Acute Anti-inflammatory Effects Research Articles

The human milk oligosaccharide 3'sialyllactose reduces low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis development in mice.

Macrophages contribute to the induction and resolution of inflammation and play a central role in chronic low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex unconjugated glycans unique to human milk that benefit infant health and act as innate immune modulators. Here, we identify the HMO 3'sialyllactose (3'SL) as a natural inhibitor of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-induced low-grade inflammation in macrophages and endothelium. Transcriptome analysis in macrophages revealed that 3'SL attenuates mRNA levels of a selected set of inflammatory genes and promotes the activity of Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 (SREBP). These acute anti-inflammatory effects of 3'SL were associated with reduced histone H3K27 acetylation at a subset of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible enhancers distinguished by preferential enrichment for CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 (IRF2), B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), and other transcription factor recognition motifs. In a murine atherosclerosis model, both subcutaneous and oral administration of 3'SL significantly reduced atherosclerosis development and the associated inflammation. This study provides evidence that 3'SL attenuates inflammation by a transcriptional mechanism to reduce atherosclerosis development in the context of cardiovascular disease.

Improved Anti-nociceptive, Anti-pyretic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Orally Administered Liposome-encapsulated Piroxicam

Piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown with low oral bioavailability and delayed onset of its therapeutic effects. In this work, a promising nano/liposomal drug delivery system was exploited to improve the in vivo therapeutic efficacies of piroxicam. The current liposome-encapsulated piroxicam formulation effectively boosted and prolonged peripherally mediated anti-nociceptive activities in tests for abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid (inhibition of pain 70.19% was in mice treated with 30 mg/kg liposome-encapsulated piroxicam), paw licking induced by formalin (81.36% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam), and hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan (55.8% inhibition when compared to free unencapsulated piroxicam). Even lower dose of liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam was also significantly inhibit Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia. Carrageenan-induced paw-edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test revealed that liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam had significantly more potent acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects than piroxicam, even if lower drug dosages were used to treat animals. A better modulation in the generation of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10) at 18.02% (TNFa), 23.97% (IL-1β) and 10.27% (IL-10) inhibition when compared to 30mg/kg free piroxicam group respectively. was ascribed to the higher in vivo therapeutic actions. Present nano-encapsulated piroxicam also significantly enhanced the inhibition of cyclooxgenase-2 (total percentage inhibition was increased by 18.25% and 19.22% at drug dosage of 3 and 30 mg/kg, respectively), but not cyclooxgenase-1 enzyme. In conclusion, present study showed that liposomal drug formulation was able to improve the in vivo therapeutic effects of orally administered piroxicam.

IN VIVO ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF PLUCHEA PTEROPODA ETHANOL EXTRACT

Pluchea pteropoda, an annual plant in the Asteraceae family, has traditionally been used in Vietnamese folk medicine as an alternative treatment for high fever, indigestion, and painful and swollen wounds. The present study investigates the acute toxicity and antiinflammatory effects of P. pteropoda aerial parts ethanol extract (EtPP) in animal models. EtPP exhibited no toxicity in mice with a single dose of up to 5000 mg/kg. EtPP significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema paw in rats at 77.5 and 150.0 mg/kg body weight doses. The strongest inflammation inhibition effect (37.4%) was recorded at a dose level of 150.0 mg/kg after 3 h after carrageenan administration.

Acute Toxicity, Analgesic, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Folk Thai Herbal Medicine: Yafon Formula

Yafon (YF), a formula composed of 14 herbal constituents, has been used in folk Thai herbal medicine to treat various indications, including pain relief, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, this formula lacks adequate toxicological and efficacy data. Hence, this study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of YF in animal models. The study on acute oral toxicity was conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) number 420 guidelines. The results demonstrated that the administration of YF at a high dose of 2000 mg/kg did not result in fatality or exhibit any toxicity. The analgesic effect of YF in mice was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin test. The anti-inflammatory activity of YF was assessed in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. This investigation employed YF doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day. The study found that all YF doses reduced writhing in the acetic acid, and YF doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg/day reduced the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. In addition, all YF doses effectively suppressed paw edema in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. This study demonstrated that the YF formula showed no acute toxicity and possessed acute anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by blocking pain signals originating from the peripheral nervous system. These findings provided empirical evidence supporting the use of YF formula as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Phoenix Reclinata, Jacq (Aracaceae)

Phoenix reclinata, Jacq (Arecaceae), known as the wild date palm, has garnered interest for its traditional applications in folk medicine, specifically for its anti inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Some local communities in Ethiopia traditionally use decoctions and remedies derived from Phoenix reclinata extracts to treat fever. This study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic anti inflammatory activities, as well as antipyretic activity of the methanol leaf extract of P. reclinata Jacq (aracaceae). The acute anti inflammatory effect was evaluated in rats using egg albumin while the chronic anti inflammatory activity was studied in formaldehyde induced inflammation. The LD50 of the extract was more than 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, sterols, phenolic compounds and terpenes. The antipyretic activity was evaluated by using the brewer’s yeast pyrexia induction method. Inr the egg albumin model, the methanol extract showed significant ( P 0.05) inhibition of up to 52% at 400 mg/kg on the 5th hour. In the chronic model, there was a significant P 0.05) inhibition of formaldehyde induced paw oedema over the period in groups treated with the methanol extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (400mg/kg). The methanol extract of P. reclinata (400 mg/kg) produced the highest inhibition (46 %) on the 10th day (P<0.05). In the antipyretic studies, administration of the methanol extract of P. reclinata significantly P 0.05) decreased the rectal temperature at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Therefore, the findings underscore the promising anti inflammatory and antipyretic properties of Phoenix reclinata methanol leaf extract and supports its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing inflammatory conditions and fever.

Acute anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extracts of leaf, bark and fruit of Averrhoa bilimbi on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats

Acute anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extracts of leaf, bark and fruit of Averrhoa bilimbi on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats

Formulation and Acute Toxicity, Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic Effects of Hard Capsules of Herba Siegesbeckiae Orientalis Dry Extract in Experimental Animals

This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of hard capsules containing dry extract from Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (CKHT) in animal models. Hard capsules were prepared using the volumetric method, with Avicel PH 102 as the diluent excipient and magnesium carbonate as the adsorbent excipient. The acute toxicity of CKHT was assessed on white mice at a dose of 2,400 mg/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats, while the analgesic effect was tested using an acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice. The results showed that CKHT administered at the doses of 102.2 mg/kg/day, 204.4 mg/kg/day, and 408.8 mg/kg/day had significant anti-inflammatory effect on the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model by reducing the paw volume and increasing the percentage of edema inhibition compared to the untreated group (p < 0.001). The dose of CKHT 408.8 mg/kg/day showed anti-inflammatory effects that similar to aspirin at the dose level of 200 mg/kg/day (p > 0.05). In the analgesic study, mice treated with CKHT at the doses of 188.7 mg/kg/day, 377.4 mg/kg/day, and 754.8 mg/kg/day had significant reduction in acetic acid-induced writhing within 30 minutes compared to the untreated group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, CKHT did not show acute toxicity (no LD50) at the dose of 2,400 mg/kg body weight. These results suggested that CKHT exhibited acute analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models.
 Keywords: Dried extract from Siegesbeckia orientalis L.; capsules; anti-inflammatory; analgesic. 
 

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Methanol Extracts of Premna schimperi Engl (Lamiaceae) Leaves in Rats.

Even though it is a protective reaction, inflammation continues to be one of the most challenging medical disorders. The current conventional anti-inflammatory drugs have many undesirable health effects and are in need of newer drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous methanol crude extract of Premna schimperi leaves. Premna schimperi leaf was extracted with 80% methanol and concentrated; the concentrated extract was used to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of Premna schimperi extract at a dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered and observed for 14 days. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic anti-inflammatory models were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract compared to the standard drug. Data were analyzed with SPSS V. 27, and the significance was established with a one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey's test. Acute oral toxicity testing at a dose of 2000 mg/kg did not show any sign of toxicity. According to the phytochemical study, the plants contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phenolics, and anthraquinones. The extract doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg of extracts effectively (p<0.001) reduced paw edema in the acute and sub-acute models of inflammation. When compared to the negative control group, all tested doses in the chronic model significantly (p<0.05) decreased the production of exudates and the amount of granuloma tissue. Premna schimperi displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The tested doses inhibit the formation of edema, granulomas, and exudates.

Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Lysate: A New Biologic Injectate for the Putative Treatment of Acute Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation.

To compare in vivo, the acute anti-inflammatory effects of a lysate derived from human umbilical perivascular mesenchymal cells with the cells themselves in both an established hind-paw model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and also in the inflamed temporomandibular joint. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells were harvested and cultured in xeno- and serum-free conditions to P3. In addition, P3 cells were used to prepare a proprietary 0.22 micron filtered lysate. First, CD1 immunocompetent mice underwent unilateral hind-paw injections of carrageenan for induction of inflammation, followed immediately by treatment with saline (negative control), 1% cell lysate, or viable cells. The contralateral paw remained un-injected with carrageenan. Paw circumference was measured prior to injections and 48 hr later and myeloperoxidase and TNF-alpha concentrations were measured post-sacrifice in excised tissue. Second, immunocompetent Male Wistar rats underwent unilateral intra-articular temporomandibular (TMJ) injections from the same treatment groups and were sacrificed at 4 and 48 hr post-injection. The contralateral TMJ remained un-injected with carrageenan. Articular tissue and synovial aspirates, from the treated TMJ were obtained for histologic and leukocyte infiltration analyses. The lysate and cell-treated hind-paw demonstrated reduced tissue edema, and significantly lower concentrations of myeloperoxidase and TNF-alpha at 48 hr compared to untreated controls. Treated TMJs demonstrated lower concentrations of leukocytes in the synovium compared to controls and histologic evidence, in the peri-articular tissue, of reduced inflammation. In this preliminary study, both the human umbilical perivascular cells and a highly diluted lysate produced therefrom were anti-inflammatory.

Topical Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioengineered Juglans regia L. Silver Nanoparticles.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Research has demonstrated the antibacterial, anti-angiogenetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties of colloidal silver due to its biological, optical and electrical properties. The aim of this study was the anti-inflammatory effect of the silver bioengineered nanoparticles by using the acetonitrile-unripe fruit extract of &lt;i&gt;Juglans regia&lt;/i&gt; L., on experimental animal model. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The study uses various techniques to characterize nanoparticles, including ultraviolet spectra, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared. The study used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as an induction model for inflammation and assessed its antinociceptive effects in mice using the formalin test. As well as evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF and IL-1. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The produced AgNPs were more compact and stable, according to physical characterization methods compared to chemical prepared nanoparticles. The formulation combining unripe fruit bio-reduced nanoparticles and extract, UF, shows a greater acute anti-inflammatory effect, while leaf extract has a better late anti-inflammatory effect. These bioengineered nanoparticles show efficient &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; anti-acute inflammation, reducing skin inflammation through decreased cellular infiltrates and cytokine release. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Juglans regia&lt;/i&gt; L., extract and silver nanoparticles show notable effects in both the early and late stages of the antinociceptive formalin test. While, bioengineered NP/UF and NP/LV can be used as topical analgesics. The potent topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of these medications provide a sufficient basis for the use of this plant material in dermatological products.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil of the leaves of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith. from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAmburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith is a medicinal plant with wide distribution in South America, popularly known in Brazil as "cumaru" or "amburana de cheiro". In folk medicine, in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, infusions, teas and decoctions of leaves of Amburana cearensis have their practical use for treating fever, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and inflammation pain. However, none of the ethnopharmacological properties has been scientifically evaluated using volatile compounds obtained from its leaves (essential oil). Aim of the studyThis study investigated the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from the leaves of A. cearensis. Material and methodsThe acute toxicity of the essential oil was investigated in mice. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the formalin test and, abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid, being investigated the possible mechanisms of action involved in antinociception. The acute anti-inflammatory effect was investigated through models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, yeast-induced pyrexia, and carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw inflammation. ResultsNo acute toxicity was observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg; p.o. The antinociceptive effect was statistically equal to morphine. In the formalin assay, the oil showed analgesic activity in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases, having as mechanisms the cholinergic, adenosinergic system, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP). In peritonitis, a reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β levels and leukocyte migration were observed. The antipyretic effect was statistically superior to dipyrone. The reduction in paw edema was statistically superior to the standard in both models. ConclusionThe results obtained not only support the traditional use of the species in inflammatory conditions and pain in folk medicine but also demonstrate that this is a rich source of phytocomponents such as germacrone, which can be used as a natural and sustainable therapeutic agent with industrial applications.

Anti –Inflammatory Effect of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Urtica pilulifera L. Seed in Rats

Wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory ailments, side effects of their available therapies and incomplete treatment of such patients push the researches to find new and more effective drugs. To reach this aim, in the current study, we evaluate Urtica pilulifera L. (family Urticaceae) as an introduced traditional herb for treatment of inflammation in Persian Medicine (PM). In an animal study, Anti-inflammatory effects of U. pilulifera were assessed in formalin-induced hind paw edema in rats. Sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg, i.p., SS) injection was used as a positive control drug and compared with methanolic extract of U. pilulifera (20 mg/kg; i.p.) (MUP), three different doses of aqueous extract of U. pilulifera (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; i.p.) (AUP) and a group of distilled water (6 mL/kg; i.p.). As acute anti-inflammatory effect, AUP in doses 40 and 80 mg/kg decreased edema significantly (p&lt;0.05). In chronic anti-inflammatory response, results indicated that all AUP doses had anti-inflammatory effects (p &lt;0.05) with no significant difference with SS group. In conclusion, AUP had anti-inflammatory effects on both acute and chronic edema; while MUP was only effective in chronic inflammation.

Antioxidant and acute antiinflammatory activities of aerial parts of Morinda umbellata L

This study investigated in vitro antioxidant and acute anti-inflammatory effect of aerial parts of Morinda umbellata L. (ML). Extracts of ethanol 70% were used to evaluate pharmacological activities. Total flavonoid content (TFC), and the scavenging effect on DPPH radical were exhibited. The effect on acute anti-inflammation was evaluated by in vivo models. It was found that the TFC, antioxidant ability and acute anti-inflammatory effect of the ML leave extract was higher and more effective than this of the stem extract.

Acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of soursop leaf ethanol extract (Annona muricata l.) in vivo

This study tested the peripheral analgesic effect of leaf extract by injecting 1% acetic acid on the peritoneum of white mice; tested the central analgesic effect by dipping the mice's tail in hot water (52 ± 0.5) °C; tested the acute anti-inflammatory effect by injecting carrageenan into the paws of mice causing edema; tested the chronic an- ti-inflammatory effect by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) into the paws of mice causing edema. The control drugs used in the trials were diclofenac and codeine. Result: LD50 of the Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract was 0.705 mg/kg; The study showed that at all 3 doses, 35 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg Annona muricata leaf extract had anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation; central and peripheral analgesic effects on mice.

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of soursop leaf ethanol extract of Gnetum montanum Markgr. in vivo

This study was conducted to investigate evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Gnetum montanum Markgr. extract. Methods: the anti-inflammatory effect was studied in two models of carragenin-in- duced paw edema and FCA-induced edema; the analgesic effect was studied on the model of colic pain and the Tail-immersion method. Results: In addition, the study also showed that at all 3 levels of tested doses, 150mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg Gnetum montanum Markgr extract exhibited acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects, central analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects peripheral in experimental animals.

Early treatment with dapsone after spinal cord injury in rats decreases the inflammatory response and promotes long-term functional recovery

Failure of therapeutic strategies for the management and recovery from traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious concern. Dapsone (DDS) has been reported as a neuroprotective drug after SCI, although the phase after SC damage (acute or chronic) of its major impact on functional recovery has yet to be defined. Here, we evaluated DDS acute-phase anti-inflammatory effects and their impact on early functional recovery, one week after moderate SCI, and late functional recovery, 7 weeks thereafter. Female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to each of five experimental groups: sham group; four groups of rats with SCI, treated with DDS (0, 12.5, 25.0, and 37.5 mg/kg ip), starting 3 h after injury. Plasma levels of GRO/KC, and the number of neutrophils and macrophages in cell suspensions from tissue taken at the site of injury were measured as inflammation biomarkers. Hindlimb motor function of injured rats given DDS 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks was evaluated on the BBB open-field ordinal scale. Six hours after injury all DDS doses decreased GRO/KC plasma levels; 24 h after injury, neutrophil numbers decreased with DDS doses of 25.0 and 37.5 mg/kg; macrophage numbers decreased only at the 37.5 mg/kg dose. In the acute phase, functional recovery was dose-dependent. Final recovery scores were 57.5 and 106.2% above the DDS-vehicle treated control group, respectively. In conclusion, the acute phase dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of DDS impacted early motor function recovery affecting final recovery at the end of the study.

Inhibitory Effects of Linum usitatissimum Alkaloid on Inflammatory and Nociceptive Responses in Mice

Background: Linum usitatissimum is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Methods: Acute oral toxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of total alkaloid extract from Linum usitatissimum seeds (ALU) were investigated in vivo. Xylene induced ear edema was used to determine anti-inflammatory effect, and acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin induced paw licking and tail-immersion tests were used to investigate analgesic activity. Results: Oral administration of ALU (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) produced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. ALU significantly diminished the edema induced by xylene. ALU also significantly reduced the abdominal construction induced by acetic acid. Furthermore, ALU also inhibited responses in both phases of formalin-induced paw licking and increased reaction time of mice in the tail-immersion test. Conclusion: These findings suggest the total alkaloid extract from Linum usitatissimum seeds presents significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on chemical behavioral models of inflammation and nociception in mice.

Phytochemical Compounds, Acute Toxicity, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Thymus leptobotrys Murb Essential Oil.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, as well as the antioxidant activity, of the essential oil of Thymus leptobotrys Murb. The results indicate that the tested essential oil is non-toxic, with an estimated LD50 of 2500 mg kg-1 of mice body weight. The anti-inflammatory test revealed that, at a dose of 200 mg kg-1, the essential oil reduced rat paw edemas by 89.59% within 3 h of oral administration, this reduction in edema size was greater than that obtained with indomethacin (75.78%). The antioxidant activity (IC50) of Thymus leptobotrys Murb essential oil was 346.896 µg mL-1 and 861.136 mg Trolox equivalent/g essential oil in the 2.2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays, respectively. The toxicity test reveals an LD50 greater than 2500 mg kg-1 of body weight of mice which classifies it within category 5 of non-toxic substances that can be administered orally. These results suggest that the essential oil of Thymus leptobotrys Murb is not toxic, and it represents a valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolites.

Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Phenolic-Rich Extract from Nopalea cochenillifera (Cactaceae): A Preclinical Study on the Prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Phenolic compounds have been scientifically recognized as beneficial to intestinal health. The cactus Nopalea cochenillifera, used as anti-inflammatory in traditional medicine, is a rich source of these bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile of N. cochenillifera extract and evaluate its acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect on 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in rats. The total phenolic content per gram of dry extract was 67.85 mg. Through HPLC-IES-MSn, a total of 25 compounds such as saccharides, organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were characterized. The dose of 2000 mg/kg of extract by an oral route showed no signs of toxicity, mortality or significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters. Regarding intestinal anti-inflammatory effects, animals were treated with three different doses of extract or sulfasalazine. Macroscopic analysis of the colon indicated that the extract decreased the disease activity index. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α decreased, IL-10 increased and MDA and MPO enzyme levels decreased when compared with the control group. In addition, a down-regulation of MAPK1/ERK2 and NF-κB p65 pathway markers in colon tissue was observed. The epithelial integrity was improved according to histopathological and immunohistological analysis. Thus, the extract provided strong preclinical evidence of being effective in maintaining the remission of colitis.

Rubiadin exerts an acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect in rodents

Rubiadin is identified as a bioactive anthraquinone that exists in some quinone rich plants. The current research was carried out to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Rubiadin in acute and chronic inflammation test models in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin was examined in cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced edema as chronic and acute inflammation models in rats. TNF-α level and histopathological changes were assessed using sampled foot tissue of rat in the acute model. Also, the IL-1β level was assessed in the chronic model. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey's) analysis was used for comparing the groups. Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a significant reduction in TNF α level and the paw edema compared to the control group in carrageenan test. Also, it was observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Rubiadin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) is comparable to mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as the standard drug. Rubiadin was effective in granuloma induced by cotton pellet concerning the granuloma and transudate formation amount. Rubiadin's anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a significant IL-1β decrease in this model. The results suggest that Rubiadin as a natural compound can possess significant peripheral anti-inflammatory impacts.