Acute Effects Of Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Evaluation of the acute changes in objective accommodation, pupil size and ocular wavefront aberrations after cigarette smoking

Context: The acute effects of cigarette smoking on pupil size and ocular wavefront aberrations (OWA) have been previously documented. The accommodation status of the eye is well known to be related to ocular aberrations. No previous study has evaluated the impact of cigarette smoking on the accommodation status of the eye. This study presents intriguing findings regarding the changes in objective accommodation of the eye after cigarette smoking.Objective: To evaluate the acute changes in objective accommodation and OWA after cigarette smoking.Materials and methods: A total of 34 otherwise healthy cigarette smoker participants were included in this prospective study. All subjects smoked a single cigarette containing 1 mg nicotine. Measurements of pupil size, OWA and objective accommodation were done before and after smoking. A Wavefront Aberrometer device (Irx3, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) was used for the measurements.Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.6 ± 10.3 years (range 21–51 years). Pupil size did not significantly differ before (mean 5.72 ± 1.21 mm) and after smoking (mean 5.68 ± 1.14 mm) (p = 0.62). However, a significant decrease was observed in total spherical aberration (TSA) of the eye after smoking (p = 0.01). There was an increase in objective accommodation after smoking at each accommodative stimulus (range 0–5). This increment was significant at 2 D (p = 0.02) and 3 D (p = 0.03) of stimulus.Discussion and conclusions: The TSA of the eye significantly decreases after smoking. Cigarette smoking also causes a significant increase in objective accommodation at 2 D and 3 D of stimulus.

Effect of acute cigarette smoking on gastric contents in regular smoker volunteers. A prospective randomized cross-over study

The authors sought to assess the effect of acute smoking on gastric contents in regular smoker volunteers. The primary endpoint was the variation in antral area during the 120-min study period after cigarette smoking. Regular smoker volunteers were included in this prospective randomized single blind cross-over study. Volunteers attended two separate study sessions: Control and Smoking sessions. The study started with an initial ultrasound measurement of the antral area, immediately followed by a 30-min periods of waiting (Control session) or of two-cigarettes smoking (Smoking session). Ultrasound measurements of the antral area were then performed 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the initial ultrasonography, allowing for the calculations of the variation rates in antral area during the periods 0-30, 0-60, 0-90 and 0-120 min in both sessions. The variation in antral area during the period 0-120 min was equivalent in both sessions, as the difference in the variation rates between both sessions was -1.2%, with 90% confidence interval of the difference including 0 and lying entirely within the range of equivalence of -10% to 10%. No equivalence was found for the periods 0-30, 0-60 and 0-90 min, because of a non-significant decrease in antral area in the Smoking sessions during these periods. Preoperative acute smoking did not affect the variation in the gastric volume in regular smoker volunteers during the study period. These results allow for the suggestion that acute preoperative smoking does not probably change the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in healthy regular smokers. NCT 02080598.

The effects of smoked nicotine on measures of subjective states and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

To determine the acute effects of cigarette smoking on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones and subjective states as a function of the menstrual cycle in nicotine-dependent women. Seventeen healthy nicotine-dependent women were studied during the follicular and/or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Because of observation of a possible bimodal distribution of progesterone levels within the luteal phase group, we performed a set of a posteriori analyses. Therefore, we divided the luteal group into a low progesterone and a high progesterone groups. Smoked nicotine activated HPA, measured by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) response and affected subjective states in both follicular and luteal phases, with increased "High," "Rush," and decreased "Craving." The HPA stimulation revealed a blunting of ACTH response. There was only modest evidence for a blunting of subjective state responses in the luteal phase. However, upon post hoc analyses, the high progesterone luteal group showed a marked blunting of measures of subjective states and a blunted ACTH response. Examining the association between hormone and measures of subjective states revealed tentative associations of ACTH stimulation with increased "Rush" and "Craving," and DHEA stimulation with increased "Craving." This pilot study suggests that menstrual cycle phase differences in progesterone levels may attenuate nicotine's addictive effects via diminution of its reinforcing properties and augmentation of its aversive effects interfering with the pleasure associated with cigarette smoking.

Acute Effect of Cigarette Smoking on HRV in Current Cigarette Smokers

Background:Cigarette smoking induced increased sympathetic activity is one of the major independent risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality. Objective:To assess acute effects of smoking on neuro cardiovascular regulation by analysis of time domain measures of HRV in current regular healthy male cigarette smoker. Methods:This comparative analytical study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from July 2011 to June 2012. 120 apparently healthy male current regular cigarette smoker aged 20-55 years were participated in the study group. Age and BMI matched 70 apparently healthy male non smoker subjects were studied as control. To observe the acute effects data were recorded 5 and 30 min after finishing a cigarette. Time domain measures of HRV were recorded by a RMS digital polyrite D. Statistical analysis was done by independent sample t test and paired sample t test. Results: Resting pulse rate, SBP, DBP, mean heart rate were significantly higher (p<0.001) and mean R-R interval, SDNN, RMSSD and total power were significantly lower (p<0.001) in all smokers in comparison to those of healthy control.In addition, all time domain parameters were significantly decreased from their corresponding baseline value just 5 minutes after smoking and returned close to their baseline value after 30 minutes of smoking but it remained significantly lower than control value. Conclusion: The result of this study concludes that cigarette smoking had acute effect on cardiac autonomic function causing depressed vagal activity and overbalance of sympathetic function. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v9i2.22798 Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2014, December; 9(2): 59-64

Acute effect of cigarette smoking on pupil size and ocular aberrations: a pre- and postsmoking study.

Aim. To evaluate the acute effects of cigarette smoking on photopic and mesopic pupil sizes and wavefront aberrations. Methods. Cigarette smoker volunteers were recruited in the study. Photopic and mesopic pupil sizes and total ocular aberrations were measured before smoking and immediately after smoking. All volunteers were asked to smoke a single cigarette containing 1.0 mg nicotine. Pupil sizes and total ocular aberrations were assessed by optical path difference scanning system (OPD-Scan II ARK-10000, NIDEK). Only the right eyes were considered for statistical analysis. The changes of pupil size and total ocular aberrations after smoking were tested for significance by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Results. Mean photopic pupil size decreased from 3.52 ± 0.73 mm to 3.29 ± 0.58 mm (P = 0.001) after smoking. Mean mesopic pupil size was also decreased from 6.42 ± 0.75 mm to 6.14 ± 0.75 mm after smoking (P = 0.001). There was a decrease in all the measured components of aberrations (total wavefront aberration, higher-order aberration, total coma, total trefoil, total tetrafoil, total spherical aberration and total higher-order aberration) after smoking; however the differences were insignificant for all (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Our results indicate that pupil constricts after smoking. On the other hand, smoking does not alter ocular aberrations.

The neural mechanisms underlying the acute effect of cigarette smoking on chronic smokers.

Although previous research had related structural changes and impaired cognition to chronic cigarette smoking, recent neuroimaging studies have associated nicotine, which is a main chemical substance in cigarettes, with improvements in cognitive functions (e.g. improved attention performance). However, information about the alterations of whole-brain functional connectivity after acute cigarette smoking is limited. In this study, 22 smokers underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) after abstaining from smoking for 12 hours (state of abstinence, SOA). Subsequently, the smokers were allowed to smoke two cigarettes (state of satisfaction, SOS) before they underwent a second rs-fMRI. Twenty non-smokers were also recruited to undergo rs-fMRI. In addition, high-resolution 3D T1-weighted images were acquired using the same magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)scanner for all participants. The results showed that smokers had structural changes in insula, thalamus, medial frontal cortex and several regions of the default mode network (DMN) compared with non-smokers. Voxel-wise group comparisons of newly developed global brain connectivity (GBC) showed that smokers in the SOA condition had higher GBC in the insula and superior frontal gyrus compared with non-smokers. However, smokers in the SOS condition demonstrated significantly lower GBC in several regions of the DMN, as compared with smokers in the SOA condition. These results suggest that structural integrity combined with dysfunction of the DMN might be involved in relapses after a short period of time among smokers.

Abraham Guz (1929-2014).

How do you describe a giant? As a person of abnormally great stature; above the usual size; or someone with much greater powers than the average person? Abraham Guz (‘Abe’) was not a tall man, but he was a scientific giant with an absolute desire to understand and find the scientific truth. This drive led him to make many original contributions in respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. Indeed, a simple literature search produces over 250 peer reviewed papers spanning some 50 years, the top 25 of which have been quoted over 2500 times. Moreover, most of his outstanding work was published in The Journal of Physiology, and we received it with gratitude because it was always insightful and ahead of its time. Many will argue that counting citations is a poor measure of scientific endeavour and I suspect Abe himself would certainly agree. However, this approach did provide us with a place to start when faced with the task of bringing together Abe's huge and varied scientific contributions.

The Effects of Smoking on Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Microparticles in the Blood of Healthy Volunteers

BackgroundCigarette smoking, both active and passive, is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. To assess the impact of brief smoking on the vasculature, we determined levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating microparticles (MPs) following the smoking of one cigarette by young, healthy intermittent smokers.Materials and Methods12 healthy volunteers were randomized to either smoking or not smoking in a crossover fashion. Blood sampling was performed at baseline, 1, 4 and 24 hours following smoking/not smoking. The numbers of EPCs and MPs were determined by flow cytometry. MPs were measured from platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells. Moreover, MPs were also labelled with anti-HMGB1 and SYTO 13 to assess the content of nuclear molecules.ResultsActive smoking of one cigarette caused an immediate and significant increase in the numbers of circulating EPCs and MPs of platelet-, endothelial- and leukocyte origin. Levels of MPs containing nuclear molecules were increased, of which the majority were positive for CD41 and CD45 (platelet- and leukocyte origin). CD144 (VE-cadherin) or HMGB1 release did not significantly change during active smoking.ConclusionBrief active smoking of one cigarette generated an acute release of EPC and MPs, of which the latter contained nuclear matter. Together, these results demonstrate acute effects of cigarette smoke on endothelial, platelet and leukocyte function as well as injury to the vascular wall.

Effect of Fruit Rich Diet on Cardiopulmonary Efficiency in Short Term Smokers

Background: Use of tobacco in cigarettes leads to an oxidant antioxidant imbalance. As a consequence of its addictive qualities, the consumption of cigarettes often becomes a lifelong habit with cumulative and deleterious effects on health. Previous reports have described long-term harmful effects of nicotine on various body parameters, including oxidative injury and a lack of antioxidants in the body. Fruits are known to be a rich source of dietary antioxidants. This study was conducted to know the effect of consumption of fruits in a group of short term smokers on cardio-pulmonary efficiency parameters. Materials and Methods: Treadmill exercise testing and pulmonary function tests were done before and after maximal exercise testing to assess cardiopulmonary efficiency in two groups' viz., healthy sedentary controls and healthy cigarette smokers on a fruit rich diet. Results: On studying the differences in cardiopulmonary efficiency in the two groups the resting heart rate (HR) was found to be statistically significantly higher in the study group and the delta HR (δHR) was found to be statistically significantly lower among cigarette smokers. There was no significant difference seen in parameters like maximal oxygen consumption max, maximum oxygen pulse, maximum voluntary ventilation, maximum minute ventilation as an acute effect of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: In this study, it appears that cigarette smokers are physically fit like controls, but after immediate smoking a lesser δHR suggests a higher risk for cardiovascular mortality. There seems to be no effect of including fruits in the diet of smokers. The predominant effect of smoking over dietary measures is obvious. Stopping smoking at this juncture can be helpful in reverting back the risk and parameters like resting HR, recovery HR and δHR can be used as prognostic assessment tools for any intervention therapy to stop cigarette smoking in asymptomatic individuals.

The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the respiratory function and FENO production among young smokers

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Smoking is known to have a long-term impact on lung function; however, the acute physiological response of smoking a single cigarette and the influential role of pack years and cigarettes per day on pulmonary indices remains an area of interest, especially among young smokers. Methods: 50 naive smokers (ages: 18–26, 24 males: mean pack years 3.8) participated in this experimental study. Respiratory resistance (R), reactance (X ), and impedance (Z ) were assessed through impulse oscillometry. The participants’ fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was measured. All tests were performed immediately before and after smoking one single cigarette. Results: Smoking a single cigarette was found to immediately increase airway impedance (Z 5 Hz) by 0.024kPa/(L/s) (P = .002), airway resistance at R 5 Hz, R 10 Hz, and R 20 Hz by 0.024kPa/(L/s)(P < .001), 0.016kPa/(L/s)(P = .019), and 0.023kPa/(L/s) (P = .007), respectively, after adjusting for BMI, age, gender, and pack years. FENO concentrations also decreased from 11.70 ppb to 9.85 ppb, P < .001. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the participants’ number of pack years and cigarettes per day influenced pulmonary reactance at 10 Hz and 20 Hz, however only at baseline with these differences found to disappear immediately after smoking. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the consumption of a single cigarette may alter lung mechanics and FENO production among young smokers. Further research is needed to assess the mechanisms and washout period after which these parameters return to normal.

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on the cardiac diastolic functions

BackgroundSmoking is an independent risk factor for coronary heart diseases and it increases all causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aim of the workTo assess the acute effect of cigarette smoking on ventricular diastolic functions (LV and RV) in healthy, young, and slim smokers. MethodsThirty volunteers who had recently commenced smoking (less than one year) and who smoked 1–2 cigarettes per day, underwent ECG, 2D and M-mode echocardiography, standard Doppler echocardiography, pulsed TDI (tissue Doppler imaging) on septal and lateral side of mitral annulus and lateral tricuspid annulus. Vp values were measured. The investigator asked them to hold smoking for at least two days after which echocardiographic examination was conducted before smoking one cigarette and the second examination conducted immediately after smoking one cigarette containing at least 0.4mg of nicotine. ResultsDoppler findings over the mitral valve showed the E wave was significantly reduced from 82.7±10.4 to 74.6±10.4 after smoking; the A wave increased; the E/A ratio was reduced from 1.5±0.3 to 1.2±0.2; the E′ septal significantly decreased (15.3±2.4 vs. 11.2±1.1) after smoking, and the E/E′ ratio increased from 5.5±1.1 to 6.7±1.1. Doppler findings over the tricuspid valve showed the E wave was reduced from 60.6±9.7 to 52.7±9.6; the A wave increased from 42.2±6.5 to 50.1±6.6; and the E/A ratio decreased (1.45±0.25 vs. 1.06±0.19). The E′ significantly decreased from 14.1±1.8 to 10.9±2.4, while the A′ increased (10.2±2.4 vs. 12.7±3.6) after smoking; and the IVRT of the RV was significantly prolonged from 62.9±7.5 to 68.7±7.9 after smoking. The Vp was markedly reduced from 67.8±8 to 55.2±3.5 after smoking. These findings reflected on the LV filling pressure (LVFvp) which increased from 9.8±1.4 to 10.5±1.3 after smoking. All changes were statistically significant at P<0.001. ConclusionsOur study reveals that cigarette smoking can result in significant acute alteration in the diastolic functions of both ventricles.

The Acute Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the High-Sensitivity CRP and Fibrinogen Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

The evidence on the acute effects of smoking on biomarkers is limited. Our aim was to study the acute effect of smoking on disease-related biomarkers. The acute effect of smoking on serum high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and plasma fibrinogen and its association with disease severity was studied by challenging 31 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with cigarette smoking and repeatedly measuring these biomarkers before and after smoking. Fibrinogen and hs-CRP increased directly after smoking by 9.4 mg/dl (95% CI: 4.2-14.5) and 0.13 mg/l (95% CI: 0.03-0.23), respectively. Fibrinogen levels remained elevated after 35 min, whereas hs-CRP normalized. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the hs-CRP change and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity was 0.25 (p = 0.06). Fibrinogen and hs-CRP increased directly after smoking in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Their association with disease risk and/or progression remains to be demonstrated.

Acute effects of cigarette smoking in habitual smokers, a focus on endothelial function

Abstract Background The chronic effect of cigarette (cig.) smoking is well established. The acute effect of smoking abolishes the concept, argued by heavy smokers, to decrease the number of smoked cigarettes instead of quitting. Aim To detect the acute effects of cigarette smoking and the duration of these effects. Patients and methods Thirty four smokers (age 21–35 years) were studied at 3 occasions; 9 h after the last cig. smoking, 5 min after one cig. smoking and 30 min after 3 cig. smoking within 30 min. They were subjected to measurement of both ventricular functions using standard and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), aortic distensibility, stiffness and endothelial function assessment by endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and maximum vasodilatation. Results After one cigarette smoking, we found a statistically significant effect on blood pressure, Heart Rate, FMD percent, Dilation Ratio, aortic distensibility (P = 0.007), and aortic stiffness index (ASI) (P = 0.01). Furthermore the LV diastolic function was significantly impaired after smoking. Despite disappearance of acute effect of 3 cig. smoking within 30 min on blood pressure, Heart Rate and aortic distensibility, a significant difference was still found as regards FMD percent and dilation ratio denoting the extension of the endothelial dysfunction for more than 30 min after the last cigarette. Conclusion Many acute changes occur following one cigarette smoking even in habitual smokers. Persistence of endothelial dysfunction parameters after smoking indicates the failure of circulation adaptation in response to such offense that might contribute to the precipitation of acute events in vulnerable patients.

A study of the short term effect of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary efficiency

Background: All over the world, tobacco is taken in several forms. Use of tobacco in cigarettes indeed represents a health concern of growing magnitude among these groups. As a consequence of its addictive qualities, the consumption of cigarettes often becomes a lifelong habit with cumulative and deleterious effects on health. Smokeless tobacco has been advocated as a substitute for cigarette smoking. On the contrary, the use of smokeless tobacco is fraught with health risk and needs to be discouraged. Previous reports have described long-term harmful effects of nicotine on various body parameters, little is known about acute effect of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary parameters. Very few studies have been undertaken on the acute effect of use of cigarettes, a common form of tobacco use in India on cardiopulmonary parameters of youngsters. Materials and Methods: Treadmill exercise testing and pulmonary function tests were done before and after maximal exercise testing to assess cardiopulmonary efficiency in two groups' viz., healthy sedentary controls and healthy cigarette smokers. Results: On studying the differences in cardiopulmonary efficiency in the two groups the resting heart rate (HR) was found to be statistically significantly higher in the study group and the delta heart rate (δ HR) was found to be statistically significantly lower among cigarette smokers. There was no significant difference seen in parameters like VO 2 max, maximum oxygen pulse, maximal voluntary ventilation, VE max as an acute effect of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: In this study, it appears that cigarette smokers are physically fit like controls, but after immediate smoking a lesser δ HR suggests a higher risk for cardiovascular mortality. Stopping smoking at this juncture can be helpful in reverting back the risk and parameters such as resting HR, recovery HR, and δ HR can be used as prognostic assessment tools for any intervention therapy to stop cigarette smoking in asymptomatic individuals.

Effect of active smoking on glucose tolerance and lipid profile

Background: The acute effects of cigarette smoking in smokers include dyslipidemia and impaired insulin action that leads to abnormal glucose metabolism. Both dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are well-established major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aims & Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of several degrees of glucose abnormalities in smokers and to assess the impact of active tobacco smoking on lipids profile in adult male population. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with one hundred and fifty two active adult male smokers defined by persons smoking cigarettes over 2 pack years and fifty age and Body Mass Index (BMI) matched healthy control. Smokers were classified into mild to moderate (Group I) and severe (Group II) based on the number of pack years as 2 – 10 and more than 10 respectively. Glucose tolerance was assessed according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines and standard methods were adopted to check the lipid levels. Data analyses were performed with the SPSS 15.0 statistical software. Results: An abnormal glucose metabolism was diagnosed in 66% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.4%-71.6%) of the smokers. The mean HOMA-IR (Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) in smokers was 6.8 + 3.1. Decreasing glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance i.e. from normal glucose tolerance condition through IGT, IFG to diabetic, the HOMA IR progressively increased (4.9 + 2.1, 6.7 + 4.2, 7.4 + 3.1 and 8.9 + 3.7 respectively). Atherogenic index as indicated by total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio was significantly elevated in both the smoker groups as compared to non-smokers. According to the Adult Treatment Program III criteria, the metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 44.07% (95% CI, 35.9%-47.3%) of the smokers. In fact only 10 participants (6%, 95% CI, 5.4% - 7.1%) showed good control of cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: Abnormalities in lipid profile and glucose tolerance are directly correlated with smoking pack years in this study. Intense education program about adverse health events of smoking should be under taken through all means.

Cyclooxygenase-1 Mediated Platelet Reactivity in Young Male Smokers

The purpose of this study is to investigate the acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on cyclooxygenase- 1(COX-1)-mediated platelet reactivity among cigarette smokers. The levels of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, platelet COX-1 activity, and expressions were compared between smokers and age-matched nonsmokers. In smokers, the acute effects of cigarette smoking were assessed by repeating these measurements an hour after smoking. Twenty-five smokers and age-matched nonsmokers (all men; mean age, 29 years) were studied. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation and plasma/urinary thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 11-dehydroxythromboxane B2 levels were higher in cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers. Greater expression of platelet COX-1 was observed in smokers than in nonsmokers. Among smokers, collagen-induced platelet aggregation correlated positively with platelet volume and circulating nicotine and cotinine concentrations. The levels of plasma/urinary TXB2 were significantly increased an hour after cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking aggravates COX-1-mediated platelet reactivity in young, otherwise healthy, smoking men.

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in young adults

BackgroundIt is unclear whether changes in insulin sensitivity or arterial stiffness in cigarette smokers could explain the link between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the acute effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in a cohort of young healthy adults. MethodsMetabolic risk components, hemodynamic parameters, plasma nitrite/nitrate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, were compared between smokers and age- and gender-matched controls (non-smokers). In smokers, these levels were determined 8-h following cigarette abstinence and an hour after smoking. ResultsOne hundred nineteen smokers and age-matched non-smokers (mean age, 32 years; 83% men) were included in this study. Compared with non-smokers, smokers had a significantly higher number of abnormal metabolic risk components, HOMA-IR index and total nitrite/nitrate levels. There were no differences in brachial/central blood pressure, augmentation index and hsCRP between smokers and non-smokers. An hour after smoking, smokers had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, total nitrite/nitrate, hsCRP and heart rate compared with baseline levels. By contrast, brachial/central blood pressure and augmentation index were unchanged after cigarette smoking. Baseline vascular and insulin resistance status predicted the extent of rise in the HOMA-IR and augmentation indices acutely after cigarette smoking (adjusted R2 0.358 and 0.124, p < 0.001 respectively). ConclusionsIndividuals with more advanced vascular damage and insulin resistance are vulnerable to the acute effects of cigarette smoking.

Acute effects of cigarette smoke on three-dimensional cultures of normal human oral mucosa

Context: Human oral mucosa is the combustion chamber of cigarette, but scanty evidence is available about the early smoke effects.Objective: The present work aimed at evaluating from a morphological point of view whole smoke early effects on epithelial intercellular adhesion and keratinocyte terminal differentiation in a three-dimensional model of human oral mucosa.Materials and methods: Biopsies of keratinized oral mucosa of healthy nonsmoking women (n = 5) were collected. After culturing in a Transwell system, one fragment of each biopsy was exposed to the smoke of one single cigarette; the remnant represented the internal control. The distribution of epithelial differentiation markers (keratin-10, K10, and keratin-14, K14, for suprabasal and basal cells respectively), desmosomes (desmoglein-1, desmoglein-3), tight junctions (occludin), adherens junctions (E-cadherin, β-catenin), and apoptotic cells (p53, caspase 3) were evaluated by immunofluorescence.Results: Quantitative analysis of K14 immunolabeling revealed an overexpression in the suprabasal layers as early as 3 h after smoke exposure, without impairment of the epithelial junctional apparatus and apoptosis induction.Discussion and conclusion: These results suggested that the first significant response to cigarette smoke came from the basal and suprabasal layers of the human oral epithelium. The considered model maintained the three-dimensional arrangement of the human mucosa in the oral cavity and mimicked the inhalation/exhalation cycle during the exposure to cigarette smoke, offering a good possibility to extrapolate the reported observations to humans.

Akut Sigara İçiminin Atriyal Uyarı İletimi Üzerine Etkisi

Giriş: Akut sigara içiminin sempatik hiperaktiviteyle ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle biz de akut sigara içiminin atriyal uyarı iletimini değiştirip değiştirmediğini araştırmak istedik. Materyal ve Metod: Aktif sigara içimi öyküsü olan sağlıklı 20 sigara tiryakisi çalışmaya dahil edildi. Sigara içimi öncesinde ve 15 dakika sonrasında katılımcıların 12 leadli yüzey EKG'leri 50 mm/sn kağıt hızıyla çekildi. Bulgular: Maksimum ve minimum p dalga sürelerindeki değişim manuel olarak ölçüldü ve bu iki değer arasındaki fark P Dalga Dispersiyonu (PWD) olarak tanımlandı. Bir sigara içiminin ardından kalp hızı anlamlı şekilde artarken, hem maksimum P dalga süresi hem de PWD değişmeden kaldı (sırasıyla 66 ± 5 vs. 72 ± 8 atım/dakika, p< 0.05; 104 ± 10 vs. 105 ± 7 ms, p> 0.05; 38 ± 10 vs. 42 ± 8 ms p> 0.05).Sonuç: Kronik sigara tiryakilerinde akut sigara içiminin tek başına atriyal uyarı iletimini değiştirmediğini bulduk.

Effects of cigarette smoking on cardiac autonomic function during dynamic exercise

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of cigarette smoking on cardiac autonomic function in young adult smokers during dynamic exercise. Fourteen healthy young smokers (21.4 ± 3.4 years) performed peak and submaximal exercise protocols under control and smoking conditions. Resting and submaximal beat-to-beat R-R series were recorded and spectrally decomposed using the fast Fourier transformation. Smoking resulted in a significant decrease in work time, [Vdot]O2peak and peak O2 pulse (P < 0.05). Heart rate increased at rest and during submaximal exercise after smoking (P < 0.05). The raw high frequency and low frequency power were significantly reduced by smoking, both at rest and during exercise (P < 0.05). The low to high frequency ratio was higher after smoking (P < 0.05). The normalised low frequency power was also significantly increased by smoking, but only at rest (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the tachycardic effect elicited by smoking is accompanied by acute changes in heart rate spectral components both at rest and during exercise. Therefore, the cardiac autonomic control is altered by smoking not only at rest, but also during exercise, resulting in reduced vagal modulation and increased sympathetic dominance.