Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Acute Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Working Memory and Vigilance After Nap Deprivation: Effects of Low-Intensity Deserve Attention.

Napping deprivation in habitual nappers leads to cognitive impairment. The ameliorative effect of acute aerobic exercise has been demonstrated for this post-cognitive impairment. However, it is still unclear which intensity of aerobic exercise is the most effective and how long this improvement can be sustained. Fifty-eight healthy adults with a chronic napping habit were randomly assigned to four intervention groups after undergoing nap deprivation: a sedentary control group, a low-intensity exercise group (50-59% maximum heart rate, HRmax), a moderate-intensity exercise group (60-69% HRmax), and a high-intensity exercise group (70-79% HRmax). Working memory (N-back task), vigilance (Psychomotor Vigilance Task, PVT), and response inhibitory capacity (Go/NoGo task) were measured. Regression analyses showed a quadratic trend between exercise intensity and working memory reaction time and accuracy (F =3.297-5.769, p < 0.05, R2 =10.7-18.9%). The effects of exercise were optimal at low-intensity. There was a significant quadratic trend between exercise intensity and PVT lapse (F =4.314, p =0.042, R² =7.2%). The effect of exercise increased with higher intensity. Prolonged observation found that the effect of low-intensity exercise on working memory was maintained for 2 hours. The effect of low-intensity exercise might be underestimated. Low-intensity exercise significantly improved working memory performance, and the effects could be maintained throughout the afternoon. In contrast, the effects of high-intensity exercise were unlikely to be maintained and might even have negative effects. Future researchers can broaden the categories of participants to enhance the external validity and collect diverse physiological indicators to explore related physiological mechanisms.

The effects of acute aerobic exercise on appetite-regulating parameters and energy intake in males with obesity.

To investigate the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on appetite control parameters, appetite perceptions, and energy intake in sedentary males with obesity. Eleven males with obesity (body fat percentage 36.5 ± 2.5%, body mass index 35.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2, V̇O2peak 29 ± 3.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed two experimental sessions: (1) no exercise (CTRL) and (2) 60 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise at 60% V̇O2peak (MICT) in a crossover design. Blood analysis included growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), total ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine3-36 (PYY3-36), total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and glucose, as well as subjective appetite perceptions were measured in specific intervals. A standard breakfast at 0 h and an ad libitum meal postexercise was provided. GDF-15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [2.48-27.28] ng/L, p = 0.021) increased immediately following MICT compared to CTRL. However, there were no differences for PYY3-36 (p = 0.480, ), total ghrelin (p = 0.646, ), and total GLP-1 (p = 0.451, ) between sessions. Appetite perceptions (95% CI: [(-20.38)-(-6.16)] mm, p = 0.001) were suppressed following MICT though energy intake was not different between the sessions (95% CI: [(-1904.9)-928.1] kJ, p = 0.480). Sixty minutes of MICT increased GDF-15 while suppressing appetite perceptions in individuals with obesity. There was no energy compensation postexercise.

Acute aerobic exercise modulates cognition and cortical excitability in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls

Evidence suggests aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on cognitive performance in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The underlying mechanisms might depend on mechanisms of exercise-mediated brain physiology. The study aims to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on cortical excitability and cognitive performance, and the correlation between these phenomena in adults with ADHD. Twenty-six drug-naïve ADHD adults, and twenty-six age-, and gender-matched healthy controls were assessed with respect to cortical excitability and cognitive performance before and after acute aerobic exercise (a single session for 30 min) or a control intervention. The results show significantly enhanced intracortical facilitation (ICF) and decreased short intracortical inhibition (SICI) after aerobic exercise in healthy subjects. In contrast, SICI was significantly enhanced following acute aerobic exercise in ADHD. In ADHD, furthermore inhibitory control and motor learning were significantly improved after the acute aerobic exercise intervention. Alterations of SICI induced by aerobic exercise, and inhibitory control and motor learning improvement were significantly positively correlated in the ADHD group. Aerobic exercise had partially antagonistic effects in healthy controls, and ADHD patients. Furthermore, aerobic exercise-induced cognition-enhancing effects in ADHD depend on specific alterations of brain physiology, which differ from healthy humans.

Acute effects of blood flow restricted aerobic exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study aimed to compare the acute effects of aerobic exercise performed with blood flow restriction (BFR), a novel method to increase exercise gains, with blood free flow (BFF) conditions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fifteen individuals with T2DM performed BFF and BFR (40% of arterial occlusion pressure) cycling exercises 48 hours apart, at equal intensity (45% heart rate reserve) and duration (38 minutes). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood glucose, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) were assessed before-after and during exercise sessions. SBP, DBP, and MAP in the overload phase were higher in the BFR group than in the BFF group (P = .009, 0.031, and 0.013, respectively). Changes in blood pressure (∆SBP and ∆DBP) were similar between the BFF and BFR groups (P > .05), whereas ∆MAP differed (P = .016). Changes in blood glucose levels and heart rates were not significantly different between the groups. Although SmO2baseline was lower in the BFR group (P = .049), SmO2min and SmO2max did not differ significantly between the BFF and BFR groups. The similar decrease in blood glucose levels between the groups suggests that BFR exercise is favorable in terms of hypoglycemia. The higher blood pressure observed during the BFR exercise remained within safe limits. These results suggest that people with T2DM can safely perform BFR aerobic exercises; however, further studies are required.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on resting state functional connectivity of motor cortex in college students

This study intends to inspect the effects of acute aerobic exercise (AE) on resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in motor cortex of college students and the moderating effect of fitness level. Methods: 20 high fitness level college students and 20 ordinary college students were recruited in public. Subjects completed 25 min of moderate- and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise respectively by a bicycle ergometer, and the motor cortex’s blood oxygen signals in resting state were monitored by functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS, the Shimadzu portable Light NIRS, Japan) in pre- and post-test. Results: At the moderate intensity level, the total mean value of RSFC pre- and post-test was significantly different in the high fitness level group (pre-test 0.62 ± 0.18, post-test 0.51 ± 0.17, t(19) = 2.61, p = 0.02, d = 0.58), but no significant change was found in the low fitness level group. At the high-intensity level, there was no significant difference in the difference of total RSFC between pre- and post-test in the high and low fitness group. According to and change trend of 190 “edges”: at the moderate-intensity level, the number of difference edges in the high fitness group (d = 0.58, 23) were significantly higher than those in the low fitness group (d = 0.32, 15), while at high-intensity level, there was a reverse trend between the high fitness group (d = 0.25, 18) and the low fitness group (d = 0.39, 23). Conclusions: moderate-intensity AE can cause significant changes of RSFC in the motor cortex of college students with high fitness, while high fitness has a moderating effect on the relationship between exercise intensity and RSFC. RSFC of people with high fitness is more likely to be affected by AE and show a wider range of changes.

Does acute aerobic exercise enhance selective attention, working memory, and problem-solving abilities in Alzheimer's patients? A sex-based comparative study.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on certain cognitive functions known to be affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a particular emphasis on sex differences. A total of 53 patients, with a mean age of 70.54 ± 0.88 years and moderate AD, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (EG), which participated in a 20-min moderate-intensity cycling session (60% of the individual maximum target heart rate recorded at the end of the 6-min walk test); and the control group (CG), which participated in a 20-min reading activity. Cognitive abilities were assessed before and after the physical exercise or reading session using the Stroop test for selective attention, the forward and backward digit span test for working memory, and the Tower of Hanoi task for problem-solving abilities. At baseline, both groups had comparable cognitive performance (p > 0.05 in all tests). Regardless of sex, aerobic acute exercise improved attention in the Stroop test (p < 0.001), enhanced memory performance in both forward (p < 0.001) and backward (p < 0.001) conditions, and reduced the time required to solve the problem in the Tower of Hanoi task (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the number of movements. In contrast, the CG did not significantly improve after the reading session for any of the cognitive tasks (p > 0.05). Consequently, the EG recorded greater performance improvements than the CG in most cognitive tasks tested (p < 0.0001) after the intervention session. These findings demonstrate that, irrespective to sex, a single aerobic exercise session on an ergocycle can improve cognitive function in patients with moderate AD. The results suggest that acute aerobic exercise enhances cognitive function similarly in both female and male patients, indicating promising directions for inclusive therapeutic strategies.

Acute effects of aerobic exercise on corticomotor plasticity in individuals with and without depression

BackgroundAlthough complex in nature, the pathophysiology of depression involves reduced or impaired neuroplastic capabilities. Restoring or enhancing neuroplasticity may serve as a treatment target for developing therapies for depression. Aerobic exercise (AEx) has antidepressant benefits and may enhance neuroplasticity in depression although the latter has yet to be substantiated. Therefore, we sought to examine the acute effect of AEx on neuroplasticity in depression. MethodsSixteen individuals with (DEP; 13 female; age = 28.5 ± 7.3; Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] = 21.3 ± 5.2) and without depression (HC; 13 female; age 27.2 ± 7.5; MADRS = 0.8 ± 1.2) completed three experimental visits consisting of 15 min of low intensity AEx (LO) at 35% heart rate reserve (HRR), high intensity AEx (HI) at 70% HRR, or sitting (CON). Following AEx, excitatory paired associative stimulation (PAS25ms) was employed to probe neuroplasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after PAS25ms to indicate acute changes in neuroplasticity. ResultsPAS25ms primed with HI AEx led to significant increases in MEP amplitude compared to LO and CON. HI AEx elicited enhanced PAS25ms-induced neuroplasticity for up to 1-h post-PAS. There were no significant between-group differences. ConclusionHI AEx enhances PAS measured neuroplasticity in individuals with and without depression. HI AEx may have a potent influence on the brain and serve as an effective primer, or adjunct, to therapies that seek to harness neuroplasticity.

Acute effect of aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with chronic heart failure

Acute effect of aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with chronic heart failure

The Benefits of Acute Exercise for Children's Cognition Are Associated with Trait Anxiety.

Children's anxiety is associated with decreased cognitive performance. One well-established behavioral intervention to transiently improve cognitive performance in children is acute aerobic exercise (AAE). Thus far, however, it is unclear whether the benefits of AAE on cognition vary based on individual differences in children's anxiety level. Therefore, we investigated whether trait anxiety levels mediate the effects of AAE on cognitive outcomes in preadolescent children. Ninety-five preadolescent children (9 to 11 yr, 41 females) underwent two experimental interventions in a random, crossover, and counterbalanced design: an exercise protocol (20 min of walking at 65% to 75% of HRpeak) and a nonexercise control (seated rest). Behavioral indices of cognitive performance (accuracy, reaction times, response time (RT) variability) were assessed before and after each intervention using a modified flanker task. The effects of each intervention on cognitive performance were calculated as pre- to postintervention differences (effect scores). These scores were first correlated with children's personal characteristics: anxiety (STAIC), sex, age, body mass index, intelligence quotient, and aerobic fitness. Significant correlations guided subsequent hierarchical regression models, which specifically tested for associations between the effects scores and anxiety levels while controlling for remaining relevant covariates. Regression analysis revealed that anxiety was a significant predictor of the effects that AAE and rest had on cognitive performance. Specifically, higher anxiety scores were associated with greater exercise-induced cognitive benefits (increased accuracy, decreased RT variability; all P < 0.05) and greater rest-induced cognitive impairments (decreased accuracy, increased RT variability; all P < 0.01). These findings suggest that children reporting higher trait anxiety might experience greater cognitive benefits from a single bout of AAE.

An investigation of the acute effects of aerobic exercise on executive function and cortical excitability in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on executive function in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The underlying mechanisms could be partially due to aerobic exercise-induced cortical excitability modulation. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive functions and cortical excitability and the association between these phenomena in adolescents with ADHD. The study was conducted using a complete crossover design. Executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, and planning) and cortical excitability were assessed in twenty-four drug-naïve adolescents with ADHD before and after acute aerobic exercise or a control intervention. Inhibitory control, working memory, and planning improved after acute aerobic exercise in adolescents with ADHD. Moreover, cortical excitability monitored by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) decreased after intervention in this population. Additionally, improvements in inhibitory control and working memory performance were associated with enhanced cortical inhibition. The findings provide indirect preliminary evidence for the assumption that changes in cortical excitability induced by aerobic exercise partially contribute to improvements in executive function in adolescents with ADHD.

Aerobic fitness as a moderator of acute aerobic exercise effects on executive function.

This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of aerobic fitness on the effect of acute exercise on improving executive function from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. Thirty-four young individuals with motor skills were divided into high- and low-fitness groups based on their maximal oxygen uptake. Both groups completed 30min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a power bike. Executive function tests (Flanker, N-back, More-odd-shifting) were performed before and after exercise and functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor prefrontal cerebral blood flow changes during the tasks. The results indicated significant differences between the two groups regarding executive function. Participants with lower aerobic fitness performed better than their higher fitness counterparts in inhibitory control and working memory, but not in cognitive flexibility. This finding suggests that the aerobic fitness may moderate the extent of cognitive benefits gained from acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the neuroimaging data indicated negative activation in the frontopolar area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to three complex tasks. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual aerobic fitness when assessing the cognitive benefits of exercise and could have significant implications for tailoring fitness programs to enhance cognitive performance.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise with different intensities on cerebral dopamine/norepinephine/serotonin metabolites and executive-related oculomotor control in individuals with Parkinson's disease

The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise with different intensities on executive-related oculomotor control and cerebral dopamine/serotonin/norepinephrine metabolite concentrations in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Twenty-eight PD individuals completed acute bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), and REST sessions. The order of the three sessions was counterbalanced. We assessed the concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), as well as neuropsychological and oculomotor performance indices in the saccade paradigm at baseline and following each session. The present study found that there was no significant effect of acute HIIE or MICE on the coefficient of variation of reaction time (RT) in individuals with PD. However, HIIE resulted in significantly shorter RTs in the antisaccade condition, and MICE achieved the same in both the prosaccade and antisaccade conditions. For oculomotor performance, we observed a change in saccade peak velocity only following MICE but not HIIE. Neither of the two aerobic exercise modes significantly affected saccade amplitude and latency. In addition, concentrations of HVA and MHPG, but not 5-HIAA, significantly increased following both MICE and HIIE in individuals with PD. Notably, MICE had a greater impact on HVA compared to HIIE. We also found significant correlations between the changes in MHPG concentration, but not HVA and 5-HIAA, and RTs before and after the two aerobic exercise interventions. These results suggest that although acute HIIE and MICE protocols could not improve oculomotor control, the two aerobic exercise modes induced distinct beneficial effects on executive function and cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in individuals with PD.

Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise Do Not Modulate Task-Evoked Midfrontal Theta Oscillations in School-Age Children

While acute aerobic exercise has been found to have a facilitative effect on task components with varied cognitive control demands in school-age children, its effects on specific neural processes evoked by a cognitive control task remain underexplored. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of acute aerobic exercise on task-evoked midfrontal theta event-related synchronization (ERS)—which plays a crucial role in supporting cognitive control. Thirty-three preadolescent children were recruited into this within-subjects, crossover study. Participants engaged in an aerobic exercise condition and a seated rest condition in a counterbalanced order. After both conditions, participants completed a flanker task, with concurrent EEG data collection. The results revealed no differences in midfrontal theta ERS following acute aerobic exercise as compared with following the control condition. However, midfrontal theta ERS was higher during congruent trials relative to incongruent trials following control condition but not following aerobic exercise. Collectively, acute bouts of aerobic exercise do not appear to modulate the control and behavioral monitoring processes indexed by midfrontal theta ERS during cognitive control in children.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on circulating sTLR and sRAGE profiles in normal- and abnormal-glucose-tolerant individuals.

BMI-matched normal- (NGT, n = 10, 41 ± 4y, 35.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2 ) and abnormal-glucose-tolerant (AGT, n = 16, 51 ± 3y, 34.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) participants were evaluated for body composition, metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]), and VO2 max. Participants also completed a treadmill walking test at 65% VO2 max for 30 min. Total sRAGE, esRAGE, sTLR2, and sTLR4 were assessed via ELISA, and cRAGE was calculated. AGT exhibited greater (p < 0.05) body fat % (+24%), fasting plasma glucose (+37%), OGTT AUC (+59%), and HOMA-IR (+55%) and lower (p < 0.05) VO2 max (-24%). sTLR2 was 33% lower in AGT than NGT (main effect, p = 0.034). However, sTLR2 did not change (p > 0.05) following AE. sTLR4 tended to be 36% lower in AGT than NGT (main effect, p = 0.096) and did not change following AE (p > 0.05). Total sRAGE and isoforms were similar (p > 0.05) between groups and did not change following AE (p > 0.05). sTLR2 was correlated with (p < 0.05) basal BG (r = -0.505) and OGTT AUC (r = -0.687). sTLR4 was correlated with basal BG (p < 0.10, r = -0.374) and OGTT AUC (p < 0.05, r = -0.402). Linear regressions were predictive of sTLRs in the basal state (sTLR2: R2 = 0.641, p = 0.01; sTLR4: R2 = 0.566, p = 0.037) and after acute exercise state (sTLR2: R2 = 0.681, p = 0.004, sTLR4: R2 = 0.568, p = 0.036).These findings show circulating sTLR profiles are disrupted in AGT and acute AE minimally modulates their levels.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in transgender men.

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in transgender men (TM) results in side effects such as elevated triglycerides and increased arterial stiffness. Exercise may be useful to ameliorate such effects, but no studies have examined the effects of acute aerobic exercise in TM. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in TM. Thirty-six participants were included, comprising 12TM (duration of TRT: 57.4 ± 30.3 months), 12 males and 12 females. All participants performed acute aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 50% heart rate reserve for 30min. Arterial stiffness as measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured before exercise (Pre), 30min after exercise (Post30), and 60min after exercise (Post60). Serum sex hormone levels, and serum lipid profile were determined only before exercise. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels before exercise were significantly higher in TM than in males or females (males: p < 0.01; females: p < 0.05). At all points, baPWV in TM was significantly higher than in females (p < 0.05) and significantly lower than in males (p < 0.05). However, when comparing changes in baPWV over time in each group, significant decreases in Post30 and Post60 were seen in males compared to Pre (both p < 0.05), but no significant change after aerobic exercise was seen in TM or females. These results suggest that acute aerobic exercise yield different effects in TM than in males, but is unlikely to reduce arterial stiffness in TM receiving TRT.

The Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Measures of Stress and Inflammation in Healthy Young Adults

Introduction: While the effects of long-term measures of inflammation and stress are well studied, less is known about the effects of an acute exercise challenge on exercise in young healthy individuals. Methods: This was a randomized crossover design (mean age = 19.25, SD = 1.45) that measured biomarkers of stress (cortisol and salivary alpha amylase, sAA) and inflammation (IL-1β, CRP) in an exercise and control condition. In the exercise condition, participants walked or ran on a treadmill at 75-85% of their maximum heart rate for 40 minutes. Under the control condition, participants stood for 40 minutes to control for orthostatic effects. Biomarkers were quantified from saliva collected before, 1 minute after, and 45 minutes after the exercise and control condition. Results: The change in biomarkers from baseline values (+1 min and + 45 min) between exercise and control conditions showed that compared to the control condition, the acute exercise bout significantly increased sAA CRP at +1min at +45 min and in IL-1β +45 min. Cortisol levels significantly decreased at both time points in the control condition Conclusions: Ultimately, the results of this study show how small and realistically achievable amounts of exercise can acutely strengthen the body’s physiological responses to immune challenges.

Acute effects of different exercise forms on executive function and the mechanism of cerebral hemodynamics in hospitalized T2DM patients: a within-subject study.

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), and integrated concurrent exercise (ICE; i.e., AE plus RE) on executive function among hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inpatients, and the mechanism of cerebral hemodynamics. A within-subject design was applied in 30 hospitalized patients with T2DM aged between 45 and 70 years in the Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, China. The participants were asked to take AE, RE, and ICE for 3 days at 48-h intervals. Three executive function (EF) tests, namely, Stroop, More-odd shifting, and 2-back tests, were applied at baseline and after each exercise. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain function imaging system was used to collect cerebral hemodynamic data. The one-way repeated measurement ANOVA was used to explore training effects on each test indicator. Compared with the baseline data, the EF indicators have been improved after both ICE and RE (p < 0.05). Compared with the AE group, the ICE and RE groups have demonstrated significant improvements in inhibition (ICE: MD = - 162.92 ms; RE: MD = -106.86 ms) and conversion functions (ICE: MD = -111.79 ms; RE: MD = -86.95 ms). Based on the cerebral hemodynamic data, the beta values of brain activation in executive function related brain regions increased after three kinds of exercise, the EF improvements after the ICE showed synchronous activation of blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the frontal polar (FPA) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the improvement of inhibitory function after RE displayed synchronous activation of DLPFC and FPA, and AE mainly activates DLPFC. The HbO2 concentration in the pars triangularis Broca's area increased significantly after AE, but the EF did not improve significantly. The ICE is preferred for the improvements of executive function in T2DM patients, while AE is more conducive to the improvements of refresh function. Moreover, a synergistic mechanism exists between cognitive function and blood flow activation in specific brain regions.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise with self-selected music on working memory and alpha oscillation

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of exercise while listening to music on behavioural performance and electroencephalogram of working memory (WM). The within-subjects crossover posttest comparison design was used, and 37 participants were recruited to perform the following three sessions in a counterbalanced order: 30-minute bout of exercise while listening to music (Ms), exercise without music (Ex), and control condition (Cn). Exercise intensity was defined as within 40–60% of maximal heart rate and a tempo of 125–140 bpm was used as the qualification for selecting music. After each session, lower and upper alpha event-related desynchronisation (ERD) was measured during auditory WM. Affective response analysis showed that Ms and Ex induced positive mood in participants compared to Cn. Ms had lower rate of perceive exertion compared to Ex and only Ex had lower tranquility from post-exercise to pre-exercise, indicating relatively more effort and less calm following Ex. behavioural analysis showed that Ms had shorter reaction time compared to Cn, indicating better WM performance following Ms. Upper Alpha ERD analysis showed a task effect on Cn instead of Ms or Ex. Generally, exercise with self-selected music can make exercising more enjoyable and effortless, while reaping the additional benefits of enhanced WM to efficiently retain and manipulate information from daily tasks.

The Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory Among Female Students of Bingham University, Nigeria

Researches have showed that participation in a physical activity is associated with increased performance across a variety of tasks involving attention, cognition, and memory. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of aerobic exercise on working memory in non-athletic female students of Bingham University. A total of 53 participants who completed the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) were considered for this study. The study was conducted in three days, with day 1 being the baseline testing. Participants completed an N-back working memory task before the start of aerobic exercise. They were then required to perform an aerobic exercise on the treadmill for 10 min; and after which, were made to perform the N-back working memory task again. The same procedure was carried out on days 2 and 3. All data were analysed using analysis of variance at p&lt;0.05. A significant (p&lt;0.001) increase in total false alarm was observed in subjects after exercise and on days 2 and 3 compared to the first day before exercise. There was significant decrease in reaction time after the exercise, and on days 2 and 3 of the study as compared to the first day at p&lt;0.001. This study has shown that acute aerobic exercise improved working memory in the female students’ population

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on the motor inhibitory process in the go/no-go task in humans: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

While many studies have reported the relationship between human cognitive functions and exercise, only a few have investigated the effect of mild-intensity exercise on the human motor inhibitory process. We employed the go/no-go task as a useful paradigm for studying the neural mechanisms involved in response execution and inhibition. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we observed 17 subjects performing go/no-go tasks under a control condition and an exercise condition. Under the control condition, the subjects performed a go/no-go session before and after a 15 min rest. Under the exercise condition, the subjects performed a go/no-go session before and after a 10 min ergometer cycling session followed by a 5 min rest. We set the exercise intensity individually for each subject at 30% of their maximum heart rate as calculated by Karvonen's formula. We recorded an increase oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in the go/no-go blocks compared to those in the go blocks and found that mild exercise significantly enhanced the peak amplitude of oxy-Hb. On the other hand, we observed no significant changes under the control condition. This result suggests that mild exercise could trigger enhanced activation in the right frontal area, and cause a stronger inhibitory effect related to go/no-go tasks.