Actual Vegetation Map Research Articles

울산 무제치 습원의 식생: 현존식생도와 오리나무 개체군

중간습원 무제치 습원의 현존식생도와 오리나무 개체군의 공간적 분포양식을 규명하였으며, 그 보존을 위한 생태학적 정보를 발굴하였다. 자늪과 웅늪의 1:100 실측지형도 상에서 총3,036개의 격자(5m <TEX>$\times$</TEX> 5m)를 이용하여 1996년 상세 현장조사가 이루어졌다. 현존식생도는 쇠털골형, 진퍼리새형, 오리나무형, 억새형, 삼림형 그리고 개방나지 등의 6 가지 식생범례로 제작되었으며, 습원 고유의 진퍼리새형과 비고유의 억새형이 가장 넓은 면적을 차지하고 있었다. 오리나무 1,491개체에 대한 매목조사와 티센망도(thiessen polygons) 분석으로부터 오리나무 개체군의 발달은 습원의 훼손(토사 및 산화 등)으로부터 매우 급속히 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 웅늪은 자늪에 비하여 보다 온전한 구조로 유지되고 있는 중간습원으로 평가되었으나, 자늪과 웅늪 모두 다년생 목본 식물종에 의한 산지 참나무림과 오리나무 우점의 산지 습생림의 발달에 의한 진퍼리새군강으로 대표되는 중간습원의 입지환경 변화와 그 소멸이 급격히 진행되고 있었다. 결국 진퍼리새군강의 중간습원 보존은 임도와 산불에 따른 토양의 부영양화에 대한 응급조치가 필요함이 지적되었다. Actual vegetation map drown with the scale 1 to 100 and Alnus japonica population in Ja-neup and Woong-neup of the Mujechi moor were described in order to monitor long-termly and preserve permanently, where is a very rare Molinietea moor and a legally protected area. A total of 3036 plots of 5m <TEX>$\times$</TEX> 5m were surveyed during summer 1996. Thiessen polygons of 1491 alder trees were derived from the plot data. Actual vegetation map was illustrated by 6 cover types such as needle spike-rush type, moor-grass type, alder-moor type, eulalia type, oak forest type, and exposed site. Molinia grasses native to the moor and Miscanthus grasses alien to the moor are reciprocally dominant. The area of Molinia grasslands was rapidly in decline and alder population size was dramatically in increase in the moor, particularly in Woong-neup. In Molinietea moor preservation more attention should be focused on the regulation of a nutrient rich soil from forest road and fire.

多時期植生図の解析による河道内植生の変遷に関する考察

It is quite important to develop efficient methods of environmental survey, evaluation and estimation for river ecosystem management. Actual vegetation map has been commonly used as an information source of river environment. However, it is difficult to understand vegetation transition processes using only one vegetation map at a period of time because riverine vegetation alternates continually in a dynamic river ecosystem. A vegetation map database was developed with maps at 6 different times using Geographical Information System (GIS). The vegetation classification legend of 62 classes were consolidated into 7 vegetation/cover classes based on flood disturbance. Cross tabulation analyses were performed on temporal continuous two vegetation maps. The vegetation/cover classes were changed at more than four out of ten study area in each maps. Cluster analysis was performed using reference index which indicates the degree of flood disturbance. Classification result suggested that there were 6 types of vegetation transition and these types were mapped using GIS. These results suggest that multi-temporal vegetation maps were useful for understanding vegetation transition and trend in a river ecosystem.

토지의 훼손 잠재성에 대한 신속한 생태평가기법

군락분류학에 기초한 현존식생도를 이용하여 토지에 대한 생태적 안전성 또는 위약성을 평가하는 '잠재인간간섭도' 평가기법을 개발하였다. 4개 범주(삼림지역, 개방수역-호소와 하천, 경작지 면적, 주택-도시화의 인공 면적)에 따라 입지도에 대한 직접평가 및 간접평가로부터 격자법과 등고선법에 의한 '잠재인간간섭도(潛在人間干涉圖)를 제작하였다. 이것을 토대로 토지의 훼손 잠재성을 평가하는 '교란핵구역'과 '위약(危弱)세포구역'을 규정하고, 토지 관리를 위한 생태적 접근을 시도하였다. 사례연구로 973개의 격자(500 m×500 m)로 이루어진 부산광역시 기장군 일대의 현존식생도 상에서 이루어졌다. 사례연구 지역 내에서 '교란핵구역'은 51군데이며 '위약세포구역'은 28군데로써 대상 면적의 약 8.1%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 식생학적 현존식 생도를 이용한 '교란핵구역'과 '위약세포구역'을 발굴하는 잠재인간간섭도는 토지 이용과 보존에 관한 생태학적 전략 구축에 있어서 구체적인 현장적 입지진단 정보를 제공하는 유효수단인 것으로 밝혀졌다. In order to determine the degree of anthropogenic disturbance potentiality (ADP) of the area a rapid ecoassessment technique was developed on the basis of actual vegetation map. ADP degree of relevant unit cell was computed by using four criteria of land use patterns such as forested area, open water and stream, agricultural area, and urbanized area. Ultimate ADP degree of each cell was obtained by means of direct and indirect computation process. Finally the map of ADP was drawn and analyzed. Vulnerable cell and disturbance nuclei were determined according to disturbance vector which is a kind of potential disturbance pressure of relevant cell influenced by surrounding cell. A case study was accomplished in the Gijang area of Pusan metropolitan city. 973 meshes (500m×500m) were analyzed and a total of 79 meshes were currently threatened. Present technique of rapid ecoassessment was practically useful for diagnosing and planning land use.

거제 서이말등대 주변의 식생

본 조사지역은 행정상 거제시 일운면 와현리 남단 서이말등대가 위치한 해발 228.4 m고지 일대로서 2001년 8월 1일부터 2002년 7월 30일 까지 1년동안 6회에 걸쳐 식생과 식물상을 조사하여 현존식 생도와 군락조성표를 작성하였다. 본 조사지역에는 미국자리공, 주홍서나물, 별꽃아재비등 27종류의 귀화식물과 동백나무, 우묵사스레피, 메밀잣밤나무 등 30종류의 상록활엽수가 자생하였다. 식물군락은 동백나무군락, 모밀잣밤나무군락, 참식나무군락, 졸참나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 소사나무군락, 때죽나무관락, 곰솔군락, 상수리나무군락, 느티나무군락, 생달나무군락 등 총 11개 군락으로 나타났다. 전반적으로 천이의 거의 최종단계에 이르는 매우 양호한 상록활엽수림이 보존된 지역으로서 백서향, 갯취, 개족도리, 보춘화, 죽절초 등의 자생은 학술적, 자원적 가치가 높게 인정된다. The vegetation of Seoimal-lighthouse area was investigated from August, 2001 to July, 2002. In order to analyze the vegetation of this area, synthesis table, actual vegetation map were prepared. The main community structures of this area represent evergreen broad-leaf community(about 48%), which are very good condition(nearly last sere) to preserve and 11communities(Camellia japonica community, Castanopsis cuspidnta var. thunbergii community, Neolitsea sericea community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus corenna community, Srtrax japonica community, Pinus thunbergii community, Quercus acutissima community, Zelkova serrata community, Cinnamimum japonicum community) were classified by vegetation type. And Daphne kiusiana, Asirum maculatum, Cymbidium goeringii, Chloranthus glaber, Ligularia taguetii should be worthwhile species to conserve in this area.

SPATIOTEMPORAL PREDICTIVE MODELS OF MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION DYNAMICS

Empirical modeling of vegetation dynamics can be used for predictive pur- poses. The goal of the present study is to construct and evaluate possible approaches for empirical modeling of vegetation dynamics, and to investigate their potential use in planning and management. An empirical model of mediterranean vegetation dynamics was constructed using a case study of vegetation change in an area in the Galilee mountains, northern Israel, between 1964 and 1992. Present vegetation in any location was modeled as a function of past vegetation and environmental factors (e.g., topography and various disturbances); future vegetation was then modeled as a function of current vegetation and effects of environmental factors. In order to assess model performance, we compared the actual vegetation map with maps representing model realizations for the study area and for an external validation area. Three types of measures were used to compare the predicted and actual vegetation maps: overall vegetation composition, pattern indices, and cell-by-cell match. We compared the performance of logistic vs. linear models and of stochastic vs. deterministic realizations of a logistic model. Our results indicate that landscape-scale vegetation dynamics can be fairly well modeled using a few biologically important variables. The logistic and linear models had similar performance, in spite of the reduced information on which the logistic models were based. The use of only a 4% sample of the database resulted in a negligible reduction in model performance. Model performance was reduced, but was still fair, when applied to an external area. The merits and limitations of this modeling approach are discussed in comparison with other approaches for modeling vegetation dynamics.

Special Paper: A Global Vegetation Model Based on the Climatological Approach of Budyko

A global vegetation model based on the climato- logical approach of Budyko is developed. The major vege- tation zones of the world are predicted by a two- dimensional ordination of a Dryness Index and Potential Evaporation, which is derived from radiation balance. Mean temperature of the warmest month is also used to separate the Ice/Polar Desert, Tundra, and Taiga zones. Pre- dictions of vegetation distributions are made using a global climate database interpolated to a 0.5? by 0.5? terrestrial grid. The overall impression from examining the resulting global vegetation map is that the modified Budyko model predicts the location and distribution of the world's vegeta- tion fairly well. Comparison between model predictions and Olson's actual vegetation map were based on Kappa statistics and indicate good agreement for Ice/Polar Desert, Tundra, Taiga, and Desert (even though we predict too much Desert). Agreement with Olson's map was fair for predicting the specific location of Tropical Rain Forest and Tropical Savannas, and was good for predicting their general location at a larger scale. Agreement between Olson's map and model predictions were poor for Steppe, Temperate Forest, Tropical Seasonal Forest, and Xerophy- tic Shrubs, although the predictions for Temperate Forest and Tropical Seasonal Forest improved to fair at a larger scale for judging agreement. Agreement with the baseline map of Olson was poor for Steppe and Xerophytic Shrubs at all scales of comparison. Based on Kappa statistics, overall agreement between model predictions and Olson's map is between fair and good, depending on the scale of comparison. The model performed well in comparison to other global vegetation models. Apparently the calculation of radiation balance and the resulting Dryness Index and Potential Evaporation provides important information for predicting the distribution of the major vegetation zones of the world.