Actual Text Research Articles

Thomas Elyot and the Translation of Galen

Abstract Galen’s reception in Renaissance literature is usually studied as the reception of Galenic anatomy or humoral physiology, rather than the reception of actual texts that Galen wrote. Revising that orthodoxy, this article analyses fragmentary vernacular translations from Galen’s works by Thomas Elyot, many of which are filtered through intermediary Latin translations by Thomas Linacre. This approach foregrounds the often highly literary nature of Galen’s treatises, as well as the extent to which Elyot responds to Galen with a concern for style as well as content. The results contribute to scholarship on Greek translation in sixteenth-century England, which to date has neglected scientific works. New conclusions are also reached about the scale and nature of Linacre’s early Tudor reception. Ultimately, Elyot’s Galen translations shed new light on the burgeoning status of English as a classically validated language in the sixteenth century, and offer a case study in the value of linking medical humanities with scholarship in translation studies and classical reception.

Содомський дискурс у біблійній, сковородинській та воєнній харківській інтерпретації

The Sodom discourse takes its cue from the biblical story of the destruction of the city of Sodom due to the fall of its inhabitants. The angel warned only the righteous Lot’s family. Leaving the city, Lot’s wife looked back and turned to the pillar of salt for disobedience. The biblical story about the destruction of the city of Sodom, the rescue of the righteous Lot and the transformation of his wife into a pillar of salt is told in Hryhoriy Skovoroda’s treatise “Booklet on Reading the Holy Scriptures”, “Lot’s wife is named”. The exegete advises perceiving the biblical story of Lot and his wife purely as an allegorical picture of God’s wisdom on the way to the salvation of mankind, which proves once again that as an alternative to the traditional four-sense biblical hermeneutics, Hryhoriy Skovoroda saw a comprehensive allegory of the Holy Scriptures, within which the discourse of Sodom is built. The Sodom discourse has its continuation not in literary texts but in actual texts of life in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, but already with an opposite meaning to its biblical and Skovoroda’s message. The Russian occupiers, who have appropriated the functions of God and distorted the idea of the Absolute, the Truth, with their “fastidious” and cultural values of the imperial “russian world”, confusing the sinful with the righteous, with the help of their rockets, bombs, and shells, are erasing entire villages and towns from the face of the Ukrainian land, they kill both babies and the infirm old people just because they are Ukrainians, without caring about their fall into sin or righteousness...

Sex in the Summer-House

Janice Niemann, “Sex in the Summer-House: Setting in Victorian Pornography” (pp. 42–69) Despite scholarship on the history and publication of pornography, on laws surrounding Victorian pornography, and on pornography’s mutually informative relationship with nineteenth-century medical texts, actual Victorian pornographic texts remain relatively understudied. Taking up Lisa Sigel’s call to action that specific “motifs in nineteenth-century pornography deserve closer study,” and responding to previous scholars who have identified setting in Victorian pornography as largely inconsequential, I suggest that certain settings have significant literary impacts in Victorian pornography. Adopting the summer-house as a test case in three Victorian pornographic texts—The Romance of Lust (1873–76), Venus in India (1889), and Lovely Nights of Young Girls (c. 1895)—I investigate specific moments of sex in the summer-house, arguing that the liminality of summer-house settings facilitates character behavior and genre performance being pushed to their own liminal boundaries. Ultimately, I posit that the literary summer-house is a recognizable trope in Victorian pornography, and one that asks us to reexamine the impact of specific settings in the genre. Note: this paper discusses underage sex, incest, and rape.

Toward Gender Justice

AbstractThis article reflects on our experiences of facilitating the Bible studies for the Just Community of Women and Men pre‐assembly gathering to the 11th Assembly of the World Council of Churches in August–September 2022. Working with the text of Acts 8:26‐40, commonly known as the baptism of an Ethiopian eunuch, the article reflects critically on our own facilitation as well as participant feedback from the workshop. It begins with a description of how the Bible studies were planned and developed, based on an adaptation of the contextual Bible study method. Thereafter, it reflects on how participants brought three aspects of the eunuch's identity – gender, race, and religion – to bear on the multiple and intersecting challenges faith communities experience in their various local contexts. The participants’ insights and the facilitation of the Bible study revealed the ongoing importance of embodied and lived experiences in the process of biblical interpretation. This article contributes to the ongoing reflections on the pedagogical and transformative underpinnings of contextual Bible study as a method of faith engagement in diverse ecumenical contexts.

THE ROLE AND PLACE OF WRITING TASKS IN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT UNIVERSITY

The article reveals the importance of developing foreign language writing skills among future specialists at foreign language classes at university. The concept of writing and the tools and opportunities for its development have been revealed. It has been noted that the components of success in mastering writing skills and building written communication are vocabulary, grammar and experience. The connection between the mastery of writing skills and the quality of teaching a foreign language has been established. The article highlights the issue of a text implementation in several language layers: orthography, grammar and discourse. It has been stated that the nature of the text is controlled by context, which includes social purpose, specific audience, modality, etc. It has been noted that writing is a recursive process that includes cognitive processes: planning, preparation, actual text writing, task performance monitoring and evaluation. The article states that before completing a written task, a teacher should familiarize students with the features of writing in the corresponding foreign language; the teacher should show students several writing styles or writing examples to familiarize them with writing patterns and forms. It has been emphasized that writing is one of the means of overcoming the psychological barrier in the process of mastering a foreign language, and written tasks in a foreign language are aimed at activating the working memory of students and providing space for thinking and generating content. The article offers examples of tasks for the development of writing skills at foreign language classes: tasks related to personal and real life experience, a task to complete a description, a task related to one word, a task to use the given words and their derivatives, etc. Emphasis has been placed on the role and importance of creative writing as an effective method of developing writing skills, encouraging students to this type of language activity, developing vocabulary, grammar, and imagination. The role and place of evaluation in the process of performance of written tasks has been noted.

A Quantitative Analysis of Linguistic Complexities: A Case Study of English Textbooks of Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Islamabad, Pakistan

This study aims at exploring linguistic complexity of the English Text Books prescribed by the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Islamabad, Pakistan, for intermediate classes. For the last two decades, the concept of linguistic complexity has appealed interest of the linguists and other researchers to investigate this phenomenon. There are several factors that influence linguistic complexity to a tex. The importance of a text in the process of teaching and learning is beyond any doubt, and this significance enhances in the context of the third world countries where teaching and learning is considered almost impossible in absence of textbooks. In this environment selection of a textbook without gauging its linguistic complexity and grammatical intricacy is vulnerable. Two textbooks, Text- A, for first year class, and Text- B, for second year class, were chosen as samples purposefully. To build the edifice of this research Halliday and Ure’s lexical density and grammatical intricacy methods were used. The findings reveal that the actual text of Text- A falls in the slab of the more linguistic complexity with an index of 5.1 and Text- B which falls in the category of simple texts with an average index of 4.6, as Halliday and Ure’s methods suggest. This paper concludes with recommendations that text book writers and the textbook designers must familiar with th phenomenon of linguistic complexity and grammatical density and before prescribing any text to the ultimate learners, the textbook must be examined and evaluated to measure linguistic complexity

신약 고유명사의 새로운 표기법 제안 — 『개역개정』 사도행전의 인명과 지명을 중심으로 —

This paper reviewed proper names of people and places in NKRV and KCT as well as the most recently published the New Korean Translation The New Testament and Psalms (NKT NT&Ps), and transliterated the names in the original NTGSUP28/SUP text of Acts by the following below. The proposed new transcription follows the basic principles for foreign word transcription by the National Institute of Korean Language.BR In the consonant, that does not follow the method of the NKRV’s transcription from all the polisive as ‘ㅂ, ㄷ, ㄱ’, but the transcription of polisive ‘π, τ, κ,’ ‘ϕ, θ, χ’ into ‘ㅍ, ㅌ, ㅋ’, and the polisive ‘β, σ, γ’ into the aspirated sound ‘ㅂ, ㄷ, ㄱ’ instead of the fortis ‘ㅃ, ㄸ, ㄲ’. In the vowel, ‘u’ is written as ‘ㅟ’, but when ‘υ, ει, υι, οι’ is settled as ‘i’ and used for modern person and place names, it is written as ‘ㅣ’.BR The basic principle of foreign words transcription states the following: “The established usages of foreign words are respected, but the scope and usage are determined separately.” In this regard, proper names of people and place shall be established and indicated according to the following categories and guidelines. First, remove ‘-스’ that occurs in the final ending, but for the transliteration of the vowel in front of -s, follows the idiomatic use in the NKRV. Second, the names of Jesus, twelve disciples, and the other apostles and the titles of the four Gospels shall follow established transcriptions, but Greek names such as the name, it shall follow Greek. Fifth, the names of city or state formed during the Hellenistic period shall follow the transcription of Greek, reflecting the abbreviation and ‘i’ assimilation phenomenon. Sixth, cities where Latin names are preferred, such as capital cities of the Roman period, follow the transcription of Latin. seven Hellenistic Jews and names of the epistles shall be newly transliterated. Third, if the same person is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments, it shall be based on the Hebrew sound. But if the person has the same name, it shall follow the transcription of Greek while Roman officials and Latin names follow the transcription of Latin. Fourth, if the place name is the same as in the Old Testament, it shall be based on Hebrew, but if it is settled as a Greek place name, it shall follow Greek. Fifth, the names of city or state formed during the Hellenistic period shall follow the transcription of Greek, reflecting the abbreviation and ‘i’ assimilation phenomenon. Sixth, cities where Latin names are preferred, such as capital cities of the Roman period, follow the transcription of Latin.BR

Pattern making and pattern breaking

How do new ideas emerge in academic contexts and what forces determine which ideas get selected and which are forgotten? We analyze all papers presented at the ANPEC Brazilian Economics National Meetings from 2013 to 2019 using topic modeling and Kullback-Leibler divergence to measure novelty and resonance. In contrast to simply counting citations or reference combinations, these methods explore the Shannon information in the actual texts to detect the rise of new patterns and whether these patterns persist once they have been established. We find that novelty is highly correlated with transience so that most new ideas are quickly forgotten. However, of the ideas that persist, those that are more novel have higher impact. We show that our text-based measure of impact is correlated with subsequent citations.

HOW THE SUPREME COURT DISTORTED TEXT, IGNORED HISTORY, AND GASLIGHTED THE BOLD PROMISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 A Comcast Case Study

HOW THE SUPREME COURT DISTORTED TEXT, IGNORED HISTORY, AND GASLIGHTED THE BOLD PROMISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 A <i>Comcast</i> Case Study

Goethe and Candolle: National forms of scientific writing?

What role does nationality-or the image of a nation-play in how one thinks and receives scientific ideas? This paper investigates thecommonly held ideas about "German science" and "French science" in early nineteenth-century France. During the politically turbulent time, the seemingly independent scientific community found itself in a difficult position: first, between the cosmopolitan ideals of scientific community and the invasive political reality, and second, between the popularized image of national differences and the actual comparisons of international scientific ideas. The tension between multiple sets of fictions and realities underscores the fragility of the concept of nationality as a scientific measure. A case study comparingmorphological ideas, receptions in France, and the actual scientific texts of J. W. von Goetheand A. P. de Candolle further illustrates this fragility. Goethe and Candolle make an ideal comparative case because they were received in very different lights despite their similar concept of the plant type. Our sentence-classification and visualization methods are applied to their scientific texts, to compare the actual compositions and forms of the texts that purportedly represented German and French sciences. This paper concludes that there was a gap between what French readers assumed they read and what they really read, when it came to foreign scientific texts. The differences between Goethe's and Candolle's texts transcended the perceived national differences between German Romanticism and French Classicism.

Implementation of NLP based automatic text summarization using spacy

The amount of data on the Internet has increased exponentially over the past decade. Therefore, we need a solution that converts this massive amount of raw information into useful information that the human brain can understand. One such common technique in research that helps when dealing with large amounts of data is text summarization. Automatic summarization is a well-known approach to reduce documents to key ideas. This works by storing important information by creating a shortened version of the text. Text summaries are divided into extraction and abstraction methods. The extraction summary method minimizes the summarization burden by selecting a subset of relevant sentences from the actual text. There are many methods, but researchers specializing in natural language processing (NLP) are particularly attracted to the extraction method. The meaning of the sentence is calculated using linguistic and statistical features. In this work, extractive and abstract methods for summarizing texts were examined. This white paper uses a spacey algorithm to analyze the above methods, resulting in fewer iterations and a more focused summary.

Detection of fake news campaigns using graph convolutional networks

The detection of organised disinformation campaigns that spread fake news, by first camouflaging them as real ones is crucial in the battle against misinformation and disinformation in social media. This article presents a method for classifying the diffusion graphs of news formed in social media, by taking into account the profiles of the users that participate in the graph, the profiles of their social relations and the way the news spread, ignoring the actual text content of the news or the messages that spread it. This increases the robustness of the method and widens its applicability in different contexts. The results of this study show that the proposed method outperforms methods that rely on textual information only and provide a model that can be employed for detecting similar disinformation campaigns on different context in the same social medium.

On the Issue of the State of the Study of the narrative of Azdi Vazar (1395-1460)

The article discusses the abstract compiled by the Jordanian military and researcher – Abd-ul-Ghani Hassan al-Shiishani (1924-2001) – to the manuscript of the medieval theologian and preacher Azdi Wazar, kept in the archive of Sheikh Bahal Tolmirzi az-Zandaki (1784-1884). The text of the Arabic-language document was sent in 1990 by letter to the Chechen ethnographer and writer A. S. Suleymanov, stored in the manuscript fund of the museum of the same name. According to the contents of the document, Azdi Vazar (1395-1460) was born in the family of the Tatar officer Vazar Andarbi, studied in the countries of the East and visited Chechnya with a preaching purpose. The text lists forty-eight sub-ethnonyms, declared as a list of tribes known to Azdi Vazar at the time of his arrival in his homeland. A number of toponyms are given, as well as brief background information on the religious picture and geographical boundaries of the region. The document is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article is divided into three parts and represents the history of the document, the comments of the author of the publication regarding certain points from the annotation and the actual text of the translation of the annotation by A.-G. H. Ash-Shiyshani. Some points reflect additional information gleaned from his own (Al-Shiishani) Chechen-language translation of the Arabic annotation.

A Self-Investigation into Thai EFL Writing Instructors’ Perceptions toward Written Feedback on College Students’ Writing Essay Assignment

Although the behavior and impacts of instructor reflection in writing classes have been extensively studied over the past few decades, a significant proportion of the work has concentrated on students&amp;#39; attitudes and utilization of all such responses, as opposed to teachers&amp;#39; perspectives, self-assessments, and actual text comments given. Research findings on instructors&amp;#39; attitudes regarding students&amp;#39; written work are far from conclusive. This research gathered data from eight Thai-nationality writing instructors of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and one hundred and six Thai undergraduate students in order to assess teachers&amp;#39; attitudes toward written comments. In addition, the researcher analyzed instructors&amp;#39; self-evaluations of written feedback and the link between their self-evaluations and whether they even responded to EFL areas. The results revealed that these instructors&amp;#39; self-evaluations of the comments that they claimed they generally supplied and the genuine reflection they delivered on student writing were fairly consistent. The results also reveal that while marking writing drafts, these instructors were far more bothered with local issues, particularly grammatical, and this attention persisted throughout the amendments of the writing. Instructors&amp;#39; predilection for and reliance on grammatical accuracy in their comments may misguide students into prioritizing writing characteristics and then into believing that a zero-blunder essay is a competent and better-quality written work. Remarkably, despite the fact that instructors appeared to dwell on local problems for correction, all favorable comments on essays focused on global features. These instructors had little professional training in evaluating student written assignments, according to the findings of this research.&amp;nbsp;

Commentary on the Community of Christ Doctrine and Covenants

Commentary on the Community of Christ Doctrine and Covenants

Teaching practice based on philosophy: Self-reflection as axiology in the classroom

The actual text is the result of the application, analysis and gathering of data from an investigation work in master's degree in teaching intervention with the objective of taking an introspective look at educational work itself aiming at its own progressive improvement. It introduces the first planned intervention step, as well as the analysis of the work and intervention and the possible areas of improvement. In addition, it sustains and presents a philosophical analysis, while it develops as a steady reflexive work, put on the level with and based on an assertion and philosophical ultimate universally known, summed up, in Socrates pronounced quote, as it follows; “Know yourself”. It is thus stated that, through a teaching practice based on philosophy, it is possible to nourish individual values, but also with a relevant impact on the other, namely, the student.

Интерсемиотический и прагмасемантический анализ цикла мемов „Дворец для Путина”

The article is devoted to the analysis of the pragmatics and semiotics in the productive comic genre of digital communication – the political meme. The empirical material consists of actual internet heterogeneous texts, created after the publication of Alexei Navalny’s film “Palace for Putin”. The comic content is viewed as a way of defusing the public tension of the sanctioned protest, an instrument for interpreting and discussing current social reality, as well as a method of demonizing a political subject “them”. The research assumes multimodality of the media environment and its products. It considers verbal, iconic and metagraphic ways of realizing the pragmatic intentions of the participants in the communication process. The author examines the initial situation (proto situation) that caused a communicative reaction of the internet users in the form of memes, analyzes the essence of a political meme as a heterogeneous text. The article describes the structural organization of memes, the syntactic and semantic relations of the verbal and iconic parts, as well as the use of intertextuality to concisely and expressively transmit new meanings.

Contracts and access to Mexico’s natural gas resources: The text is not legible on the ground

We examine how contracts mediate private industry access to state-owned subterranean resources. Using a case study from one of Mexico’s most productive onshore natural gas fields, the Burgos Basin, we link contract literatures in geography and critical legal scholarship to answer the following two questions: Does the contract text correspond to how private companies access state-owned subsurface resources, and what purposes do the contracts serve for the contract signatories beyond resource production? The data suggest that contract winners have, so far, limited their drilling activities on the Burgos Basin. This situation draws attention to a puzzle wherein natural gas reserves are not being produced, but the contracts remain active and important to both the contractors and the government. Putting semi-structured interview data into direct conversation with contract text to answer our research questions, we encourage a deeper engagement with how extractive contracts are used to access state-owned resources. First, we uncover how the contract text is not instructive of how or why a private firm will access the resource or why the state enters the contract. Second, we highlight the ways that the contract fails to actualize resource production using a mechanisms of access approach to guide our analysis. Third, we show that resource contracts facilitate relationships and advance the interests of the contract parties regardless of what the actual text purports to do. We finally describe how state-firm resource contracts offer a fruitful area of exploration for geographers interested in resource production.

Literature text as world reversing

Abstract Because translators begin where authors end – with a completed text – their task may be conceptualized as a reverse worlding, or ascent from actual text to imaginary context. This article argues that the same is true, mutatis mutandis, for all verbal art, and that within verbal art, it is truer of the texts that Hasan (1985, 101) refers to as ‘literature text’ and less so of those she calls ‘literary text’ that have some extra-artistic purpose. We demonstrate this empirically using an extreme example, the lipogrammatic French novel La disparition (Perec 1969) and its English translation A Void (Perec 2008). We also argue for a certain chastity in theory – a theory of translation for verbal art which excludes both the nonverbal and texts that are not purposefully artistic. Moreover, we say that there needs to be a corresponding chastity in practice – a theory of world inversion that rests not on a political program, but rather on a scientific understanding of the world and the proper place of words within it.

We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction

We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction