Actual Standards Research Articles

Assessment of provincial waterlogging risk based on entropy weight TOPSIS–PCA method

Over the past few years, urban waterlogging disasters have caused serious losses to the national economy of China; therefore, creating technology for assessing waterlogging risk levels has become an important goal. Based on 25 post-screened evaluation indexes regarding the construction of waterlogging facilities, social and economic developments, and investments in scientific and technological innovation, the capacity of 31 provinces to prevent and mitigate waterlogging was comprehensively evaluated. The scores of six principal component factors were calculated by using the entropy weight TOPSIS method, and the coupled entropy weight TOPSIS–principal component analysis evaluation model was established. Moreover, in accordance with the evaluation results, measures for waterlogging prevention and disaster reduction are proposed. The results show that Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are the top three provinces regarding the capacity to control floods and mitigate disasters; this agrees well with the actual flood drainage standards and disaster losses of all provinces.

Practice Corner: What Does ASPAN Say?

This column is dedicated to a short list of commonly asked questions as they relate to practice and standards. ASPAN's Clinical Practice Committee responds to multiple questions on a monthly basis, and the Director for Clinical Practice monitors any trends or patterns as these questions relate to care standards. The following questions deserve a brief review of the actual standards as well as any relevant interpretive statements, or sidebar details, provided by the ASPAN Standards practice experts.

Tooth Root Bending Strength of Gears: Dimensional Effect for Small Gears Having a Module below 5 mm

Downsizing is a more and more widespread trend in many industrial sectors, and, among the others, the automotive industry is pushing the design of its components towards increasingly compact, lightweight, efficient, and reliable solutions. In the past, the drivetrains for automotive were designed and manufactured with gears having modules in the range 3 to 10. In this respect, the main actual European standards for gear design such as ISO 6336:2019 (based on the DIN 3990:1987) are validated in the 3 to 10 mm range only. Moreover, it is well known that, by increasing the gear size, the gear size factor for tooth bending YX reduces. However, nowadays the advances in terms of materials and design knowledge have made possible the realization of miniaturized gearboxes with gears having normal modules below 3 mm with comparable (or better) reliability. In this scenario, understanding how the size affects (positively) the load-carrying capacity for tooth root bending for small modules below 5 mm is fundamental to maximize the design effectiveness in case of downsizing of the drivetrains. In this paper an experimental study was performed on small gears made of 39NiCrMo3 having a normal module of 2 mm to verify the load-carrying capacity for tooth root bending. Based on the experimental evidences and additional data from literature and past studies by the author, an extended formula for the size factor YX (according to ISO 6336) is proposed.

Possibilities of Automated Diagnostics of Odontogenic Sinusitis According to the Computer Tomography Data.

Individual anatomical features of the paranasal sinuses and dentoalveolar system, the complexity of physiological and pathophysiological processes in this area, and the absence of actual standards of the norm and typical pathologies lead to the fact that differential diagnosis and assessment of the severity of the course of odontogenic sinusitis significantly depend on the measurement methods of significant indicators and have significant variability. Therefore, an urgent task is to expand the diagnostic capabilities of existing research methods, study the significance of the measured indicators, and substantiate the expediency of their use in the diagnosis of specific pathologies in an automated mode. Methods of digital filtering, image segmentation and analysis, fluid dynamics, and statistical and discriminant analysis were used. Preliminary differential diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis can be performed by densitemetric analysis of tomographic images of the maxillary sinuses, performed using frontal multiplanar reconstructions according to a given algorithm. The very manifestation of the characteristic changes in the densitography of the maxillary sinus allows for the initiation of certain pathological processes and permits the development of the effectiveness of the diagnosis of the pathology of the sinus sinuses, which can be realized automatically in real life.

Design Analysis of Natural Lighting and Ventilation of Underground Garage with the Computer-aided Technology

In the analysis of the lighting and ventilation design mode of the underground garage, it is necessary to take the natural green environmental protection standard design as the main thought and pay attention to the influence of lighting on the car. According to the data simulation method and the overall design scheme standard, the specific range of numerical simulation standard is determined. Through the analysis of airflow change, distribution mode, air volume, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide concentration ratio level of underground garage, we can determine the actual ventilation design standards of underground garage and value more on the implementation of natural lighting and ventilation design scheme under green building mode. This paper analyzes the practical natural lighting application design method of green building underground garage with the computer-aided technology, combines the development of green building and building energy saving, lays emphasis on the ventilation and sewage effect of underground garage, strengthens the reasonable allocation and application of the overall lighting and ventilation of underground garage and finally clarifies the operation standard and design effect.

Selection of modern LED fittings for SMART installations considering THD and PF worseness due to dimming

This article reports an analysis of problematics of negative influences of SMART LED light installations aimed on current distortion and circulation of reactive energy. Article describes main principals of negative influences based on direct confrontation with actual standards (CENELEC, NEMA, ENERGY STAR). Article briefly explains behavior of LED drivers under nominal and dimmed conditions up to critical level. Measurements confirm issues reported by users from larger installations, where LED fittings are dimmed over certain level, or low-quality LED driver is used in LED fitting. Currently used limitations set by EN standards seems to be insufficient along the new generations of LED fitting, with higher lumen output ratings and its “optional dimmability.” Therefore, article sets pre-evaluate method of limiting the negative influences of dimmed LED installation, using combination of experimental methods and gathering information from datasheets of LED drivers.

Methods for Evaluating the Influence of Non-Sinusidal Voltage on Capacitor Units in Power Supply Systems

The problems of evaluating the EMC for capacitor units (CU) in power supply systems are considered. The admissible value of the current non-sinusoidal component for the CU was found, it corresponds to the actual standards. The dynamic model of the «supply line – CU» circuit has been substantiated. An equivalent circuit is given. A non-sinusoidal signal is considered as the sum of a sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal component. As a non-sinusoidal component, a voltage pulse noise model with oppositely polar periodic rectangular pulses and pauses was used. Two approaches to determine the useful signal are considered. A physically substantiated interpretation of the concept of non-sinusoidal voltage is proposed for impulse noise. Expressions are given to determine the current noise of the CU. An example of the practical calculation of voltage and current distortion is given. The graphs of the voltage impulse noise and the resulting current noise are shown. An algorithm has been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of means for reducing impulse noise.

The Inner Forces Redistribution of Continuous Beams

The technical plastic theory is applied for steel structures design in actual standards. This theory and standard calculate procedures assumed the plastic redistribution of internal forces by arising and development of plastic hinges and plastic mechanism failure of the structure. The plastic redistribution of internal forces enables the loading of structure to increase. The plastic redistribution and increasing of the loading cause also changes in the support reactions that are generally needed to consider as the actions on the structural supports. The redistribution of internal forces and the changes of support reactions depend on the elastic-plastic properties of constructive steels that are variable. Therefore, plastic redistribution of internal forces may not be absolute, or may not arise at all. In the paper, the effect of elastic-plastic redistribution of internal forces on the load-carrying capacity and the changes of support reactions for selected continuous beams are analyzed.

POOL WATER OVERCHLORINATION IN TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA: CASE-STUDY

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study conducted was to investigate residual chlorine concentrations in pool water from Timis County, Romania over two years (2016-2017).
 MATERIAL OF STUDY consisted of a sample of 50 pools from Timis County from which were collected and analyzed 154 water tests.
 THE METHOD was an observational inquiry (case-study) of the residual chlorine concentrations considering spatial and temporal distribution and comparing with actual standards (4 groups of residual chlorine concentrations were considered).
 RESULTS: Average concentrations of residual chlorine exceeded 0,5mg/l in 30 investigated pools. Monthly mean concentrations of residual chlorine exceeded 0.5mg/l 20 of the 24 months of the investigation period. The maximum value of residual chlorine monthly mean concentration was recorded in July, 2017 and the highest average concentration at the pool I3. An Anova Oneway analysis indicated a statistically significant difference (F=30.312, Sig.0.000) between the 4 groups of residual chlorine concentrations: over 1.5 mg/l / (0-0.5mg/l, Sig.000; 0.5-1mg/l, Sig.0.001, 1-1.5mg/l, Sig.0.009).
 CONCLUSION: There is an over-chlorination of pool water of Timis County, Romania, with spatial and temporal variation and statistically significant differences between groups of residual chlorine concentrations.

Macroangiopathy in diabetes mellitus

Peripheral artery occlusive disease is a prevalent but underdiagnosed manifestation in patients with diabetes and also in patients with diabetic foot ulceration. There is insufficient awareness of its clinical manifestations, including intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia and of its risk of adverse limb outcomes. This review aims to highlight essential elements of the prevalence of peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes and the the pathway of clinical diagnosis. We report the actual standards and evidence based, interdisciplinary management including conservative, interventional and surgical treatment options and also the needs of follow-up care.

European fuel economy policy for new passenger cars: a historical comparative analysis of discourses and change factors

In April 2019, the European Union (EU) revised its fuel economy policy for new passenger cars (PC). The new standard set an ambitious policy framework that featured high CO2 caps on these vehicles from 2025 and 2030 with limited flexibility for automobile industry to comply with the new standard, reflecting European decision-makers’ aspirations for zero-emission mobility. Most literature on EU policy-making and interest representation has pointed out the power of automobile industry and argued that these industry actors were able to influence the stringency of actual emission standards in the timeframe of 2012 and 2020. However, this conventional view of the dominance of automobile industry does not sufficiently explain why European policy-makers were able to change their fuel economy policy so significantly in 2019. To fill this research gap in the existing literature, this research focuses on discourses and coalitions of actors who deployed these discourses throughout three legislative processes that have shaped the EU’s fuel economy policy: Regulation 443/2009, Regulation 2014/333 and Regulation 2019/613. This research not only considers the interests and powers of relevant actors, which are the primary focus of much of the existing literature; but also a range of ideas and discourses that they have brought to policy discussions. Drawing on the theoretical literature of argumentative discourse analysis (ADA) and policy change, this article attempts to highlight discursive battles within key actors over the stringency of EU’s fuel economy policy on PCs.

Intelligent Multi-Drive Inspection Technology for Water Environment of Cable Pipe Gallery Based on Random Forest Algorithm

Image technology is widely used in intelligent applications. Based on the intelligent multi-drive patrol inspection of the water environment of cable duct corridors, the original technical methods and corresponding algorithms cannot be effectively solved. This paper mainly studies the intelligent multi-drive patrol inspection technology for the water environment of cable duct corridor based on random forest algorithm. In this paper, a feature that is insensitive to changes in illumination is designed and used for image change detection. At the same time, the Haar-like feature is improved according to this feature. The improved Haar-like feature and random forest calculation are used to detect the change area of the image. The experiment in this paper found that the cable fire of underground comprehensive pipe corridor burned more violently during 200 s-600 s. This stage only accounted for 22.3% of the burning time, but contributed 73.4% of the mass loss. The experimental results in this paper show that the intelligent multi-drive patrol inspection technology for the water environment of cable duct corridors based on the random forest algorithm is in line with the actual application standards and has important significance in practical applications.

Wheel shape optimization approaches to reduce railway rolling noise

A wheel shape optimization of a railway wheel cross section by means of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is presented with the aim of minimizing rolling noise radiation. Two different approaches have been implemented with this purpose, one centred on direct Sound poWer Level (SWL) minimization, calculated using TWINS methodology, and another one emphasizing computational efficiency, focused on natural frequencies maximization. Numerical simulations are carried out with a Finite Element Method (FEM) model using general axisymmetric elements. The design space is defined by a geometric parametrization of the wheel cross section with four parameters: wheel radius, a web thickness factor, fillet radius and web offset. For all wheel candidates, a high-cycle fatigue analysis has been performed according to actual standards, in order to assure structural feasibility. Rolling noise reductions have been achieved, with a decrease of up to 5 dB(A) when considering the wheel component. Response surfaces have been also computed to study the dependency of the objective functions on the geometric parameters and to test the adequacy of the optimization algorithm applied.

Feasibility study of typhoon disaster economic loss assessment based on random forest

Based on the disaster-causing factors and the actual disaster-causing factors of typhoon disasters, this paper selects 9 assessment indicators, obtains an effective sample set through noise processing, and uses a random forest algorithm to set up a typhoon disaster economic loss assessment model. The model verification and results show that the random forest model has very obvious advantages in both single-level evaluation accuracy and total evaluation accuracy, and can meet the consistency with the actual evaluation standards. The GINI index reduction value obtained through model feedback can be used as an indicator of importance, and the indicator of the number of disaster victims is the most important factor of economic loss.

Design and Implementation of a Desensitization Method of CT Medical Image based on DICOM

Medical big data, medical image processing and other fields are based on a large number of clinical data. Data desensitization is of great significance to the privacy protection of patients. CT image desensitization based on DICOM standard protocol only uses the strategy of hiding or deleting the data on the image, which greatly weakens the value of data use and cannot meet the normal value demand. Data desensitization should consider that it can still meet the needs of data mining and other applications on the basis of ensuring the privacy security of users. Based on the above application requirements, a strategy to anonymize patient identity is developed. Based on this strategy, a desensitization method that can meet the actual desensitization standards and analysis application requirements at the same time is proposed. This method can not only protect the privacy of patients to a great extent, but also ensure the availability and authenticity of desensitized data. In the future, this method has great potential in the application of CT image desensitization.

Stability Tests of Agricultural and Operating Machines by Means of an Installation Composed by a Rotating Platform (the “Turntable”) with Four Weighting Quadrants

The stability of agricultural machines, earth-moving machines, snow-compaction machines and, in general, of all vehicles that may operate on sloping terrains is a very important technical feature and should not be underestimated. In fact, it is correlated, above all, to the safety of the operators, but also to the preservation of the structural integrity of these vehicles, to the prosecution of the activities and to the preservation of the economic investment. Although these facts are well-known, the international legislation and technical standards do not yet have a sufficient level of detail to give an all-inclusive quantification of the stability of the vehicle under examination in all its working conditions, e.g., at different inclination angles of the support surface, at different climbing angles of the vehicle on the slope, with different tires and inflating pressures, and on different terrains. Actual standards limit the stability tests to the experimental measurement of the lateral rollover angle only. Furthermore, the realization of unconventional test equipment able to widen the usually-tested scenarios could not be simple, due to the necessary size that such equipment should have (to perform tests not in scale) and to the related difficulties of handling full-scale vehicles. This work illustrates the applications of a new rig for testing the stability of vehicles, able to address all the above-illustrated issues and of possible future adoption to certify the stability performance of machines and perform homologations. This installation, named “rotating platform” or “turntable”, has the peculiarity of being able to move the machine positioned on it according to two rotational degrees of freedom: (1) overall inclination of the support plane, (2) rotation of the support plane around an axis perpendicular to the plane. The same installation is also designed to record the weight supported by each wheel of the machine placed on it (by means of four sensorized quadrants), both when the platform is motionless and while the above-described movements of tilt and rotation are being carried out, thus locating precisely the spatial position of the vehicle center of gravity. The presented physical-mathematical models highlight the great potential of this facility, anticipate the outcomes of the recordings that the experimenters will have at disposal when the test rig will be effectively active, and help the future understanding of trends of data, thus maximizing the available information content.

Experimental Assessment of the Cyclic Behaviour of RC-DP Beam to Column Joints

ABSTRACT Corrosion represents one of the most important problems affecting the global behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings; in presence of aggressive environmental conditions reinforcing steel bars, as well as concrete, suffer from relevant modifications of the mechanical performance. Steel rebars show a high decrease of the deformation capacity, with reduction of the elongation to maximum load up to the 50% in case of TempCore® grades. This can cause unexpected brittle failures related to the premature achievement of ultimate rotation or, even worst, shear capacity of structural elements. To mitigate these problems, actual European standards for constructions foresee the adoption of specific precautions such as the increase of concrete strength class, of the concrete cover, of higher diameter; these tools allow to reduce the effects of corrosion without deleting the origin of the matter. During the last years, otherwise, another typology of reinforcing steel – characterized by a typical Dual-Phase (DP) microstructure – was developed with the aim of directly preventing corrosion initiation. Due to their microstructure, in which martensite is embedded in the ferrite matrix, Dual-Phase steels are less exposed to corrosion; on the other hand, being characterized by a not-defined yielding stress-strain plateau, specific rules need to be elaborated for their employment in civil applications. In the present paper, the experimental test campaign performed on reinforced concrete internal and external joints with Dual-Phase steel rebars is deeply described together with results’ critical discussion. The paper is preparatory for the elaboration of technical models to be used in the design of RC-DP structures.

Research and Application of Water Soluble Temporary Plugging Agent

With the wide application of temporary plugging agent in new oil and water wells, China’s research on water-soluble temporary plugging technology can better deal with various problems in construction. Now we have four tests on the indicators of water-soluble temporary plugging agents. First, the water soluble temporary plugging agent was tested for dissolution in five different liquids at different temperatures. Secondly, the flow tester is used to measure the breakthrough pressure to further determine its strength. Again, the water insoluble matter in the water-soluble temporary plugging agent is tested for damage. Finally, in order to further determine the differential pressure performance of the temporary plugging agent, the temporary plugging agent is tested in the field, and the test result satisfies the requirement of 80 Mpa. The test results have met the engineering requirements, and the on-site test of the temporary plugging agent is consistent with the actual engineering standards, which has important guiding significance for the field oil and gas field mining.

The corporative programs of prevention of occupational diseases

The prevention of occupational and production-conditioned diseases is expressed in complex of systemic measures of medical (sanitary epidemiological, sanitary hygienic, medical preventive, etc.) and non-medical (state, public, economic, legal, technical, organizational technical, environmental, etc.) nature, targeted to decrease risk of developing diseases and deviations in health of employees, to prevent or slow down their progression and to decrease development of unfavorable consequences. The corporate programs and strategies of prevention of occupational and production-conditioned diseases are implemented at enterprise, individual, group, municipal and state levels. The assertion is considered related to accounting in development of prevention of certain risk factors affecting the specific organizational requirements in addition to general principles of prevention of unfavorable effects on organism of workers of such production factors as maintenance of MPC levels, collective means of protection, time protection, distance protection, personal protection, preventive medical check-ups, manufacturing inspection, etc. It is important to pay attention to personal protective equipment for employees of enterprises. Among the priority preventive measures, personal protective equipment is, according to actual standards, to be applied only in cases of impossibility of limiting unfavorable effect of particular risk factor using other methods. The system of prevention of occupational diseases in corporate programs is implemented through complex measures including effectual practice of knowledge and skills in prevention, correction, treatment and rehabilitation health exercises to reduce level of occupational morbidity.

Development of an Integrated Control Strategy for engine and SCR system basedon effective EGR rate

The introduction of actual and upcoming emission standards, move the industrial attentions from laboratory towards real-world emission performance, In-Service Conformity testing (ISC) and life-time periods. Besides advanced air management, fuel injection pattern optimization and aftertreatment systems, the goal to realize optimal and robust powertrain setting under varying operating conditions, while ensuring the proper operation of ATs is challenging and require a massive calibration effort. To accomplish this task, the present research deals with supervisory controller for the integrated engine-SCR system, also referred in literature as EGR-SCR balancing. The goal is to comply with NOx emissions limit and, at the same time, to minimize global costs over transient operating conditions. The potential of this IEM strategy is demonstrated for a typical type-approval test case. The optimization identifies the effective EGR actuation, based on the actual powertrain state, engine settings and ATs performances. The resulting control strategy optimizes the overall performance.