Actual Space Research Articles

Photon flow: A three-dimensional expression of the light field using volume photon mapping

This paper proposes a new method to depict the light field based on the volume photon mapping algorithm. In the context of the light field simulation, a participating medium serves to deposit the photons, but does not disturb their propagation. The photons are therefore neither scattered nor absorbed in order to preserve their energy and trajectory within the environment, thus providing an unbiased luminance distribution. A visualisation of the photon distribution enables an intuitive interpretation of the light propagation that helps designers to understand the basic light field in the space. In addition to visualisation, the magnitude of the simulated physical light field can be numerically evaluated from the volume photon map distribution using, for example, cubic and scalar illuminance. This can further inform the designer on the light density distribution in the space, since the latter directly correlates with the density of the photons, and therefore the scalar illuminance. The accuracy of the proposed method was ascertained by comparing it with the original RADIANCE. Furthermore, its advantage in visualisation was demonstrated using a complex case study involving strong indirect lighting, reinforced by a comparison of the simulation and measurement in the actual space. In addition, photon mapping was found to evaluate illuminance in multiple grid points much faster than RADIANCE Classic, notably due to the complex ambient lighting from specular reflections. The implementation of the specialised volume photon mapping software is now part of the RADIANCE software and is available as a lighting research tool for the community.

Gap Detection in Pairs of Ultrasound Mid-air Vibrotactile Stimuli

Ultrasound mid-air haptic (UMH) devices are a novel tool for haptic feedback, capable of providing localized vibrotactile stimuli to users at a distance. UMH applications largely rely on generating tactile shape outlines on the users’ skin. Here we investigate how to achieve sensations of continuity or gaps within such two-dimensional curves by studying the perception of pairs of amplitude-modulated focused ultrasound stimuli. On the one hand, we aim to investigate perceptual effects that may arise from providing simultaneous UMH stimuli. On the other hand, we wish to provide perception-based rendering guidelines for generating continuous or discontinuous sensations of tactile shapes. Finally, we hope to contribute toward a measure of the perceptually achievable resolution of UMH interfaces. We performed a user study to identify how far apart two focal points need to be to elicit a perceptual experience of two distinct stimuli separated by a gap. Mean gap detection thresholds were found at 32.3-mm spacing between focal points, but a high within- and between-subject variability was observed. Pairs spaced below 15 mm were consistently (>95%) perceived as a single stimulus, while pairs spaced 45 mm apart were consistently (84%) perceived as two separate stimuli. To investigate the observed variability, we resort to acoustic simulations of the resulting pressure fields. These show a non-linear evolution of actual peak pressure spacing as a function of nominal focal point spacing. Beyond an initial threshold in spacing (between 15 and 18 mm), which we believe to be related to the perceived size of a focal point, the probability of detecting a gap between focal points appears to linearly increase with spacing. Our work highlights physical interactions and perceptual effects to consider when designing or investigating the perception of UMH shapes.

Tobler’s first law in the digital economy based on the Internet of Everything: Priority issues

Introduction. W. Tobler, an American researcher, worded the first law of geographyby linking the location with the interaction among economic agents. This produced spatial analysis and shaped spatial interactions in the pre-Internet era. However, the development of information and communication technologies doubted the significance of location and spatial distance in the emerging digital economy based on the Internet of People. Scientific discussions concerning this issue and empirical studies established that the modern digital economy, including the one derived from the Internet of Things, partially depends on the actual geographical space. In the next decade, further development of technologiescould lead to a digital economy based on the Internet of Everything. Currently, there is no data about how spatially distributed economic agents will interact in the future digital world. Purpose. The article formulates the questions concerningthe Tobler’s first law with their future answers to confirm or refute the hypothesis about the spatial interactions in the digital economy based on the Internet of Everything. Results. To achieve this goal, the Tobler’s first law is examined for the first time in the Russian scientific literature. Key implications and ambiguities of this law are formulated. The spatial interaction concept is clarified. The Internet of Things and the Internet of Everything are briefly described. The future digital economy is outlined, and the key questions are formulated.Conclusion. Seven questions are given with their answers to assist us in identifying spatial interactions from different perspectives by machine-to-machine interaction, coverage of all types of economic activity, geographical proximity to the end user, gravitational interaction, economic-geographical location, economic regionalization, and spatial autocorrelation.

Теоретико-методологические основания включения концепта "когитальная идентичность" в понятийный аппарат постнеклассической психологии мышления

In modern psychological discourse there is an increase in anthropologically oriented concepts and methodological tools that contribute to the comprehension of multidimensional human existence in a rapidly becoming more complex and changing world. The conceptosphere of post-non-classical psychology is replenished with interdisciplinary concepts and metaphors necessary to comprehend the multilevel dynamics of the human life world. The relevance of this work is determined by the need to comprehend the phenomenon of actualization by a person in his own thinking of stable subject-thematic dominants and the embodiment of his own motivational and semantic intentions in it. At the level of the target setting, this requires a reasonable introduction of the concept of “cognitive identity” into the conceptual and conceptual apparatus of the anthropologically oriented psychology of thinking. This concept, from the point of view of the author, will allow “shedding light” on the existential dynamics of thinking, which includes transtemporal, chronotopic aspects of a person's ongoing mental experience and the topology of his cogital individuation. The study of this dynamics is a promising area for the development of the psychology of thinking, since it opens up opportunities for finding correspondences and principles for synchronizing the existential and cognitive planes of thinking. The author believes that the disclosure and description of the phenomenology of cogital identity will make it possible to combine such properties of a person's mental experience as transtemporality, chronotopicity, multidimensionality and personification. This will make it possible to comprehend the phenomenon of the selective sensitivity of a thinking person to certain mental dilemmas and contradictions, his ability to constitute a personal anthology of thinking, to overcome the dispersion of the ongoing history of thinking into many discrete episodes of the empirical subject's mental activity. Cogital identity is considered as an integral psychological formation, thanks to which synchrony, synarchy of the transects of thinking and the transects of identity are possible. The article reveals the dialectic of the processes of authentication and self-transcendence, which constitutes the central drama of the formation of a person's cogital identity: on the one hand, a person authenticates himself as a carrier of stable, cross-cutting thematic and motivational-semantic dominants, cognition, takes root in the corresponding noematic space; on the other hand, he reveals a readiness for decentration and self-transformation in alternative or subsequent series of thinking, overcomes the boundaries of the actual mental space specified by the existing cognitive schemes and attitudes.

Optimal resource allocation in practical quantum key distribution optical networks

In the application research of large-scale quantum communication network, one generally realizes resource allocation by constructing virtual service network and mapping it to actual physical space. In this mapping process, some assumptions are often made to simplify the model. For example, the key resource in the physical topology is assumed to be a fixed value, that is, the actual physical conditions and the performance differences of key supply caused by different protocols are ignored. This assumption may lead the network to fail to run appropriately in practical applications. In order to solve the above problems, from the perspective of link mapping, this paper proposes an improved virtual service mapping model and virtual service mapping algorithm with the quantum key distribution optical network as the underlying network, which makes it closer to the actual application scenario. On the one hand, by increasing the constraints of geographical location, the range from virtual nodes to the mappable physical nodes is reasonably restricted. On the other hand, from the perspective of hardware cost and actual key generation rate, the cost performance evaluation index is proposed to allocate and manage resources. In addition, by combining three mainstream quantum key distribution protocols (BB84, measurement-device-independent, and twin-field), we construct a universal virtual service mapping model in the quantum key distribution optical network, and realize the recommendation of the optimal protocol and the optimal allocation and management of resources.

Handstitched in Space and Time: The Story of a Vintage Patchwork Cloak.

This article explores the spatial and temporal qualities of a vintage hand-sewn patchwork cloak, discovered by the author on eBay. Using Shim’s three-stage consumption process of ‘acquisition, possession and disposal’ of things (1995), the cloak is followed on a journey through multiple transitions, paths and diversions, including ‘connoisseurship’, ‘keeping’ and ‘passing on’ to others. At each consumption stage, (acquisition, possession and disposal), the spatial and temporal aspects of the cloak’s biography are investigated, such as the online sites, the shops and the domestic spaces it occupies, the time taken to find such original pieces, and the time they last through multiple circular lifecycle iterations. The practices of second-hand and craft consumption are found to be complex, involving multiple sites, and travelling through the past, present and future of the imagination and of actual spaces. It is found that self-identity, relationships and knowledge are fundamental to every life stage of the biography of this cloak as it transitions through multiple lives.

Effects of the Yaw Angle on Air Drag Reduction for Various Riblet Surfaces.

Biomimetic riblet surfaces, such as blade, wavy, sinusoidal, and herringbone riblet surfaces, have widespread applications for drag reduction in the energy, transportation, and biomedicine industries. The drag reduction ability of a blade riblet surface is sensitive to the yaw angle, which is the angle between the design direction of the riblet surface and the average flow direction. In practical applications, the average flow direction is often misaligned with the design direction of riblet surfaces with different morphologies and arrangements. However, previous studies have not reported on the drag reduction characteristics and regularities related to the yaw angle for surfaces with complex riblet microstructures. For the first time, we systematically investigated the aerodynamic drag reduction characteristics of blade, wavy, sinusoidal, and herringbone riblet surfaces affected by different yaw angles. A precisely adjustable yaw angle measurement method was proposed based on a closed air channel. Our results revealed the aerodynamic behavior regularities of various riblet surfaces as affected by yaw angles and Reynolds numbers. Riblet surfaces with optimal air drag reduction were obtained in yaw angles ranging from 0 to 60° and Reynolds numbers ranging from 4000 to 7000. To evaluate the effects of the yaw angle, we proposed a criterion based on the actual spanwise spacing (d+) of microstructure surfaces with the same phase in a near-wall airflow field. Finally, we established conceptual models of aerodynamic behaviors for different riblet surfaces in response to changes in the airflow direction. Our research lays a foundation for practical various riblet surface applications influenced by yaw angles to reduce air drag.

Review of Academic Space Management Process Framework for Malaysia Public Universities

In the national budget for 2021, the Malaysian government allocated RM 14.5 billion for higher education and RM50 million for infrastructure and equipment replacement in public universities. The most critical issues in managing university logistics are to fulfil academic space requirements by academic studies programs or professional bodies' accreditations. The issues arise due to indistinct information management on actual space inventory and space ownership allocation. Without a systematic space management process, it might affect static student enrolment, limited room capacity, occupancy overload, inadequate academic space facilities, poor space allocation and ownership, improper timetable management, increase in cost maintenance operation and new development costs in the future. There is still insufficient research that has comprehensively explored space management that gave impactful on the facilities management performance of the university. Thus, this study is significant to review the academic space management process framework for Malaysian public universities. Through a critical review of literature, it has been found that space strategic planning, space management operations and space audit assessment, are the three main elements of the process in space management for Malaysian public universities. It could strongly affect the overall facilities management performance in achieving sustainable development thus supporting the mission and vision of the university. This research contributed to both theoretical and practical aspects where it benefited university management, especially in the decision-making process for implementing effective institutions delivery in asset and facilities management and also becoming standard guideline on academic space management process for Malaysia public universities.

A frequency-limited waviness and curvature measurement algorithm for composite fibre trackings

Given a set of irregularly sampled 3D polygonal curves representing composite fibres within a micro-computed tomography volume, a new approach based on the Frenet–Serret formulas is proposed to measure the point curvature and waviness along a polyline even when its oscillations are not coplanar. However, a direct computation of the measures would lead to ill-formed results depending on variant externalities across acquisitions such as noise, sampling, resolution, fractality, etc. Consequentially, we also propose a decoupling mechanism employing a low-pass Gaussian frequency filter to gradually discard features smaller than a certain user-specified σ wavelength referenced in actual space units. This proposal has been tested, characterized and visualized using both real and synthetic datasets contemplating complex waveform features to assess the filter selectivity and convergence across varying sampling frequencies (i.e. polyline resolution). The C++ VTK implementation, alongside an extra amount of supplementary materials encompassing the execution results and synthetic datasets is provided.

Space heating demand profiles of districts considering temporal dispersion of thermostat settings in individual buildings

Future energy infrastructures are expected to be smart, with the application of energy storage and demand-side management strategies. To size the energy storage and assess the flexibility of the heat demand in a district, insight into its heat demand profile is a prerequisite.A tool was developed to generate the hourly space heating demand of a district. A crucial element in the calculation is the behaviour of occupants, particularly the temporal dispersion of thermostat settings in individual buildings. This dispersion smooths out the morning (and evening) peaks in the space heating demand of a district when occupants turn up their thermostats.Hourly gas consumption data were obtained of 8077 buildings with gas fired boilers in 2020. A dynamic resistance capacitance (RC) building model of a single aggregated building representing the 8077 dwellings was used to calculate their space heating demand profile in 2020. A comparison with the actual gas consumption data (corrected for domestic hot water use and cooking) allowed the estimation of the temporal thermostat settings, the dispersion thereof and the thermostat temperature levels of buildings in the district. The combined space heating demand profile of the individual buildings calculated using the same RC building model (each with its own thermostat settings) reproduced the actual space heating demand profile relatively well.

Roleplayer World: Identitas Roleplayer, Relasi, dan Komunikasi

Indonesia is one of the countries with a fairly large number of K-pop fans, which is also supported by a significant number of social media users. These two aspects create a phenomenon that is popular among fans who are active on social media, named roleplayers. Roleplayer is a term that refers to K-pop fans who create a fictional figure through a new identity on social media and live their lives and roles through such identity while keeping their true identity a secret. This article focuses on the virtual communication method that roleplayer has improved from K-pop fans.
 This study was conducted between March and July 2022, involving 18 informants who were interviewed through Zoom Meeting and Goggle Meet. Virtual participant observation was also carried through Twitter as one of the most dynamic and crowd social media with the researcher being a roleplayer and observing the uploads of roleplayer accounts and being directly involved in their communication.
 The roleplay performed by K-pop fans on social media Twitter is a fictional figure with a new identity called a roleplayer. Roleplayers live a double life with different identities, one as a roleplayer who "lives" in a virtual space and the other is a real self who lives in an actual space. Their lives in the actual world with real identities are called real life, while the roleplayer world is a "space" where they "live" with a fictional identity. Roleplayer identity and real identity must be strictly separated so that life in the roleplayer world and real life do not intersect with each other. In an effort to develop identity, roleplayers create story lines, namely a series of essays of events/stories made by roleplayers, so that it is as if the essay is a "journey of life" for them. In addition, roleplayers also establish relationships with other roleplayers, both personally and in groups. Communication is needed in carrying out these relationships. However, because the existence of roleplayers only revolves around Twitter and closes themselves to direct interaction, their method of communication is limited to text by utilizing Twitter features. However, roleplayers strive to be able to communicate as much as possible by improvising their communication methods through the use of special terms and abbreviations, imagining through text, and visualizing the text through images or videos. Basically, all identities attached to roleplayers are just fantasy or fictitious being transferred to a virtual space. But all the affection felt by the roleplayers is real, especially when a roleplayer is in a relationship with other roleplayer. Therefore, the fantasy that exists in the relationship becomes a "common property" fantasy that is connected to each other.

Automatic measurement of building setbacks and streetscape widths and their spatial variability along streets and in plots: integration of streetscape skeletons and plot geometry

Measuring building setbacks and heights along streets is important for evaluating the variability of streetscape skeletons, the 3D spaces of streets defined by the arrangement of surrounding buildings. Its evaluation requires computing the streetscape width, defined as the front road width of a building plus the setbacks of both sides of the front roads, the building heights and the ratio of the streetscape width to the building height, known as the streetscape width-to-height ratio. However, measuring building setbacks and streetscape widths with geographical information systems (GIS) workstations remains theoretically and technically challenging because conventional methods fail to define the ambiguous boundaries of streetscape skeletons. To address this issue, we developed a new method for defining and measuring building setbacks and streetscape widths automatically and in a consistent way. A new basic spatial unit was also developed for evaluating the variability in building setbacks, heights, streetscape widths and streetscape width-to-height ratios not only in plots focusing on classical urban morphologies but also along streets focusing on a pedestrian perspective. The method contributes practically to the measurement and evaluation of streetscape skeletons in a bottom-up way at fine intervals without the need for setting predetermined spatial units. KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS Measuring building setbacks and heights along roads is important for evaluating the variability of streetscape skeletons. However, measuring these in an actual complex urban space without vagueness on a GIS workstation is difficult. We have developed a new method for defining and measuring building setbacks and streetscape widths automatically. A new basic spatial unit for evaluating streetscape skeletons is proposed focusing on the plot geometry and a pedestrian perspective. The method contributes to the evaluation of streetscapes in a bottom-up way at fine intervals without setting predetermined spatial units.

Relationship between photon flow and the perception of light field under simple lighting environments

In our previous study we proposed a new method, “photon flow”, to visualise the light propagation in space. Theoretically the photon flow depicts the physically correct light distribution, however, it was yet unclear whether people could correctly read the physical light field in actual spaces by observing the photon flow. Therefore, in this study we verified the relationship between the light field perceived in the real space (visual light field) and the one estimated by observing the photon flow. The experiment was conducted using the method of a white sphere, on which shade represents the light field at that point. We clarified the characteristics of the perceived light field in a simple rectangular space with one spotlight or two. The perceived light field when observing the photon flow was basically similar to the physical light field when there is one spotlight in the space. However, under the more complex scene, the subjects sometimes could not predict the physical light field well when seeing the photon flow. Basically, the perceived light field when observing the photon flow was close to the visual light field than expected. In future work we would like to clarify under which conditions people can estimate the correct physical light field by observing the photon flow and compare the difference between experienced and naïve observers.

Effect of Constructing a New Tunnel on the Adjacent Existed Tunnel in Weak Rock Mass: A Case Study

This study takes a new Shidao tunnel where the left line constructing in weak rock mass as a case study, and the effect of the new constructing tunnel on the existed tunnel are studied by the numerical analysis. High-precision field investigations are conducted to provide accurate parameters for the numerical model. The modified generalized Zhang-Zhu (GZZ) constitutive model is applied, and the numerical analysis results containing horizontal convergence displacement of side walls of the new constructing tunnel and a longitudinal crack in existed tunnel are validated by real-time monitoring. The vertical displacement of the vault, the horizontal displacement of the adjacent side wall, the plastic zone of the new constructing tunnel are studied. The effect of the new constructing tunnel on the existed tunnel is studied by analyzing the vertical displacement of the vault and the horizontal displacement of the adjacent side wall of the existed tunnel. During the constructing process of new tunnel, the maximum width variation of longitudinal crack is less than 0.3 mm. The maximum vertical displacement of the vault is less than 1 mm, and the maximum horizontal displacement of the adjacent side wall is less than 0.5 mm for the existed tunnel. Finally, the effects of tunnel spacing between new constructing and existed tunnels and geological condition represented by geological strength index (GSI) are investigated. The result shows that the maximum vertical displacements of the vault and the maximum horizontal displacement of adjacent side wall can reach −10.4 mm and −4.9 mm respectively when tunnel spacing is 0.5 d (d is actual spacing). When GSI is increased from 15 to 30, the maximum vertical displacement of the vault is reduced obviously.

Equity in urban greening: Evidence from strategic planning in Romania

In Europe, equity has become an important policy objective based on the recently adopted European Green Deal and the idea of “leaving no one behind”. However, the question remains as to what extent equity is a real concern in the implementation of territorial policies, including spatial planning, and other place-based strategies in the EU member states. In this paper, we determine if and how equity has become a concern in the strategic planning of green infrastructure (GI), and whether strategic plans are indeed relevant in responding to vulnerable groups’ needs. We focus on Romania, a post-communist country where ensuring GI availability and accessibility is often a challenge for cities. The strategic plans of 75 % of Romanian cities (N = 242 plans) were systematically evaluated using document content analysis. This revealed that equity is addressed rather superficially in strategic urban plans. While most aim at increasing the availability and attractiveness of GI, very few of them do so by explicitly addressing the needs of vulnerable groups. Interestingly, equity concerns in the plans are not correlated with actual green space availability. Our study contributes to discussions about the role of strategic urban planning in delivering equitable public spaces and provides a set of recommendations for policy- and decision-makers.

Promoting migrant health literacy in adult education, from research to practice

Abstract Background As migration affects health, migrants need context-appropriate health literacy (HL) to maintain and promote health. Possible venues to improve HL are adult education programs, i.e., language courses (LC). However, empirical evidence on these courses and their contribution to HL is scarce. Moreover, general HL recommendations and conceptually developed HL programs often proved unsuitable in practice as they insufficiently incorporate the multiple influences. This paper’s purpose is to show, using key findings, how ethnographic research can contribute to developing appropriate programs and how the transfer from research to practice can succeed. Methods The SCURA project conducted extensive ethnographic research on HL in second LC, i.e., 100 h participant observation in 2 classes, 40 teacher interviews, analysis of 24 textbooks, and teacher training. On this basis, we designed programs and drew lessons from comparison with other programs. Results The study revealed that health and HL as a situational social practice play a key role in LC e.g., as prerequisites for attendance and learning, part of the syllabus, and an occasion for informal conversations. Multiple concepts of health and HL coexist and influence HL promotion. Besides the setting and course conditions, teachers strongly shape HL activities and students show varying degrees of HL practice. We exposed the complexity and diversity of HL situations, meaning-making processes, strategies to acquire and promote HL, and actual space of action. Then, we developed participatory practicable approaches to promote HL in the educational offer. Compared to other programs, the ethnographic study allowed us to address the major factors, tap into the actual space of action, and increase acceptance, uptake, and sustainability. Conclusions Improving HL in existing offers requires a profound understanding of the logic of the field. Ethnographic studies facilitate describing these peculiarities and tailoring interventions. Key messages • Ethnographic studies allow understanding the relevant factors, actors, situations, contexts, processes, strategies, the logic within and the scope for action. • The empirical evidence gained in ethnographic studies enable researchers to develop promising, accepted, and sustainable interventions.

Surface fungal diversity and several mycotoxin-related genes’ expression profiles during the Lunar Palace 365 experiment

BackgroundChinese Lunar Palace 1 (LP1) is a ground-based bio-regenerative life support system (BLSS) test bed integrating highly efficient plant cultivation, animal protein production, urine nitrogen recycling, and bioconversion of solid waste. To date, there has been no molecular method-based detailed investigation of the fungal community and mycotoxin potential in BLSS habitats. To ensure safe BLSS design for actual space missions, we analyzed the LP1 surface mycobiome and mycotoxin potential during the Lunar Palace 365 project through internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) amplicon sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with primers specific for idh, ver1, nor1, tri5, and ITS1.ResultsThe LP1 system exhibited significant differences in fungal community diversity compared to other confined habitats, with higher fungal alpha diversity and different community structures. Significant differences existed in the surface fungal communities of the LP1 habitat due to the presence of different occupant groups. However, there was no significant difference between fungal communities in the plant cabin with various occupants. Source tracker analysis shows that most of the surface fungi in LP1 originated from plants. Regardless of differences in occupants or location, there were no significant differences in mycotoxin gene copy number.ConclusionsOur study reveals that plants are the most crucial source of the surface fungal microbiome; however, occupant turnover can induce significant perturbations in the surface fungal community in a BLSS. Growing plants reduced fungal fluctuations, maintaining a healthy balance in the surface fungal microbiome and mycotoxin potential. Moreover, our study provides data important to (i) future risk considerations in crewed space missions with long-term residency, (ii) an optimized design and planning of a space mission that incorporates crew shifts and plant growth, and (iii) the expansion of our knowledge of indoor fungal communities with plant growth, which is essential to maintain safe working and living environments.CKJxDJEfgffQukT8cscD4AVideo

From Secret Fashion Shoots to the #100projectors

From Secret Fashion Shoots to the #100projectors

Urban Shivers: Recoding Actual Space in Disco Elysium

The functioning of urban space in games is often passive, since the city acts as an object of observation, a scenery for the player’s actions. In the Disco Elysium game, the city receives its voice, soul, and will, which the player can observe by activating the “Shivers” skill. This study analyzes how the “Shivers” skill encodes the actual space of the city and what functions it performs for the player. We used the theoretical frame of K. Lynch and identified five patterns of encoding paths, boundaries, nodes, landmarks, and time. Each of these patterns symbolically rethinks the actual space, translating it into the virtual language of artistic techniques. The analysis revealed that the use of a unifying interface for displaying mental chains, including the “Shivers” skill, shifts the focus from interpreting the visual appearance of space to drawing an analogy between the symbolic recoding of this space and the cognitive architecture of the protagonist. Thus the analogy is transformed into a “conciliatory contrast”. There is no need for a total renewal of space while a combination of conflicting qualities preserves, maintaining the essence of each of them.

Multi‐Objective Topology Optimization of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Using Response Surface Approximation Derived by Deep Learning

In this paper, we propose a novel multi‐objective topology optimization with response surface approximation interpolating various topologies, which is derived by deep learning with training data in the actual design space. The response surface is constructed by means of autoencoder with the training data of geometrically diverse shapes of targeted devices, which can express the interpolations that combine the multiple characteristic structures. The global topology search is performed based on the gradient information of the response surface, by which we can obtain the initial shapes for level set optimization to efficiently obtain easily manufactured and excellent Pareto optimal solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by optimizing multi‐flux barriers in a synchronous reluctance motor for the objective functions of average torque and torque ripple. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.