Acute Interval Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Characteristics of Physical Activity on Children’S Cognition and Academic Performance Based on the Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of various forms of physical activity on children’s cognition and academic performance, detect the characteristics of physical activity that promote the development of the cognitive function, and identify which cognitive dimension benefits the most from characteristic physical activity. We also aimed to distinguish the characteristics of physical activity that promoted non-executive cognitive functions, core executive functions, and metacognition, respectively. Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, ERIC databases were searched for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2020. The random-effects model was used to calculate the combined effect size (ES) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI), and subgroup analysis was performed. I2 statistics were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of each study, with small, medium, and large heterogeneity being represented by < 25%, 25%-50%, and > 50%, respectively. The results showed that acute physical activity had small-to-medium and above-medium positive effects on inhibiting executive function and cognitive flexibility, respectively. However, chronic physical activity had small-to-medium and above-medium positive effects on the working memory of executive function and non-executive cognitive function, respectively. Physical activity with high cognitive effort obviously benefited core executive function, while the non-executive cognitive function was more advanced by aerobic exercise. In addition, an aerobic exercise designed to increase physical strength promoted working memory, while inhibition benefited from cognitively physical activity requiring high cognitive effort (or cognitive engagement). For children aged 6 to 12, regular physical activity exercises that continued for several weeks were more likely to improve multiple cognitive areas, especially the core executive function and non-executive cognitive function, compared to acute exercise intervention, and these effects were affected by the characteristics of physical activity. Third, several weeks of physical activity that required cognitive effort or was cognitively challenging appeared to be more effective in improving cognitive performance than aerobic exercise.

The Effects of Exercise Interventions on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Both chronic and acute exercise interventions have reported positive effects on executive functions (EFs) in general populations. However, data on changes in EFs in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in response to exercise interventions are still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available empirical studies concerning the effects of exercise interventions on EFs in children and adolescents with ASD. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, the electronic databases CINAHL Complete (via EBSCOhost), SPORTDiscus with Full Text (via EBSCOhost), MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost), Web of Science, ProQuest, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC; via EBSCOhost) were searched from inception to January 2021. Two authors independently extracted data and conducted a risk-of-bias analysis using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Randomized controlled trials/quasi-experimental designs that used acute or chronic exercise interventions and assessed EFs through neurocognitive tasks or questionnaires among children and adolescents with ASD were included. In total, 259 articles were identified, of which 15 full texts were independently assessed for eligibility by two authors. In total, 14 articles underwent systematic review, and seven were selected for meta-analysis. Overall, chronic exercise interventions had a small to moderate positiveeffect on overall EFs in children and adolescents with ASD (g = 0.342; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.084-0.600; p < 0.01). Regarding domain-specific EFs, chronic exercise interventions had a small to moderate positive effect on cognitive flexibility (g = 0.312; 95% CI 0.053-0.570; p < 0.01) and inhibitory control (g = 0.492; 95% CI 0.188-0.796; p < 0.01). However, our review found a non-significant effect size (g = 0.212; 95% CI - 0.088 to 0.512) on working memory. Chronic exercise interventions appear to have beneficial effects on overall EFs in children and adolescents with ASD, particularly in relation to cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control.

Regular Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Walking Are Associated with Divergent but not Convergent Thinking in Japanese Young Adults.

The beneficial effects of regular physical activity (PA) on cognitive functions have received much attention. Recent research suggests that regular PA may also enhance creative thinking, an indispensable cognitive factor for invention and innovation. However, at what intensity regular PA brings the most benefits to creative thinking remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, whether the levels of regular PA affect the acute PA effects on creative thinking is also unclear. In the present study, using a previous dataset that investigated the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on creative thinking in healthy Japanese young adults (22.98 ± 1.95 years old) in the year 2020, we tested the association between different intensities of regular PA (i.e., vigorous, moderate, and walking) and creative thinking with the cross-sectional baseline data using multiple linear regression. We also investigated whether regular PA levels were associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on creative thinking. The results showed that cross-sectionally, the regular PAs were differentially associated with divergent but not convergent thinking. Specifically, whereas the amount of vigorous-intensity PA was positively associated with fluency and flexibility, the amount of walking was positively associated with novelty on the alternate uses test (AUT) measuring divergent thinking. Importantly, the explained variances of fluency, flexibility, and novelty were 20.3% (p = 0.040), 18.8% (p = 0.055), and 20.1% (p = 0.043), respectively. None of the regular PAs predicted convergent thinking (i.e., an insight problem-solving task), nor were they associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on divergent and convergent thinking. These findings suggest that engaging in regular vigorous-intensity PA and walking may be useful strategies to enhance different aspects of divergent thinking in daily life.

The Relationship Between Cognitive Performance and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents

Background. Literature suggests cardiorespiratory fitness as a factor influencing cognitive improvement. The authors of the present study sought to investigate if cardiorespiratory fitness related to cognitive performance after an acute bout of game-based exercise of different intensities in adolescents.&#x0D; Methods. As many as 37 adolescents (24 girls and 13 boys, 15–16 years of age) were assigned to three groups: experimental group 1 (EX 1), experimental group 2 (EX 2), and control (CON) group. The experimental groups experienced different levels of exercise intensity (EX 1 – light intensity, EX 2 – vigorous intensity). The Shuttle Run Test was performed a week before the intervention and VO2peak was calculated. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was evaluated before and after the acute intervention. A 2 x 3 repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the SDMT and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to estimate the relationship between the cognitive performance (SDMT) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak).&#x0D; Results. Comparing the SDMT scores before and after the intervention, there were no differences found between the three groups. Neither in any of the experimental groups nor in the control group was a relationship between the SDMT score and VO2peak observed.&#x0D; Conclusion. Acute game-based exercise intervention did not prove to improve cognitive performance effectively. The authors of the present paper did not confirm the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance in adolescents.&#x0D; Keywords: exercise, cognitive performance, cardiorespiratory fitness.

Histamine H1 and H2 receptors are essential transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans.

Exercise training is a powerful strategy to prevent and combat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, although the integrative nature of the training-induced adaptations is not completely understood. We show that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors led to marked impairments of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans. Consequently, functional adaptations in exercise capacity, whole-body glycemic control, and vascular function were blunted. Furthermore, the sustained elevation of muscle perfusion after acute interval exercise was severely reduced when H1/H2 receptors were pharmaceutically blocked. Our work suggests that histamine H1/H2 receptors are important transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans, potentially related to regulation of optimal post-exercise muscle perfusion. These findings add to our understanding of how skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise training, knowledge that will help us further unravel and develop the exercise-is-medicine concept.

Exercise ameliorates insulin resistance and improves SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling transduction in liver of obese rats.

Physical exercise is essential for the amelioration of insulin resistance (IR). The mechanisms in charge of improved IR, regulated by exercise, are insufficiently studied. Previous research revealed that Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) - mediated insulin signaling acts a crucial element in hepatic IR. The objective of our research was to determine the effects of exercise on SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling in liver of IR rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 rats each): control rats fed with standard chow (Lean group); sedentary rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD-SED); rats fed with HFD and submitted to 8 week chronic swimming exercise training (HFD-CE); and rats fed HFD and submitted to one acute swimming exercise training (HFD-AE). HFD feeding lead to increased body weight, accumulation of hepatic triglyceride and serum free fatty acids, and enhanced gluconeogenesis. Besides, HFD feeding decreased body insulin sensitivity. Hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 protein levels decreased under obese status. Both chronic and acute exercise intervention alleviated physiological and metabolic status, increased hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 levels, improved insulin signaling transduction, and inhibited gluconeogenesis. These results showed that exercise intervention regulated SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling, which contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind IR, in that a regular exercise can mitigate the effects of IR.

The Use of Acute Exercise Interventions as Game Day Priming Strategies to Improve Physical Performance and Athlete Readiness in Team-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review.

The use of exercise as a priming strategy to enhance sport performance is becoming increasingly popular in professional sports and as an area of research interest. Early research suggests that the acute physiological responses to exercise can positively influence performance for up to 48h. There is yet to be a comprehensive review of exercise strategies which could be implemented specifically on the day of competition. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a synthesis of research investigating acute exercise interventions as game day priming strategies for team-sport athletes to improve physical performance and athlete readiness when implemented in the 1-12h prior to competition. A literature search of SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials was conducted. A total of 6428 studies were retrieved and assessed against the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomised controlled trials and non-randomised comparative studies with reported pre-post intervention outcomes; (2) exercise interventions were applied 1-12h prior to the assessment of outcome measures. Studies were excluded if they used nutrition, supplementation, pre-heating, pre-cooling, stretching, massage or vibration training as the priming strategies, or if interventions were performed at altitude or in hypoxic environments. Studies were assessed for methodological quality at the study level using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Twenty-nine studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Studies were categorised as resistance training; cycling; running; and other strategies. Resistance training using heavy loads at low volumes increased strength and power measures following a 4-6h recovery, with limited improvements observed following shorter (1-3h) and longer (6-12h) recovery periods. Running-based sprint priming led to improvements in subsequent sprint and repeat sprint performance following a 5-6h recovery, whereas cycling improved counter-movement jump height in a single study only. No significant differences were reported in any performance measures following endurance-based running or cycling strategies. Physiological markers, such a hormone and blood lactate responses, showed mixed results between studies. High-intensity low-volume resistance training leads to a greater physiological and performance response than high-volume resistance training. Maximal running sprints may be more effective than maximal cycling sprints due to an increased physiological demand; however, loading protocols must also be considered in conjunction with exercise volume and movement specificity to achieve a beneficial response for subsequent performance. There is limited evidence to suggest endurance cycling or running exercise is beneficial as a priming strategy.

4095 Concurrent assessment of experimental pain and self-reported pain intensity with acute exercise intervention in fibromyalgia; clarifying or obscuring clinical outcomes?

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Experimental pain testing is used to identify changes in nociceptive processing and outcomes with intervention. This study investigated exercise induced changes in experimental pain and self-reported pain intensity after an acute bout of exercise in participants with fibromyalgia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Ten females with fibromyalgia (55±10yr) were familiarized to study procedures and underwent submaximal (20% maximal voluntary contraction) intermittent eccentric muscle contractions isolated to the right arm for 10-minutes. Self-reported pain intensity (0-10 numerical pain rating scale [NPRS]) of the exercising arm was measured before, during, and after exercise; whole-body pain intensity was measured before and after exercise. Experimental pain testing included measurement of pressure pain thresholds (kPa [PPTs]); temporal summation (TS) of pressure pain with a constant mechanical pressure; and TS of punctate pressure with repeated application of monofilaments before and after exercise. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants reported minimal to moderate arm pain (3.1±2.1) during exercise. Following exercise, arm pain and whole-body pain significantly increased (3.1±2.2 and 1.6±0.5, respectively) [p&lt;0.05]. No change occurred with PPTs at the bicep (138.9±49.5 to 142.8±55.3), PPTs at the quad (212.0±105.4 to 228.1±100.0), TS of mechanical pressure pain (7.6±2.1 to 7.9±1.5), TS of punctate pressure pain at the bicep (2.6±1.7 to 3.0±1.5), and TS of punctate pressure pain at the quad (3.6±1.5 to 3.7±1.4) before to after exercise respectively [p&gt;0.05]. The change in self-reported arm and whole-body pain did not correlate with the change in experimental pain testing. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In people with fibromyalgia, there is no relation between self-reported clinical pain and experimental pain following a single exercise session. Further research should identify the influence of exercise training on pain perception and if experimental pain testing translates to clinical insight.

Ramifications of Kinesiophobia in Fibromyalgia: From Acute Exercise Intervention to Changes in Body Composition

Ramifications of Kinesiophobia in Fibromyalgia: From Acute Exercise Intervention to Changes in Body Composition

Acute Exercise Intervention Combined with Metformin’s Influences on Glucose Homeostasis in T2D Mice

PURPOSE: The aim of our investigation was to determine the effects of different ways of acute exercise intervention combined with high dose of metformin on glucose homeostasis and its relative molecular mechanisms in type 2 diabetic mice. METHODS: 4-week high fat diet (HFD) and one-time Streptozocin (100mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection were used for building T2D mice. 24 mice were divided into normal control (NC), normal acute resistance training (NCR) and normal acute endurance training (NCE) group, all n=8, fed in normal chow. Finally 48 mice were developing T2D and divided into diabetic control (DC), diabetic acute resistance training (DCR), diabetic acute endurance training (DCE), high dose of metformin (200mg/kg) control (HMC), metformin combined with acute resistance training (HMR) and metformin combined with acute endurance continuous training (HME) group, all n=8. RESULTS: The two ways also enhanced blood glucose and lipid metabolism in T2D mice. Compared to HMC group, hepatic G6Pase mRNA expression in HMR and HME group was significantly escalated and hepatic FBP1 mRNA expression of both groups were significantly declined. Compared to HMC group, hepatic GLUT2 and Gck mRNA expression in HMR and HME group showed opposite trends, one was down and the other was up. Compared to HMC group, hepatic PEPCK mRNA expression in HMR group mice was notably raised and hepatic AMPKα2, PGC-1α and CREB mRNA expression in HMR and HME group mice were notably increased and only hepatic AMPKα1 mRNA expression in HMR group was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Acute resistance training (ART) and acute endurance training (AET) combined with metformin can effectively improve glucose homeostasis in T2D mice. And the two ways can improve blood glucose and lipid metabolism in T2D mice. ART combined with metformin was better to improve glucose homeostasis and inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis relative mRNA expression in T2D mice probably via the signaling pathway of AMPKα-PGC-1α-CREB.

Habitual and acute exercise effects on salivary biomarkers in response to psychosocial stress

ObjectivePrevious research suggests beneficial effects of physical exercise on stress reactivity due to cross-stressor adaptions of physiological stress response systems. However, results remain inconclusive and it is unclear whether only regular engagement in exercise modulates these physiological adaptations or if acute bouts of exercise can elicit similar adaptations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate and compare the effects of habitual and acute exercise on physiological stress responses. Methods84 male participants between 18 and 30 years (half of them were screened to be habitually high active or low active) were randomized into one of two groups: either an acute exercise intervention group (n = 42 with 50% being habitually high active) which engaged in 30 min of moderate-to-high intensity ergometer bicycling, or a control (placebo exercise) group which engaged in 30 min of light stretching (n = 42 with 50% being habitually high active). Following the intervention period, participants took part in a well validated psychosocial stress paradigm. Saliva samples were taken repeatedly to derive alpha-amylase and cortisol as stress-specific parameters. A multilevel growth curve approach was applied to analyse changes in the stress parameters over time. ResultsBoth, acute and habitual exercise have shown to be positively related to stress reactivity. In particular, a reduction in stress activation was found for both types of exercise, but only habitual engagement in exercise exhibited a beneficial effect on peak cortisol levels. ConclusionsTaken together, people can profit from regular exercise (i.e. reduced activity of stress–response systems). However, even acute bouts of exercise preceding stress exposure showed beneficial effects on stress reactivity. This finding is particularly important as it may provide a (self-)regulatory mechanism for people facing conceivable acute stress situations.

The impact of high-intensity interval training on the cTnT response to acute exercise in sedentary obese young women.

This study characterized (a) the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) response to three forms of acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIE), and (b) the impact of 12weeks of HIE training on the cTnT response to acute exercise in sedentary obese young women. Thirty-six sedentary women were randomized to traditional HIE training (repeated 4-minute cycling at 90% O2max interspersed with 3-minute rest, 200kJ/session), work-equivalent sprint interval exercise (SIE) training (repeated 1-minute cycling at 120% O2max interspersed with 1.5-minute rest) or repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) training (40×6-second all-out sprints interspersed with 9-second rest) group. cTnT was assessed using a high-sensitivity assay before and immediately, 3 and 4hours after the 1st (PRE), 6th (EARLY), 20th (MID), and 44th (END) training session, respectively. cTnT was elevated (P<0.05) after all forms of acute interval exercise at the PRE and EARLY assessment with cTnT response higher (P<0.05) after HIE (307%) and SIE (318%) than RSE (142%) at the PRE assessment. All forms of acute interval exercise at MID and END had no effect on the cohort cTnT concentration post-exercise (all P>0.05). For sedentary obese young women, both HIE and SIE, matched for total work, induced a similar elevation in cTnT after acute exercise with a smaller rise observed after RSE. By the 44th training session, almost no post-exercise cTnT elevation was observed in all three groups. Such information is relevant for clinicians as it could improve medical decisionmaking.

PO-062 Acute exercise intervention combined with metformin’s influences on glucose homeostasis in T2D mice

PO-062 Acute exercise intervention combined with metformin’s influences on glucose homeostasis in T2D mice

Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity.

Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.

Acute and chronic effects of exercise on the kynurenine pathway in humans - A brief review and future perspectives.

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid. Metabolites of TRP have been identified as important mediators in immune regulation and function of the central nervous system. Inflammation strongly stimulates to the breakdown of TRP into Kynurenine (KYN), representing the initial step of the KYN pathway. Recently, exercise interventions have been able to demonstrate a modification of the KYN pathway plausibly by altering inflammation. However, modifications differ between acute and chronic exercise interventions. As such, this review examines the current studies that have investigated the effect of an acute (single bout) or chronic (training) exercise intervention on levels of TRP and KYN in both healthy and diseased populations.

Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Target for Exercise-Mediated Reductions in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

Regular exercise is important for reducing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, only about 40–50% of this CVD risk reduction is accounted for by adiposity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Herein, we present the novel hypothesis that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are candidate biomarkers that may relate to impaired endothelial function and insulin resistance independent of obesity risk factors. EVs are small membrane-bound particles that are generated by cells following stimulation, stress, or activation. They carry markers of their parent cell and are thought to be potent bioactivators and communicators. We discuss the underlying physiology of specific cell type EVs, as well as examine how acute and chronic exercise interventions impact EV count and phenotype. We also propose that current gaps in the field are in part related to use of different detection techniques and the lack of standardized measurements of EV affecting the pre- and postanalytical phase. Ultimately, improving the understanding of how EVs impact cardiometabolic health and their function will lead to improved approaches for enhancing diagnostic options as well as designing exercise interventions that treat and/or prevent T2D and CVD.

Exercise induced improvements in insulin sensitivity are concurrent with reduced NFE2/miR-432-5p and increased FAM3A

AimsLittle is known regarding whether the NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver mediates exercise allured alleviation of insulin resistance connected with diet-induced obesity. This research inquired the influence of exercise on liver insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed rats. Materials and methodsForty male Sprague-Dawley rats at seven-week-old were assigned to four groups at random: standard diet as normal control group (NC, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HFD, n = 10), high-fat diet with chronic exercise intervention group (HFD-CE, n = 10) and high-fat diet with acute exercise intervention group (HFD-AE, n = 10). Key findingsCompared with rats fed with a standard diet, eight-week high-fat diet feeding lead to elevated body weight, visceral fat content and serum FFAs, and decreased insulin sensitivity index. Moreover, high-fat diet enhanced NFE2 protein expression and miR-423-5p level, decreased FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. In contrast, physical exercise, both chronic and acute exercise alleviated whole body insulin resistance, reduced hepatic NFE2 and miR-423-5p expression, and serum FFAs level, meanwhile enhanced FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. The current findings indicated that exercise in diet-induced obesity, both chronic and acute, induce a momentous regulation in NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver, and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance. SignificanceAll these results supply crucial evidence in our comprehending of the molecular mechanism that connected exercise to an alleviation of insulin resistance.

Effect of acute intradialytic aerobic and resistance exercise on one-day blood pressure in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a pilot study.

Hypertension and intradialytic hypotension are independent risk factors for mortality in hemodialysis patients. We hypothesized that intradialytic exercise would increase blood pressure (BP) during dialysis and decrease it during the postdialytic period. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of acute intradialytic exercise on BP both during dialysis and for 20 hours postdialysis, and to detect any differences in effects of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), and usual care (UC-the control condition). Eleven patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis performed two complete sets of AE or RE, with a 1-hour rest between the sets. The patients performed AE, RE and UC over three consecutive weeks at 7-day intervals. Intradialytic BP was measured using an oscillometric BP monitor (N.=11), and ambulatory BP was measured for 20 hours after each dialysis session using an ambulatory BP monitor (N.=8). The mean BP of the patients in the AE and RE interventions increased during exercise (P<0.05), with the exception of the first set of AE. However, only RE increased BP significantly compared with UC (P<0.05). Following dialysis, daytime ambulatory BP was significantly lower after AE and RE than after UC (P<0.05). Acute intradialytic exercise interventions are effective in increasing BP during dialysis and decreasing daytime ambulatory BP after dialysis. Longer observation periods and larger sample sizes will be needed to confirm our findings. Also further studies should be performed on patients prone to intradialytic hypotension.

The Effects of Acute Interval Exercise and Strawberry Intake on Postprandial Lipemia.

Raised postprandial triglycerides (TAG) and related oxidative stresses are strongly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Acute exercise and strawberry ingestion independently ameliorate postprandial lipid excursions and oxidative stress. However, the combined effects of these lifestyle interventions are unknown. We investigated whether acute exercise and strawberry consumption improved postprandial responses to an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) in overweight/obese males. Overweight/obese adult males underwent four separate OFTT (73 g fat, 33 g carbohydrate) with blood sampled at baseline and hourly for 4 h after OFTT. Two OFTT contained 25 g freeze-dried strawberries and two contained strawberry flavoring (placebo). Participants performed 40 min of submaximal high-intensity interval cycling exercise 16 h before one strawberry and one placebo OFTT and rested before the remaining two OFTT. Serum TAG was analyzed, and TAG area under the curve (AUC) and incremental AUC (iAUC) were calculated. Oxidative stress markers were measured at baseline and 4 h. Differences between conditions (strawberry/placebo and exercise/rest) were assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Ten males (age = 31.5, interquartile range = 17.8 yr, body mass index = 29.9 ± 1.8 kg·m) completed the study. TAG AUC was 1.5 mmol per 4 h·L lower for the exercise conditions compared with the rest conditions (95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.3 to -0.8 mmol per 4 h·L, P = 0.001). TAG AUC was not different between strawberry and placebo conditions (95% CI = -1.3 to 0.6 mmol per 4 h·L, P = 0.475). TAG iAUC was 0.5 mmol per 4 h·L greater for the strawberry compared with the placebo conditions (95% CI = 0.1 to 1.0 mmol per 4 h·L, P = 0.021). There were no changes in markers of lipid related oxidative stress (P > 0.05). Acute submaximal high-intensity interval cycling exercise appears effective in reducing postprandial lipemia in overweight/obese adult males. However, strawberry ingestion did not improve postprandial TAG.

An acute bout of aerobic or strength exercise specifically modifies circulating exerkine levels and neurocognitive functions in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

Although exercise is an effective way to decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, the biological basis for such benefits from the different exercise modes remains elusive. The present study thus aimed (i) to investigate the effects of acute aerobic or resistance exercise on neurocognitive performances and molecular markers when performing a cognitive task involving executive functioning in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and (ii) to explore relationships of acute exercise-induced neurocognitive changes with changes in circulating levels of neuroprotective growth factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, and FGF-2, collectively termed ‘exerkines’), elicited by different acute exercise modes. Sixty-six older adults with aMCI were recruited and randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise (AE) group, a resistance exercise (RE) group, or a non-exercise-intervention (control) group. The behavioral [i.e., accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT)] and electrophysiological [i.e., event-related potential (ERP) P3 latency and amplitude collected from the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes] indices were simultaneously measured when participants performed a Flanker task at baseline and after either an acute bout of 30 min of moderate-intensity AE, RE or a control period. Blood samples were taken at three time points, one at baseline (T1) and two after an acute exercise intervention (T2 and T3: before and after cognitive task test, respectively). The results showed that the acute AE and RE not only improved behavioral (i.e., RTs) performance but also increased the ERP P3 amplitudes in the older adults with aMCI. Serum FGF-2 levels did not change with acute aerobic or resistance exercise. However, an acute bout of aerobic exercise significantly increased serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 and tended to increase serum levels of VEGF in elderly aMCI individuals. Acute resistance exercise increased only serum IGF-1 levels. However, the exercise-induced elevated levels of these molecular markers returned almost to baseline levels in T3 (about 20 min after acute exercise). In addition, changes in the levels of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors were not correlated with changes in RTs and P3 amplitudes. The present findings of changes in neuroprotective growth factors and neurocognitive performances through acute AE or RE suggest that molecular and neural prerequisites for exercise-dependent plasticity are preserved in elderly aMCI individuals. However, the distinct pattern of changes in circulating molecular biomarkers induced by two different exercise modes in aMCI elderly individuals and the potentially interactive mechanisms of the effects of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF on amyloid-β provide a basis for future long-term exercise intervention to investigate whether AE relative to RE might be more effective in prevention/treatment of an early stage neurodegenerative disease.