Acute Bacillary Dysentery Research Articles

Clinical Nursing Effect of Evidence-based Nursing on Patients with Acute Bacillary Dysentery

Clinical Nursing Effect of Evidence-based Nursing on Patients with Acute Bacillary Dysentery

Determining the protective effects of Ma-Mu-Ran Antidiarrheal Capsules against acute DSS-induced enteritis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal metabolomics.

Ma-Mu-Ran Antidiarrheal Capsules (MMRAC) is traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to treat diarrhea caused by acute enteritis (AE) and bacillary dysentery in Xinjiang (China) for many years. However, the potential therapeutic mechanism of MMRAC for AE and its regulatory mechanism on host metabolism is unclear. This study used fecal metabolomics profiling with GC/MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of MMRAC on a dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced mouse model of AE. Fecal metabolomics-based analyses were performed to detect the differentially expressed metabolites and metabolic pathways. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis was used to assess the altered gut microbes at the genus level and for functional prediction. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis was used to integrate differentially expressed metabolites and altered bacterial genera. The results revealed that six intestinal bacteria and seven metabolites mediated metabolic disorders (i.e., metabolism of amino acid, carbohydrate, cofactors and vitamins, and lipid) in AE mice. Besides, ten altered microbes mediated the differential expression of eight metabolites and regulated these metabolisms after MMRAC administration. Overall, these findings demonstrate that AE is associated with metabolic disorders and microbial dysbiosis. Further, we present that MMRAC exerts protective effects against AE by improving host metabolism through the intestinal flora.

<i>Shigella</i> OspC3 Suppresses Murine Cytosolic LPS Sensing

Caspase-11 and its human duplicates caspase-4 and caspase-5 detect cytosolic LPS and trigger gasdermin D-dependent pyroptosis to eliminate intra-cytoplasmic bacterial threats. Shigella spp. are cytosol-invasive pathogens that cause acute diarrhea and bacillary dysentery leading to severe mortality and morbidity worldwide. Shigella flexneri, a typical example of the genus, invades host cells, rapidly escapes the phagocytic vacuole into the cytosol, and deploys an array of type III-secreted effectors to evade host cell defenses and successfully establish a replicative niche within the cytosol. S. flexneri expresses a hexa-acylated LPS that is potentially detected by caspase-11. However, the role of caspase-11 in S. flexneri defense is still unclear. It has been reported that the T3SS effector OspC3 suppresses cytosolic LPS sensing by inhibiting caspase-4, but does not bind to caspase-11, suggesting that Ospc3 may not inhibit caspase-11 activity. Here, we found that S. flexneri triggers responses through caspase-1 canonical inflammasome, but evades caspase-11 sensing. Surprisingly, we found that S. flexneri also uses OspC3 to inhibit murine caspase-11 activity, indicating that OspC3 suppresses cytosolic LPS detection in a broad array of mammals. Importantly, we demonstrate that S. flexneri employs OspC3 to prevent caspase-11- gasdermin D mediated pyroptosis in neutrophils, enabling the bacteria to disseminate and evade clearance.

Sanitary, Hygienic and Epidemiological Aspects of Recreational Water Use of the Population of the Upper Don River Basin

Introduction: The problem of safe recreational water use is closely related to conditions of surface water bodies (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and ponds) experiencing a significant anthropogenic load and their water quality. The purpose of the study was to assess safety of recreational water use of the population based on the results of testing water quality in the bodies of water of the Upper Don River basin. Materials and methods: In 2015–2019, surface water samples were taken at 73 water quality checkpoints of 26 water bodies and tested for chemical, microbiological and parasitological indicators. Test results were then used to assess hazards related to recreational water use of the population. Results: It was found that in 26 of 73 surveyed recreation areas (35.6 %) water quality failed to meet recreational water quality criteria. Poor microbiological water quality indicators were established at 21 of 73 sites (26.7 %) with the proportion of water samples with high thermotolerant and total coliform counts varying from 1.5 to 75.0 %. Risks of epidemic hazard posed by recreational water use were assessed to be the highest in three recreation areas (4.1 %) and moderate – in 18 areas (24.7 %). Conclusions: The estimated reliability of differences in the long-term incidence rates of infectious diseases probably related to microbiological surface water quality indicators (by Student’s t-test) confirmed the hypothesized association between poor microbiological water quality parameters and high incidence rates of acute intestinal infections and bacillary (Flexner) dysentery (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate the necessity of implementing measures to ensure health and epidemic safety of recreational water use of the population.

Antimicrobial mechanism of strictinin isomers extracted from the root of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Ci Li Gen).

The root of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Ci Li Gen) is a kind of Chinese ethnomedicine in Gui Zhou province, used for the treatment of abdominal pain, acute bacillary dysentery, gastroenteritis and other diseases in human and livestock. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the effective antimicrobial components from the ethyl acetate extract of the Ci Li Gen and to investigate its antimicrobial mechanism afterwards. The effective antimicrobial components in the ethyl acetate extract from the Ci Li Gen were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) measured by microdilution technique. The antibacterial mechanism was investigated by the time-kill curve, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, intracellular esterase activity detected by Flow cytometry, and the ultrastructural changes of the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effective antimicrobial component (peak 4) was identified as strictinin isomers by HRMS and NMR. The MIC of strictinin isomers against E. coli was 0.125mg/mL. With respect to the negative control group, the results of SDS-PAGE and NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS showed that the up-regulated proteins of the strictinin isomers treated group were Metal-binding protein ZinT, 30S ribosomal protein S4 and 50S ribosomal protein L4, while the down-regulated protein was hydroperoxide reductase subunit C. Moreover, in the strictinin isomers treated group, the esterase activity in the E. coli cells was reduced and the bacteria E. coli became atrophied, pitted and contorted, and the surface of E. coli was rough and blurred. According to the above results, the antimicrobial mechanism of strictinin isomers against E. coli were oxidative stress and protein synthesis disorder, which inhibited the activity of the enzymes required for bacterial growth and metabolism. These findings reflected the pleiotropic effects of strictinin isomers, making it a promising antimicrobial agent for pharmaceutical research.

The Efflux Mechanism of Fraxetin-O-Glucuronides in UGT1A9-Transfected HeLa Cells: Identification of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins 3 and 4 (MRP3/4) as the Important Contributors.

Fraxetin, a natural compound present in many dietary supplements and herbs, is useful in the treatment of acute bacillary dysentery and type 2 diabetes. Previously, several metabolic studies have revealed extensive first-pass metabolism causing formation of fraxetin-O-glucuronides (G1 and G2), resulting in poor bioavailability of fraxetin. Active transport processes play an important role in the excretion of fraxetin-O-glucuronides. Nevertheless, the transporters involved are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine the active efflux transporters, including breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), involved in the excretion of fraxetin-O-glucuronides. A chemical inhibitor, MK571 (5 and 20 μM), a pan-MRP inhibitor, led to a significant decrease in excreted G1 (maximal 59.1%) and G2 levels (maximal 42.4%), whereas Ko143 (5 and 20 μM), a selective BCRP inhibitor, caused moderate downregulation of excreted G1 (maximal 29.4%) and G2 (maximal 28.5%). Furthermore, MRP3 silencing resulted in a marked decrease of excretion rates (by 29.1% for G1 and by 21.1% for G2) and of fraction metabolized (fmet; by 24.1% for G1 and by 18.6% for G2). Similar results, i.e., a significant reduction in excretion rates (by 34.8% for G1 and by 32.3% for G2) and in fmet (by 22.7% for G1 and by 23.1% for G2) were obtained when MRP4 was partially silenced. No obvious modifications in the excretion rates, intracellular levels, and fmet values of glucuronides were observed after short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of transporters BCRP and MRP1. Taken together, our results indicate that MRP3 and MRP4 contribute more to the excretion of fraxetin-O-glucuronides than the other transporters do.

A comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of parenteral ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in pediatric population for acute bacillary dysentery in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Diarrheal disorders in childhood account for a large proportion (18%) of childhood mortality. Among diarrheal diseases, dysentery is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.Methods: This is an open labelled, prospective, randomised, comparative study carried out at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College Hospital, Bangalore from November 2014 to November 2015 after Institutional Ethics Committee approval. A total of 80 Paediatric patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study after taking written informed consent from parents and assigned into two groups, Group A- Inj. Ceftriaxone (50-100mg/kg/day) and Group B- Inj. Cefotaxime (100 mg/kg/day) in divided doses for a period of 3-5 days based on requirement.Results: In this study, Cefotaxime was non inferior to Ceftriaxone as the Mean Duration of Hospitalisation was 3.30±0.72 days in Group A and 3.30± 0.72 days in Group B with p value of 1.000, showing no statistically significant difference. Both were well tolerated without any reports of ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction).Conclusions: In this study shows that Inj. Cefotaxime is equally efficacious and well tolerated as Inj. Ceftriaxone in the treatment of Acute Bacillary Dysentery in paediatric patients.

Study of the Application of Clinical Pathways in Varicella, Acute Bacillary Dysentery, Measles, Scarlet Fever, and Rubella

In order to explore the clinical pathways that fit the actual situation of our country and department of infectious diseases, an analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical pathways for varicella, acute bacillary dysentery, measles, scarlet fever and rubella when compared with traditional standard medical care. Using a retrospective comparative study design, varicella, acute bacillary dysentery, measles, scarlet fever and rubella patients who were managed on a clinical pathway (clinical pathway group) were compared with a retrospective group of patients who received traditional medical care (control group) prior to the pathway's implementation. The following outcomes were measured: length of hospital stay, hospitalization costs. There was a significant reduction in the median hospitalization costs in the clinical pathway group patients in all five infectious diseases (P<0.05). The clinical pathway group's length of hospital stay for varicella, measles, acute bacillary dysentery and rubella were significantly shorter than the control group (P<0.05). The implementation of clinical pathways in varicella, acute bacillary dysentery, measles, scarlet fever and rubella might contribute to better quality of care and cost-effectiveness.

Study of the Application of Clinical Pathways in Varicella, Acute Bacillary Dysentery, Measles, Scarlet Fever, and Rubella

Study of the Application of Clinical Pathways in Varicella, Acute Bacillary Dysentery, Measles, Scarlet Fever, and Rubella

PHENOLIC COMPOSITION ANDIN VITROANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OFSMILAX CHINAROOT

ABSTRACT In the present study, various solvent fractions were prepared from the root of Smilax china (Liliaceae), which was collected during the autumn, and their radical-scavenging activity and several antioxidant activities were evaluated. The ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the highest antioxidant activities in all assays. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest amount of total phenolics (401.62 mg/g). High-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed that catechin and epicatechin were the predominant phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, our research presented that the ethyl acetate fraction has the strongest antioxidant activities, which are correlated with its high level of phenolics, particularly catechin and epicatechin. Therefore, these results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of S. china root possess excellent antioxidant activities, and thus it has a great potential as a source of natural antioxidant. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Smilax china is commonly known as “Ba Qia” (or “Jin Gang Teng”) in China, while in Pakistan, it is locally called “Bilri.”Smilax has 350 species and is distributed widely in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world, especially in East Asia and North America. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used for the treatment of several diseases, especially for the management of chronic pelvic inflammation, syphilis, acute bacillary dysentery and chronic nephritis. In Korea, S. china has been used as a traditional remedy for inflammatory diseases and ischuria. It has been well known that the rhizome of the genus Smilax has various pharmacological activities. As for S. china, several reports describe the antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective effect. According to our results, the high antioxidant properties of the root of S. china might be beneficial to the antioxidant protection system of the human body against oxidative damage.

Bacterial species distribution and drug sensitivity in children acute bacillary dysentery

目的 了解儿童细菌性痢疾的志贺菌菌群分布及耐药性,以指导临床应用抗生素.方法 收集98例急性细菌性痢疾患者的大便标本进行细菌培养,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法),结果判断参照2002年版美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)标准进行.结果 98株志贺菌中,福氏志贺菌77株,宋内志贺菌21株.志贺菌对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、呋喃唑酮敏感;对氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲恶唑等药物耐药率高.结论 福氏志贺菌是儿童细菌性痢疾的主要致病菌,治疗志贺菌感染首选三代头孢菌素。

Sexually Transmitted Shigellosis

Shigellosis, also known as acute bacillary dysentery, is characterized by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucus and accompanied by fever. Sexually transmitted shigellosis is a less common mode of transmission of shigellosis. Here, the details of sexually transmitted shigellosis are summarized.

Rectal Histology in Acute Bacillary Dysentery

A recent epidemic of acute Shigella dysentery in West Bengal (India) provided us with an opportunity to examine the rectal mucosal abnormalities seen in this condition. One hundred two patients were investigated using sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy, and rectal swab for culture. Pure culture of Shigella was obtained in 37 cases, and the rectal biopsy specimens from these patients were assessed in detail. The mean (+/- SD) duration of illness was 47.8 +/- 27.4 h (range 8-120 h), and most patients (31 of 37, 84%) had diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stools. Significant findings at histology were as follows. (a) Cellular infiltrate was predominantly round cell or mixed round cell and neutrophilic in the majority of patients (27, 73%). (b) Disorganization of crypts was seen in as many as 31 patients (84%); in most subjects the distorted architecture was mild, but in a few the defect was severe with crypt branching and dilatation. (c) In the majority of patients the inflammatory process extended to the muscularis mucosae and submucosa; edema with or without increased cellular infiltrate was seen in the muscularis mucosae in 92% and in the submucosa in 80%. (d) There was no difference in the rectal histology of patients with a short history of disease (less than 48 h) compared with those with a longer history, except for goblet cell depletion which was more in those with diarrhea for more than 48 h. (e) The mucosal abnormalities in patients with watery diarrhea were, in general, milder than in those with dysentery, although the difference was statistically not significant; 2 of 6 patients with watery diarrhea had severe colitis. (f) The mucosal abnormalities were more severe in patients with Shigella dysenteriae infection compared with Shigella flexneri.

Pathology of the alimentary tract in Salmonella typhimurium food poisoning.

The pathology of the alimentary tracts of nine patients dying of Salmonella typhimurium infection is reviewed. Two patients had previous gastric operations, supporting previous reports that such patients are more susceptible to food poisoning. Four had no parietal (oxyntic) cells in the gastric mucosa, suggesting hypo- or anacidity. Only one had acute gastritis. None had acute enteritis, but in half of the patients, subtle histological changes suggested an 'enteropathy'. Acute diffuse colitis with abundant crypt abscesses, without stromal abscesses in the lamina propria, was the most constant finding and reparative features started very early, and occurred in later deaths. Under ideal circumstances this crypt abscess is readily distinguished from that of idiopathic ulcerative colitis, but can be confused with the crypt abscess of acute bacillary (sonne) dysentery. While the florid colonic changes may have settled in the late deaths, active inflammation is commonly present in the appendix mucosa on histology. The pathology of the alimentary tract in S typhimurium infection differs from that of S typhi and S paratyphi infections. There is little evidence of gastroenteritis, although subtle changes occur in the stomach and small intestine. The features are those of acute diffuse colitis with histological appendicitis, distinguishable from idiopathic ulcerative colitis.

A comparison between children with and without secondary disaccharide intolerance and management with a low-cost lactose-free formula

Of 637 children with gastroenteritis 112 (17·6%) had secondary disaccharide intolerance. All except one were less than two years of age. Sugar intolerance was significantly correlated with marasmus and oral use of neomycin and occurred less often following acute bacillary dysentery and cholera.The results of therapy using processed groundnut protein and full-fat soya flour formulae are compared. A groundnut protein formula which was tailored to simulate the energy and protein content of cow's milk was very well tolerated, with prompt cessation of diarrhoea in 96% of children treated; a return to pre-diarrhoeal sugar-containing diets was easily accomplished in over 80% of the children. In 90%, the groundnut protein formula was used for less than seven days and, in a few, for up to three weeks.In developing countries, where sugar-free formulae are either not readily available or are imported at exorbitant prices, the use of groundnut protein formula is recommended because of its low cost and its ease of pre...

Nierenschäden bei infantiler Bazillenruhr (Schocknieren)

Summary Acute renal lesions and occasionally acute renal failure was found in 55 cases corresponding to approximately 40% of all children under 15 years of age who died from bacillary dysentery in Valencia (Venezuela). It was noted that: 9 cases showed mild lesions, characterised especially by few fibrinoid microthrombi in glomerular loops. 14 cases showed moderate renal lesions with more numerous fibrinoid thrombi in glomerular loops and in afferent arteriolas. 32 cases showed renal lesions (massive tubular necrosis and bilateral cortical necrosis) with abundant intravascular coagulation which were limited to the renal cortex. We suggest that the initial stage is due to primary circulatory disturbance followed instantaneously by intravascular coagulation. Pathogenically these renal lesions are considered as manifestations and sequels of renal cortical shock, especially due to bacterial endotoxins of the Shigella group. Free intervals between the beginning of intestinal disturbances and renal changes show correlations to manifestations in patients with bacillary dysentery and uremic-hemolytic syndrome. Like in cases of uremic-hemolytic syndrome, production of neuraminidase by bacteria of the Shigella group can perhaps intervene to cause anemia and microthrombosis. Among cases of adults with acute bacillary dysentery, we have seen only one case comparable to very mild renal changes. — Similar renal changes were not observed in cases with amebic dysentery.

サルにおける赤痢菌感染実験について

This experiment was made for the purpose of comparing with administrations of report I (on the clinical and pathological observations in the monkies introduced with dysentery bacilli into the stomach and the intestinal lumen), III (on the clinical and pathological observtions in the monkies introduced with dysentery bacilli into the stomach after pretreatment: oral administrations of sonicate of dysentery bacilli or chloramphenicol) and IV (on the clinical and pathological observations in the monkies introduced with dysentery bacilli into the stomach after the starvation for 2 to 3 days).6 monkies (M.irus) weighing 2 to 3kg were used in this work.Those which were starved were deprived of food for 2 to 3 days before oral administration of living cultures (10×1010 to 17×1010 cells).The results were as follows:In 5 of 6 animals challenged, symptoms of acute bacillary dysentery were observed and the symptoms were closely resembled to those of acute bacillary dysentery which are seen in human beings.They produced clinical and pathological observations similar to those described in the reports I and III.The organisms were found throughout the length of the intestinal tract.Gastritis and colitis with the hemorrhage were recognized.

Asymptomatic urinary-tract infection with Shigella sonnei in a chronic fecal carrier.

SHIGELLA dysentery is an infection in which the micro-organisms are usually localized to the alimentary tract and regional lymph nodes.1 The literature reveals, however, that infection of the urinary tract2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 and bacteremia20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 with the shigella species have been documented. Asymptomatic fecal carriers have also been recognized, but they usually follow acute bacillary dysentery. The case reported below is unusual in that it is the first noted case of asymptomatic urinary-tract infection caused by Shigella sonnei, and the infection occurred in a patient who was a fecal carrier without a history of dysentery.Case HistoryR.O., a 61-year-old Mexican housekeeper, was . . .

サルにおける赤痢菌感染実験について

In the experimental shigella infections in the monkies, four animals (two groups, 2 monkies each) were infected with young cultures of Shigella flexneri type 2a or 2b.In the first group, each animal were administered directly into the stomach, 500-1000×108/kg of live organisms. Pretreatment was performed with one of the animals (5g·ENaHCO3was administered orally after one day starvation). Another was not pretreated.In the second group, each animal were operated upon, and 50-200×108/kg of live organisms were injected directly into the intestinal tract. One of the animals was injected into the proximal duodenum, and another into the proximal caecum. The clinical and pathological observations were made.The results were as follows:1) In the comparatively young monky weighing 1.2 kg which was not pretreated, symptoms of acute bacillary dysentery were observed and the symptoms were closely resembled to those of acute bacillary dysentery which were seen in human beings.2) The pretreated monky of the first group and two monkies of the second group excreted normal stool or had diarrhoea (watery, caddy and bloody stool).One of these three monkies excreted dysentery bacilli. In any case, all three animals showed extremely severe general symptoms as compared with one which was not pretreated. These animals were followed by the death within 3-7 days after the infection.Pathological changes were observed with various organs including brain, stomach, intestinal tract and liver etc.The details will be published later.

Acute bacillary dysentery in Cyprus; a comparative study of treatment in 332 cases.

Acute bacillary dysentery in Cyprus; a comparative study of treatment in 332 cases.