Self-actualization Research Articles

A Study of Domestic Aspects of the Confessional Poetry in Robert Lowell's Life Studies

AbstractRobert Lowell, the iconic American Poet, moves with his Confessional poetry, notably the poetic volume Life Studies (1959) from the “raw” to the “cooked”. Confessional poetry is a literary genre of the expression of personality. It is where the art of poetry is similar to the art of confession and the inclination of poetry to move toward the too personal. The personal life of the poet under the dilemma of psychological crisis, sex, family life, humiliation and mental and psychological state of mind moves to the forefront of the poem. Personal pain, experiences, trauma, depression, psychological break-down and the private relationships articulated through a new kind of free verse and mode of expression. Humanistic Psychology as a therapeutic and a person-centered theory acts both as a means of self-analysis and as a literacy device. It enables consideration of the poet’s self and how this self feels irritated for being only an actual self, try to move from the actual to the ideal self until it successfully reaches self-assertion and self-actualization in relation to his/her poetic language and the process of creativity. Hence, in order to study the confessional poetry, domestic aspects and the consequences of their psychoanalytic literary approach objectively play a significant role.

The Psychological and Cognitive Processes Underlying College Students’ Demotivation to Learn English

This study aims to construct a model to explain Chinese college students’ psychological and cognitive processes underlying their demotivation to learn English. Grounded theory method and cognitive maps were creatively combined to analyze the interview data from 21 college students in China’s universities. This study found three paths underlying students’ demotivation to learn English: 1) the large discrepancy between students’ actual selves and their possible selves might firstly produce motivation for a short period but then could cause low self-efficacy and negative affects. The large discrepancies might also directly generate negative affects among college students; those different negative affects could lead to demotivation of English learning. 2) college students’ low ought-to selves could cause their low ideal selves and then demotivation of English learning; 3) demotivation to learn English might also associate with low value of English learning in college students’ minds. At the end of this research, some pedagogical implications are given based on those findings.

"We could see our real selves:" The COVID-19 syndemic and the transition to telehealth for a school-based prevention program for newcomer Latinx immigrant youth.

Newcomer Latinx immigrant youths in the United States are currently in a syndemic of increased risk of behavioral health concerns, disparities in access to related services, and are disproportionately impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study used qualitative inquiry to examine the impact that the transition to telehealth had on a school‐based group prevention program for immigrant youth, Fuerte, within the context of this syndemic. Data included semi‐structured interviews with group leaders, and focus groups with youth program participants. Themes indicated both positive and negative impacts of the transition to telehealth on program component implementation, youth participant engagement, and youth participant social connectedness. Despite the telehealth model, youth participants reported that they felt socially connected to each other through the program. This study's results provide implications for the potential value and drawbacks of a telehealth prevention model for newcomer immigrant youth, as well as deepening understanding of how virtual behavioral health programs may operate in socially isolating contexts around the world.

Cross-Cultural Instruction, Consciousness Raising, and Inviting Heightened Self-Esteem

It is beyond debate that one’s culture plays a significant role in the self-evaluative process.However, each particular culture uses different measurements to determine who will becrowned with respectability and who will not. The wider the gulf between the actual self andthe culturally influenced ought self, the greater the chances are that one will experience a selfconceptdominated by the negative. Deep cultural instruction in both the classroom and incounseling has the potential to assist one in recognizing that his or her self-esteem may be culture-bound. This realization has the potential to assist one in recognizing cultural irrationalityand ameliorating culturally created personal assumptions that do not contribute to a happy andpositive life.

Narrowing ideal self-discrepancy: the roles of organizational career management and protean career orientation

PurposeThis study investigated the joint impact of organizational and individual career management on employees' ideal self-discrepancy. Drawing on the identity literature, the authors aimed to uncover the mechanism and boundary condition of this impact, focusing on how organizations influence ideal and actual selves of employees with different protean career orientation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a four-wave time-lagged study over eight months, with a sample of 331 employees from various organizations.FindingsPerceived organizational career management negatively influenced ideal self-discrepancy via organizational identification, and such relationship was strengthened by protean career orientation. Employees with stronger protean career orientation saw a stronger moderating effect of individual career management on the relationship between organizational identification and ideal self-discrepancy, whereas their counterparts saw an opposite effect.Practical implicationsThis study highlighted the essential role of organization in narrowing employees' ideal self-discrepancy in the protean career era. It suggested that organizations should set differentiated career practices depending on employees' protean career orientation levels.Originality/valueBy integrating vocational psychology and organizational scholarship, this study extended the ideal self-discrepancy literature by offering a nuanced understanding of the mechanism and boundary condition of the role of organizational career management in narrowing ideal self-discrepancy in the protean career era. It identified the joint efforts of organization and employee as a fascinating avenue for future studies.

On Becoming a Person: Perspectives from Carl Rogers, Huineng, Wang Yangming, and Ken Wilber

Abstract On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy published in 1961 is believed to be the most well-known book written by Carl Rogers, the quintessential humanistic psychologist and psychotherapist. Chapter 6 seems to represent the core of this book: What It Means to Become a Person? To this seminal question, Rogers gives a four-fold answer: A person who has become himself demonstrates the following qualities: openness to experience, trust in one’s own organism, an internal locus of evaluation, and willingness to be a process. Much of Rogers’ conception of a person who has emerged from therapy and become himself sounds familiar to Chinese readers who know Huineng, the real founder of Chan Buddhism in the eighth century China and Wang Yangming, a neo-Confucian philosopher in the 15th and 16th century China. This paper will try to present a brief comparative study of the concept and performance of a highly functional person who has become himself from the standpoint of Rogers, Huineng, Wang and Wilber. We will focus the discussion on two fundamental questions: What does it mean to become oneself (Who am I)? How do we actualize ourselves? After counseling tens of thousands of clients over a couple of decades, Carl Rogers (1902–1987) summarized as a psychotherapist that the various problems of his clients boil down to one search, “‘Who am I, really? How can I get in touch with this real self, underlying all my surface behavior? How can I become myself?” (Rogers, 2020, p. 108). From this Rogers extrapolates that the purpose of education, like counseling and psychotherapy, is to provide facility to allow students to become themselves. Like the client-centered therapy, which later is renamed as person-centered therapy (Rogers, 1980), the method in education is the student-centered approach (Rogers, 1951, 1961/2020). In the following I will elucidate the views and practices of Rogers, Huineng and Wang around the two questions: Who am I? How could I become myself?

‘I don’t think my torso is anything to write home about’: men’s reflexive production of ‘authentic’ photos for online dating platforms

ABSTRACT This paper explores men’s use of dating apps with an emergent body image focus, addressing cisgender, heterosexual men’s feelings about dating app profile pictures. Drawing from interviews with 15 cisgender, heterosexual men residing in Australia about their use of dating applications including Tinder, Hinge, and Bumble, this paper examines how cisgender, heterosexual men construct their dating app profile pictures, and the decisions they make about the content of images they use for dating profile pictures. Utilizing concepts of self-presentation, authenticity, and bodily reflexive practices, this paper argues that the men in the study are attempting to present authentic and real selves in a dating world, while being confronted by concerns regarding body image and perceptions of ideal bodies. They also demonstrate conflicting desires to appear more muscular, fit, and athletic while not presenting as vain or narcissistic. In the process of creating profiles, these men develop a sense of self drawing on understandings of masculinity and specifically notions of idealized male bodies, which simultaneously run counter to the very authentic images of the self they seek to present.

The relationship between the characteristics of Ethnic Identity and Psychosemantic Characteristics of Experiencing (‘Perezhivanie’) Interethnic Relations of Palestinian Muslims in the multinational Levant Region

This paper presents the results of analyzing the psychological patterns of the development of ethnic identity and interethnic relations in the multinational Levant Region, where interethnic confrontation between Palestinians and Israelis has been noted in recent years. The main aim of the research is to reveal the relationship between the characteristics of Ethnic Identity and the Experience (“perezhivanie”) of Interethnic Relations of Palestinian Muslims in the multicultural Levant Region. In the process of investigating into ethnic self-awareness the authors used the Leary Test, the Semantic Diff erential of “Perezhivanie” ‘Experiencing’ Questionnaire by L.R. Fakhrutdinova aimed at studying the psychosemantic characteristics of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’. The research has displayed that Ethnic Identity is a self-developing phenomenon, basically infl uenced by both the infrastructural relations and positions of ethnic self-awareness, and the processes associated with the relations of ethnic self-awareness with the external environment, with other ethnic groups. The most active points of development have been identifi ed. So, in intrastructural relations, they are active as ratios of I-real and I-mirror with a stronger position of I-ideal, since practically all dimensions of I-real and I-ideal (dominance, egoism, suspicion, etc.) have shown signifi cant diff erences that testify to the points and directions of development of ethnic self-awareness; positions in the relationship between the real self and the mirror self also exerted an active infl uence. The points of confl ict of the structures of ethnic self-consciousness were found, where, when the points of development coincided, the direction of development was diff erent. Thus, suspicion, obedience, dependence, friendliness, integrative indicators of dominance and friendliness have shown themselves to be confl ict points refl ecting confl ict zones between the infl uence of an external ethnic group (mirror self) and self-development processes manifested through the ideal self. In the situation of relations with the external environment, the most active was shown by the self-mirror, which infl uences the development of the subjectivity of the ethnic group through the components of the experience of the Palestinian-Israeli crisis. The infl uence of the real self on the characteristics of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’ of the PalestinianIsraeli crisis was also manifested, and therefore, through the components of the “perezhivanie” ‘experiencing’ of this impression on the development of the self-awareness of the ethnic group.

EXAMINING THE PHENOMENON OF BRAND HATE TOWARDS TRADITIONAL FOODS IN INDONESIA AMONG YOUNG GENERATION

The negative relationship between consumers and brands in this case brand hate is an interesting topic to research and needs to be investigated further. This study aims to examine the relationship between actual self, ideal self, symbolic incongruity to brand hate traditional foods in Indonesia. It also aims to explain the role of gender in moderating the relationship between these variables. This study used a quantitative method, in which consumers’ restaurant traditional in Surakarta were surveyed in an online questionnaire. The sample used for analysis in the study consisted of 152 respondents. The Multi Group Structural Equation Model was used to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that actual self has a significantly negative effect on symbolic incongruity. Ideal self has a significantly positive effect symbolic incongruity. Symbolic incongruity has a significant and positive effect on brand hate. Moreover, gender significantly moderates these impacts. Finally, this study explains the implications associated with theoretical aspects and practical aspects, and also points out the limitations of this study as opportunities for further research.

Escape from WeChat: Expression and Exposure of Social Identity in the Internet Context

With the development of Internet technology, the boundaries between the virtual world and the real world have become so blurred that we have gradually become accustomed to socialising in the cyberspace of physical absence, between active and passive. And in social interaction, social identity is the first prerequisite for our social interaction. But it is important to note that in current online interactions, social identities are not set in stone. In different social platforms, we choose different social identities to socialise with and treat them as our real selves. We portray our desired identities in different scripts, replacing reality with the virtual. Many social identities bring many social pleasures, but it is important to note that this pleasure is shallow and to some extent even disorienting. Therefore, this paper will further explore and interpret the expression of multiple identities under the Internet on the basis of clarifying the logical mechanism behind the multiple social identities.

Bondage and freedom: A comparative study of ancient indian scriptures and ancient Chinese Taoism Scriptures

Freedom has been the eternal theme of human pursuit since ancient times. Freedom is always related to bondage, it is difficult to only talk about freedom without bondage. These two concepts are extremely important in Eastern philosophy and relevant to the modern thinking of India and China. The concepts of bondage and freedom in ancient India and ancient China are derived from their respective cultures; the striking similarity of both sides is the starting point of this paper. Pursuit of freedom is the eternal theme in all Upanishads and Zhuangzi, the means to attain ultimate freedom is to understand the real self. The ancient scriptures explained bondage and freedom in their ways. The Upanishads and Zhuangzi share the same desire for freedom, which refers to the realm of spiritual freedom. They all seek an absolute reality, and there is no difference in essence between the knowledge of the Brahman and the self, and the knowledge of the Tao and I is the same. One is bound because one does not know the ultimate reality. To obtain the ultimate reality is to obtain the highest freedom. This article tries to trace back to the source of ancient Indian scriptures and early Taoism scriptures, from the start point of the origin of bondage and freedom, the cause of bondage, the solution of bondage, and the result, and to analyze the similarities and differences of the two important concepts “bondage” and “freedom” in both traditions.

Unlucky on Twin Earth

This paper proposes that there is a kind of moral luck that hasn’t been recognized in the philosophical literature: luck in the ‘wide’ contents of one’s concepts. We will treat moral luck as occurring when an agent is morally responsible for X—when X is a matter of luck for that agent. If moral luck is possible and content externalism is true, then there is a heretofore unrecognized kind of moral luck. We call it “conceptual moral luck.” This new kind of moral luck poses significant problems for two major theories of morally responsible agency, Agent-Causal Libertarianism and the Real Self View.

COVID-19 pandemic and its influence: Case study in North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India

COVID-19 pandemic will be the most dreaded public health challenge world has ever faced and health-care workers play a crucial role in combating it, risking their own lives. Health workers serving COVID faced discrimination. Many new set up like COVID-19 screening clinics with complete new set of rules and logistics were set up. In North Bengal Medical College (NBMCH), it was functional round the clock since its inception. Our case that was a chronic smoker, alcoholic, and had records of defiant behavior was posted as a guard here. The anguish and pan of the patients attending, an increased job responsibility thrust on him along with the dependence of patients on his behavior brought about a change. Witnessing able tireless fearless leaderships from major wards, supportive supervision, empathy, and regular counseling sessions are thought to herald the positive behavioral change in him. The role of self-actualization theories and adoption of behaviors with effective health communications and theories of ergonomics were reinstated. Using health belief models, a deep understanding of the preventive behaviors was tried.

Narasi Perempuan melalui Tato

This research examines how women voice their narratives through tattoos by studying the experiences of seven tattooed women. Using the in-depth interview method, this research presents the narratives of these tattooed women in relation to their tattoos. Such narratives seem to be strongly intertwined with their life stories. The body is a medium in which a person can place certain markers to achieve certain purposes. As Butler theorizes, what the body displays is not the real self, but only an appearance according to the assumed or chosen role. In addition, according to Cixous, tattooing can be considered as a form of writing and appropriation of expression for women who are far removed from traditional forms of language as a medium of communication which often serves patriarchic interests. As such, tattoos differ from symbols that outsiders can simply read. Women have their own process of choosing the permanent mode of writing on their bodies, and to understand that, we need to listen to the their narratives. When referring to the process and life story of women, tattoos also contain a narrative that is full of women's specific life experiences.

Children's risk and benefit behaviours on social networking sites

Despite the age restrictions of social networking sites (SNS) averaging age 13 years, younger children are engaging with these sites (Ofcom, 2019). Research has shown that SNS use exposes the user to many risks, such as cyberbullying and lower self-esteem. Alternatively, SNS use can enhance social capital (maintenance formation of friendships). Current literature has considered these mostly within adolescent and adult samples. This study aims to investigate the extent to which children's behaviours on SNS predict risk and benefit outcomes. Within a sample size of 883, 351 children (aged 7-to-12 years) identified accessing SNS; these children completed an online survey measuring online self-disclosure, self-presentation, digital literacy skills, social capital, experiences of cyberbullying and self-esteem. Findings demonstrate that self-disclosure behaviours are associated with bridging social capital and that presentation of the real self is associated with the benefits of both bonding and bridging social capital. In terms of risk outcomes, self-disclosure behaviours are associated with cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation. These findings highlight that 7- to 12-year-olds are accessing SNS and that their behaviours online are associated with both risky and beneficial outcomes. Importantly, parents, teachers and policymakers should consider the benefits of SNS use, as well as the risks, in order to foster children's digital engagement.

An integrated model of congruence and credibility in celebrity endorsement

Based on psychological theories of associative learning and self-concept, this study proposes an integrated conceptual framework of dual-path relationships between two types of congruence (product-celebrity congruence vs. self-celebrity congruence) and two dimensions of source credibility (endorser expertise vs. endorser trustworthiness), and their impact on advertising effectiveness in celebrity endorsement. Path analysis using data from college students (N = 273) in the U.S. supports the proposed dual-path relationships in the model. First, perceived endorser expertise (EE) mediates the effects of product-celebrity congruence (PCC) on attitude toward the ad (Aad). Furthermore, Aad mediates the effect of PCC on attitude toward the brand (Ab). Second, perceived endorser trustworthiness (ET) mediates the effects of self-celebrity congruence (SCC) on Aad. Furthermore, Aad mediates the effect of SCC on Ab. The new framework contributes to celebrity endorsement literature by integrating two congruence factors and two source credibility dimensions into one model, and by uncovering the serial mediation relationships between these factors and attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand. In addition, this study focuses on the effects of congruence between actual self and celebrity for low-risk functional products, extending previous research that has focused on the congruence between ideal self and celebrity for symbolic products. The study findings have practical implications on celebrity selection and message framing according to advertisers' positioning strategies.

Study of the Self and the World's Response Patterns in Yun Dong-ju's Poem - Focusing on the expression method according to the times -

이 연구는 윤동주의 시를 현실의 자아와 도덕적 자아, 시적 자아 사이의 대결과 타협의 과정으로 살펴보고 대결과 타협 사이에 존재하는 윤동주의 일제에 대한 저항 의식을 대해 밝혀 보고자 한다. 윤동주의 생애를 보면 친구이자 가족이었던 송몽규와의 관계에서 좌절과 고뇌를 느꼈을 것이며, 그를 통해 시대를 더욱 면밀히, 치열하게 인식했을 가능성을 간과할 수 없다. 특히 숭실학교 전학과정과 동경 제대 입학과정에서의 좌절은 윤동주의 현실인식과 자아인식에 지대한 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 보인다. 윤동주의 시작 활동시기가 10여년을 시의 변화 양상을 바탕으로 1934년~1936년까지의 현실을 인식하는 시기, 1937년~1942년까지의 시기로 현실에 대한 인식이 확대되고 자신의 내면 의식이 시에 견고하게 나타나기 시작하는 습유기(拾遺期), 마지막 시인 「쉽게 씌어진 시」에 나타난 자기 긍정의 시기로 나누었다. 일제 치하의 어두운 현실을 인식하고 그 현실에 맞서 대항하는 내면의 고백과 나아가 순결하고 고결한 내면적 자아를 찾고 지키고자 노력했던 윤동주의 시를 자아 성찰의 과정으로 분석해 보고자 한다.The study examines Yun Dong-ju s poetry as a process of confrontation and compromise between the real self, the moral self, and the poetic self, and explores the sense of resistance to Yun Dong-ju s Japanese colonialism that exists between confrontation and compromise. Looking at Yoon Dong-ju s life, he must have felt frustrated and agonized in his relationship with Song Mong-kyu, a friend and family member, and the possibility of recognizing the era more closely and intensely through him cannot be overlooked. In particular, the frustration during the transfer and admission process of Dong-Economy University at Soongsil School seems to have had a significant impact on Yoon Dong-ju s perception of reality and self-awareness. Yun Dong-ju s starting activities were divided into a period of recognition of reality from 1934 to 1936, a period from 1937 to 1942, and a period of compromise with himself in the last poem, Easy Written Poetry. Recognizing the dark reality under the Imperialism of Japan and trying to find and protect the inner confession against the reality, Yun Dong-ju s poem, which is necessary for this era, will be read again as a process of self-searching.

The real self revisited: From impulse to institution

A preoccupation with a search for the authentic self has become widespread for individuals living in contemporary Western societies since the 1970s. Because academic consensus had been reached regarding the university student population anchoring their experiences of authenticity in a personal ( impulsive or subconsensual) sense of identity in the last 35 years, the sociological-empirical study of the real self among students has been abandoned as a discipline for about the last 20 years. This article shows that this should not be the case any longer. I found that students’ meanings of authenticity are predominantly constructed within their social ( institutional or consensual) roles. I present data from a survey conducted with 138 respondents from a university in Victoria, Australia, in 2013, and compare it with sociologist Ralph Turner's ground-breaking research on the same topic. I explain these findings through generational and cultural change reasons related to millennials’ Web 2.0 technology use.

The immediate and delayed impact of multitasking on well‐being: An experience sampling study

There are increasing concerns about the impacts of multitasking on well-being. The study is among the first to examine the question using real-life daily experience sampling method. It examines two types of well-being: immediate emotional well-being (negative and positive emotions in the moment) and longer-term, delayed well-being (perceived satisfaction and meaningfulness at the end of the day), along with the motivation to multitask (to fulfill the potential vs. the actual self). A total of 65 young adults provided three reports of their multitasking behaviors and well-being measures each day for 21 days. Results indicated that multitasking motivated by the potential self was associated with immediate negative emotions, whereas that motivated by the actual self was related to immediate positive emotions. In addition, multitasking to fulfill the actual self was associated with a decrease of positive emotions toward the main tasks. At the end of the day, however, multitasking activities did not have a significant contribution to longer-term satisfaction or meaningfulness.

Online Star vs. Celebrity Endorsements: The Role of Self-Concept and Advertising Appeal in Influencing Purchase Intention.

Despite the fact that companies increasingly value online star endorsements as Internet celebrity economy booms, scientific knowledge on the effect of online star endorsements on consumers’ purchase intention is limited. Based on the theories of self and construal level theory, this study investigates the impact of online star vs. celebrity endorsements on purchase intention and explores the underlying mechanism as well as boundary conditions. The results of four studies reveal the following: (1) Compared with no endorsement, both celebrity endorsements and online star endorsements lead to increases in consumers’ purchase intention, with no significant difference between the two. (2) Self-concept mediates these relationships; specifically, celebrity and online star endorsements activate the ideal and actual self respectively, and enhance consumers’ willingness to purchase. (3) The effect of endorsements on consumers’ purchase intention is moderated by advertising appeals. That is, celebrity endorsements enhance purchase intention when consumers are exposed to symbolic appeals in advertisements, and online star endorsements enhance purchase intention when it is matched with functional advertising appeals.