritual atmosphere, helping to reconcile with the cruel military reality, to preserve the hope of peace. Thus imperative of the behavior of the majority of women was formed: “to work not with tears, but with song.” The material of the article can be used in general research of the rear living conditions during the Great Patriotic War, in study of the Siberian region, as well as in preparation of popular science publications and educational material for students and schoolchildren.

Socio-Economic Factors of the Edible Insects&amp;#39; Market Development

Due to the increase in the population on the planet, there is a question of an acute shortage of food. A particularly global problem is the lack of protein &ndash; the primary building material for all body tissues, organs, and systems. Modern scientists consider algae, microorganisms, and insects to be alternative protein sources. Studies of insect protein show a complete amino acid composition with a fairly large proportion of essential amino acids. In addition to protein, the insect body cont

Child Feeding Practices of Childbearing Mothers and Their Household Food Insecurity in a Coastal Region of Bangladesh.

The current condition of ensuring WHO-recommended newborn and young child feeding practice is becoming a challenge in many developing nations, particularly in places where family food security is threatened. Because many households in underdeveloped nations frequently face acute food shortage due to poverty, optimal child nutrition is jeopardized. The purpose of this study was to analyze the child feeding behaviors of mothers with children aged 0-24 months and to investigate their household food insecurity in a coastal region of Bangladesh, Suborno Char (one of Noakhali District’s coastal neighbourhoods) was studied from October 2019 to April 2020. In this study, a cross-sectional survey with multistage sampling technique was employed, and Suborno Char of Noakhlai district was purposely sampled of 400 women and their children aged 0-24 months. Data were obtained using a standard questionnaire and were analyzed using statistical functions in SPSS 20.0.0. Exclusive breastfeeding 53.5%, timely supplemental feeding 75.5%, and feeding children meals from homemade, canned/formula/fortified, both homemade and canned, milk these 4 food groups were at 22.2%. The moms' education level was strongly associated with their child feeding practices. Mothers from food insecure homes were less likely to exclusively breastfeed than mothers from food secure households after drawing interpretation of univariate & multivariate analysis of variables crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and confidence interval (CI) (COR .233 at 95% CI 0.083, .655 and AOR .478 at 95% CI 0.133, 1.713). Similar outcomes were seen for early complementary feeding and minimal dietary diversification of children. In conclusion, this study discovered a less dietary inclusion trend of child feeding practices among moms (0-24 months childbearing) in Bangladesh’s coastal region.

Formation of plants density and seed yield of soybean varieties in Altai Krai

Relevance. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill is one of the most important protein- oilseed crops in world arable farming. An acute shortage of both food and feed protein is felt in many world’s countries. In this regard, the expansion of soybean seed production is relevant and is dictated by the need for import substitution of both food and feed soybean products.Materials and methods. In the research we studied the influence of two ecologically different cultivation zones: Priobskaya and Prialtaiskaya on the formation of plants density and seed yield of soybean. Three varieties Altom, Gratsia and Pripyat were taken as the objects of the research.Results. On average, over the years of research in full seedlings stage from 60 germinating seeds per square meter (600 thousand pieces/ha), in our experiment, about 56 plants were obtained per 1 m2 or 560 thousand plants per 1 hectare. This means that, on average, 93% of sown seeds give seedlings in field conditions. For harvesting after exposure of soybean crops to numerous biotic and abiotic factors, on average, there are about 52 plants per 1 m² or 520 thousand plants per 1 hectare, that is, 88% of the sown germinating seeds are saved for harvesting and give a yield. The maximum influence on the variability of plant density is exerted by vegetation conditions (years) – 37%. On average, over the years of the study, the maximum yield under Topchikha conditions was obtained in 2019 – 1.9 t/ha – in a year that was distinguished by not hot weather with sufficient rainfall during the growing season. Varieties Gratsia and Pripyat in Smolenskoye conditions significantly exceeded the standard in terms of yield in 2018 and 2020. On average, over the years of research, the Gratsia variety showed itself as more stable with Cv=11.3% in Topchikha conditions and Cv=9.8% in Smolenskoye conditions.

Spatial Variations and Determinants of Acute Malnutrition Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey.

Background and aims:Childhood acute malnutrition, in the form of wasting defined by a severe weight loss as a result of acute food shortage and/or illness. It is a critical public health problem that needs urgent attention in developing countries, like Ethiopia. Despite its variation between localities, the risk factors and its geospatial variation were not addressed enough across the various corner of the country. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess spatial variation and factors associated with acute malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia.Methods:A total weighted sample of 4 955 under-five children were included from the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey. Getis-Ord spatial statistical tool used to identify the hot and cold spot areas of severe and acute malnutrition. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression model using was used to examine predictors of acute malnutrition. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI was used to declare significant determinants of acute malnutrition among children.Result:Among 4 955 under-five children, 7% of them were wasted and 1% of them were severely wasted in Ethiopia during the 2019 national demographic survey. The distribution was followed some spatial geo-locations where most parts of Somali were severely affected (RR = 1.46, P37 value <0.001), and the distribution affected few areas of Afar, Gambella, and Benishangul Gumz regions. Factors that significantly associated with childhood wasting were: gender(male)1.9 (1.3–2.7), age (above 36 months) 0.5 (0.2–0.9), wealth index(richest) 0.5 (0.2–0.8), and water source (unimproved source) 1.5 (1.0–2.3).Conclusions:Our finding implies, the distribution of childhood wasting was not random. Regions like Afar, Somali, and pocket areas in Gambella and SNNP should be considered as priority areas nutritional interventions for reducing acute malnutrition. The established socio-demographic and economic characteristics can be also used to develop strategies.