Actual Rules Research Articles

Influences on the physical activity behaviour of inpatients after stroke outside of staff-led rehabilitation sessions: a systematic review.

To use behavioural science frameworks to synthesise evidence on the factors influencing physical activity of patients hospitalised after stroke outside of staff-led rehabilitation sessions. A systematic review of qualitative and mixed-methods studies. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and AMED were searched from inception to October 2024 for studies that explored influences on the physical activity of patients hospitalised after stroke. Data were coded with reference to the Theoretical Domains Framework and the COM-B ('capability', 'opportunity', 'motivation' and 'behaviour') model. Thematic analysis was used to group data extracts into themes within each Theoretical Domains Framework domain. Risk of bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We identified 17 studies. There was no significant risk of bias concerns. We identified 19 themes across eight Theoretical Domains Framework domains and all COM-B model categories. The most frequently recognised themes were found in three Theoretical Domains Framework domains: Environmental Context and Resources (themes: 1 -- availability of sufficient skilled staff to facilitate physical activity; 2 - design and use of the physical environment; 3 - lack of opportunities or incentives; 4 - passivity and institutionalisation; 5 - perceived and actual rules and culture of the ward); Skills (theme: physical impairments); and Social Influences (theme: activity influenced by family and friends). The review highlights the complexity of the influences on the physical activity of patients hospitalised after stroke outside of staff-led rehabilitation sessions. It is likely multi-component interventions addressing a number of influences will be required to effectively improve physical activity. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022383506.

A Modest Conception of Moral Right & Wrong

ABSTRACTTaking inspiration from Hume, I advance a conception of the part of morality concerned with right and wrong, rooted in the actual moral rules established and followed within our society. Elsewhere, I have argued this approach provides a way of thinking about how we are genuinely “bound in a moral way” to keep our moral obligations that it is both ethically attractive and psychologically realistic. Here, I focus on some implications for our evaluation and criticism of actions, which some may initially find peculiar. Sometimes we should judge of an action that it was (unqualifiedly) right, and the result of flawless reasoning by the agent; and yet, we may also have cause to regard that same action as, in other respects, deeply morally deficient. Using Nomy Arpaly's conception of “responsiveness to right‐making moral reasons” as a foil, I argue that this unorthodox implication leads to more subtle and helpful evaluations of actions—especially actions undertaken in the context of wicked social institutions. The conception also encourages us to take a more conflicted, less confident, attitude toward many of our own righteous and rational actions—and perhaps even toward our capacity for living together by moral rules itself.

Atypical Spellings in Cyberspace – Between Deviation and Creativity

Once technology enhanced the means of self-expression in multiple ways, Romanian speakers have developed an original manner of spelling in cyberspace. We therefore refer to “nonstandard orthography” as being any type of spelling which abolishes the actual rules imposed by the Orthographic, Orthoepic and Morhological Dictionary of Romanian (abbreviated as DOOM). The main function of unspecific spelling is the stylistic one, non-standard orthography having negative, deprecative meanings or hiding vulgar, indecent, slang terms. Our paper describes occurrent tendencies in cyberlanguage and exemplifies deviations as a possible means of (in)direct characterization of public political figures.

Legal text basic element identification based on the BERT model in the judicial field

In recent years, deep learning technology has developed significantly in the judicial field. More and more scholars are introducing deep learning to solve problems in the judicial field and improve the efficiency of judicial agencies in handling cases. An important task of judicial work is to identify the key elements of complex cases, establish the relationship between entities in the document, accurately grasp the development of the case, provide a basis for the understanding, analysis, and ruling of the case, and increase the interpretability of the case results. However, judging from the actual application situation, the application of deep learning technology in the judicial field is not yet mature and still faces huge challenges. On the one hand, the existing legal text element identification methods only consider the identification of core elements and ignore the basic elements. However, the basic elements contain necessary legal-related information, which is basic case information unique to the legal field and has important reference value for judicial staff to analyze cases. On the other hand, the traditional method of identifying key elements does not consider the contextual semantic relationship and ignores the element semantic information and global semantic information is lost, resulting in poor recognition of key elements of legal text. Therefore, in the identification of key elements of legal texts, not only the core elements and basic elements must be considered, but also the semantic features of sentences and the semantic features of elements must be comprehensively considered, thereby improving the effect of identifying key elements of legal texts and promoting the efficiency of judicial organs in handling cases. Aiming at the problem of identifying the basic elements of legal texts, this paper proposes a model for identifying the basic elements of legal texts based on dynamic representation. This algorithm uses the dynamic representation capability of the BERT model to vectorize text and considers global domain semantic information during the pre-training process to achieve a more comprehensive vector representation. Secondly, the memory component of the bidirectional long short-term memory network is used to integrate all the feature information between long-distance words in the legal text, effectively express the meaning of the word in the context, and realize the recognition of the basic elements of the legal text. In addition, the conditional random field model is used to learn the transfer rules of labels between entities and output the label sequence that best conforms to the actual rules. Finally, the basic element identification model proposed in this article has been significantly improved by comparing it with the current better methods.

A resource prediction method for air traffic cyber-physical-social system

Air traffic is exhibiting the characteristics of large flow, strong coupling, and high time variation. Therefore, the complex network of air traffic is more vulnerable to disturbances. When it is disturbed, the failure of some nodes spreads through dependency relationships in the network, resulting in cascade failure. In the event of a cascade failure, the network may quickly collapse until it is paralyzed, with widespread delays and flight cancellations. The current flow management and deployment methods still remain in the control-oriented stage, which is mainly completed by air traffic controls (ATCs), and lack of accurate flow adjustment and effective utilization of capacity. The whole air traffic system and its peripheral factors are intricate, so human and social factors must be integrated into the control and decision-making of the system. Considering engineering and social factors such as operation environment, social environment, personnel, rules, equipment, and information processing, we analyse the air traffic in a cyber-physical-social system (CPSS). To reflect the actual system behaviour rules, dynamic response, limit state, and so on, the corresponding computational experiment and comprehensive evaluation system are established. Based on neural networks and other technologies, a resource prediction scheme based on task demand is proposed for multi-dimensional resources such as airports, air routes, and ATC, to reduce the cost of system resource scheduling and improve resource utilization through resource prediction and adjustment. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed resource prediction algorithm is verified by theoretical analysis and simulation.

Beyond prediction error: 25 years of modeling the associations formed in the insect mushroom body.

The insect mushroom body has gained increasing attention as a system in which the computational basis of neural learning circuits can be unraveled. We now understand in detail the key locations in this circuit where synaptic associations are formed between sensory patterns and values leading to actions. However, the actual learning rule (or rules) implemented by neural activity and leading to synaptic change is still an open question. Here, I survey the diversity of answers that have been offered in computational models of this system over the past decades, including the recurring assumption-in line with top-down theories of associative learning-that the core function is to reduce prediction error. However, I will argue, a more bottom-up approach may ultimately reveal a richer algorithmic capacity in this still enigmatic brain neuropil.

Generalisation of a synchronous solution of the parity problem on cyclic configurations over a non-circulant graph

The parity problem is a classical binary benchmark for addressing the computational ability and limitations of automata networks. It refers to conceiving a local rule to allow deciding whether the number of 1-states in the nodes of an arbitrary network is an odd or even number, without global access to the nodes. In its standard formulation, the automata network has an odd number of nodes whose states, arranged as a cyclic configuration, should converge to a fixed point of all 0s, if the initial configuration has an even number of 1s, or to a fixed point of all 1s, otherwise. It has been shown that a local rule alone is able to solve the problem in this formulation, including a synchronous solution we have recently shown, totally based on the local parity rule of the cellular automata elementary space (number 150), with a certain pattern of connection between the nodes. Here, we generalise this solution, showing how to construct many others, combining rule 150 with rules 170 and 240, which are the local shifts of the same space, in such a way that the original solution is just one among countless possibilities. Such solutions may have different convergence times for specific configurations, but are equivalent in the context of all configurations of a given size; also, various solutions form symmetric pairs, in terms of the actual rules they used. The solutions were evaluated computationally and presented here without their formal proofs, but empirical evidences strongly suggest that they can be obtained by the same kind of technique we used in the solution exclusively with rule 150.

Mengurai Benang Kusut: Strategi, Metode, Teknik Dan Pendekatan Dalam Pembelajaran

The spirit of education is learning. To make the spirit good, the learning process must be good and optimal, one of which is engineering very well and applying appropriate and good teaching materials. Within the scope of the teaching and learning process, there are many terms that we often hear, such as strategies, techniques, models, methods, approaches, and others. These things will describe the situation and the teaching and learning process carried out by the teacher for his students. But in fact, there are often mistakes in the meaning of these terms. Educators also often generalize the intent and purpose of these terms. In practice, its use also often runs away from the actual rules. In order to clarify and detail the characteristics of each of these terms, they really need to be discussed conceptually. This really needs to be done so that deviations and doubts in the meaning of each do not happen again, especially among educators. This paper will discuss in detail the meaning of approaches, methods, models, strategies, and techniques in learning because these five terms are often used in the teaching and learning process. To obtain the data in this paper using qualitative methods with a literature review, It will dig up information from sources such as books, journals, articles, and others.

Investigation into Mining Economic Evaluation Approaches Based on the Rosenblueth Point Estimate Method

Conducting technical and economic evaluations is important for mining investment and mining operation decision-making. Traditional economic evaluation methods rarely address the issue of evaluation reliability and usually require complex calculations to obtain the optimal solution. In this study, the Rosenblueth point estimate method for reliability evaluation of engineering project schemes is introduced. Combined with the cash flow method for economic evaluation of mines, the Rosenblueth point estimate method for evaluating the reliability of mining economy is established. Based on the technical and economic index of the case mine, taking the ore grade as a sensitivity indicator, empirical research on established models and methods was carried out. The results of the economic reliability evaluation and the variation rules obtained using the Rosenblueth point estimate method model were basically consistent with the actual production and operation rules of mining enterprise. The similar results also proved that the proposed model has good applicability and reliability for mining economic evaluation. Using the proposed RPEM economic reliability model, the economic reliability of a certain iron mine in Liaoning Province was calculated to be 99.95, which was a huge improvement compared with the traditional evaluation method. Additionally, the calculation process of the proposed model for economic reliability evaluation is simple and the accuracy is controllable. The economic reliability of the project can be calculated based on changes in sensitivity indicators, and the value range of sensitivity indicators can also be calculated through the required reliability. The obtained results and the proposed evaluation model provide a decision-making basis for mining investment projects and operation management.

Opacity in bargaining over public good provision

AbstractWe consider ultimatum bargaining over the provision of a public good. Offer‐maker and responder can delegate their decisions to agents whose actual decision rules are opaque. We show that the responder will benefit from strategic opacity, even with bilateral delegation. The incomplete information created by strategic opacity choices does not lead to inefficient negotiation failure in equilibrium. Inefficiencies arise from an inefficient provision level. While an agreement will always be reached, the public good provision will fall short of the socially desirable level. Compared with unilateral delegation, bilateral delegation is never worse from a welfare perspective.

World Marrow Donor Association guidelines for the reporting of novel HLA alleles.

The guidelines for the implementation and reporting of HLA nomenclature for the World Marrow Donor Association have served as a reliable standard for communication of HLA data in the hematopoietic cell transplantation process. Wider use of next-generation sequencing made a special provision of the guidelines increasingly pertinent: how to communicate novel HLA alleles. Novel alleles need to be recognized by the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA system to obtain official allele designations. Until then they have to be handled according to the specific rules. Leaving the actual rules basically unchanged we give some advice on how to communicate novel alleles to best facilitate the search process for cases where novel alleles are identified on donor or patient side.

Negotiation and the law of contract – multivalency or incoherence?

Negotiation features in Contract Law in numerous guises. (1) Courts recognise that negotiation may precede agreement (2) Courts will enforce agreements made after a negotiation process where parties intended to enter into legally binding arrangements (3) Courts decline to construe the contract by interrogation of the negotiations which led up to the point of agreement (4) A Court may create imaginary negotiation evidence, gleaning this from a Court simulated negotiation between hypothetical parties to the actual agreement (5) In the event of a breach of contract, a party may establish that the breaching party had actual knowledge of a state of affairs that might be a not improbable result of that breach. That actual knowledge will almost certainly have been created or transferred during negotiations. In this note, I argue that the principles of construction at 3 and 5 above are manifestly mutually incompatible. The logic of my argument is that reconsideration of the exclusionary rule is merited, particularly in the light of multiple exceptions and given the fact that Judges routinely deal with evidence of negotiations. As the actual knowledge rule is unexceptionable and the exclusionary rule highly questionable, coherence can be brought to the law relatively easily.

Storage Mechanism and Dynamic Characteristics of CO2 Dissolution in Saline Aquifers

Solubility trapping is one important storage method in CO2 geological sequestration, which is affected by many factors such as temperature, pressure, and salinity. At present, the solubility of single mineral (such as pure water, NaCl, MgCl2) solution is mostly studied, and the dynamic dissolution process under actual reservoir conditions is less studied. In this study, based on the improved experimental method, we carried out static and dynamic solubility experiments under reservoir conditions. With pore permeability measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and other experimental means, the dynamic change rule and reason for CO2 solubility were clarified. The results show that the static solubility experiment has more advantages in identifying the law of influencing factors of CO2 solubility in the short term and quickly, and the dynamic solubility experiment is more accurate in simulating the actual CO2 geological storage process change rule. Temperature is the most sensitive to solubility, followed by pressure, and salinity is almost unaffected by temperature and pressure for solubility. Under reservoir conditions, the solubility of CO2 is closer to the solubility value (3.2/100 g) after dynamic equilibrium, and the solubility of CO2 shows a dynamic process of “first decreasing, then increasing, and then balancing”, reaching the lowest at about 15 days, about 1.76/100 g. But with a longer reaction time, improving solubility values, eventually, it gradually becomes saturated after 30 days, and eventually reaches equilibrium. The equilibrium solubility is about 5% lower than the static solubility value, due to the dynamic competition between mineral dissolution and precipitation under reservoir conditions, and at the same time, “chemical retention” and “residual capture” play a key role.

Vessel scheduling model with resource restriction considerations for restricted channel in ports

Restricted channels differ from ordinary channels because of their external environmental factors; they have many restrictions on vessel scheduling. In particular, for ports with restricted channels and harbor basins, these restrictions affect the safety and efficiency of vessel scheduling, resulting in traffic congestion and causing long delays and waiting times for vessels. Therefore, in this study, we use a mathematical optimization model to optimize vessel scheduling in ports with restricted channel to reduce vessel waiting time, improve vessel transportation efficiency, and ensure transportation safety. We simultaneously considered constraints such as complex navigation rules of restricted channel and scheduling resources to develop the mathematical optimization model. An elite selection genetic algorithm (e-GA) with the vessel service sequence as the code is proposed to solve the optimization model. Finally, using the optimization model, a customized model of the Port of Huanghua was developed based on the actual layout and rules of the port and case studies were conducted. The research results prove the rationality and reliability of the proposed optimization model as well as the effectiveness of e-GA and provide basic theoretical support for expanding this research direction. The results show that compared with the traditional first come first service (FCFS) strategy, the optimization model and e-GA can yield better auxiliary decision making for vessel scheduling in restricted channel and have practical significance.

Uncertain design optimization of automobile structures: A survey

<abstract> <p>In real life, there are a lot of uncertainties in engineering structure design, and the potential uncertainties will have an important impact on the structural performance responses. Therefore, it is of great significance to consider the uncertainty in the initial stage of structural design to improve product performance. The consensus can be reached that the mechanical structure obtained by the reliability and robustness design optimization method considering uncertainty not only has low failure risk but also has highly stable performance. As a large mechanical system, the uncertainty design optimization of key vehicle structural performances is particularly important. This survey mainly discusses the current situation of the uncertain design optimization framework of automobile structures, and successively summarizes the uncertain design optimization of key automobile structures, uncertainty analysis methods, and multi-objective iterative optimization models. The uncertainty analysis method in the design optimization framework needs to consider the existing limited knowledge and limited test data. The importance of the interval model as a non-probabilistic model in the uncertainty analysis and optimization process is discussed. However, it should be noted that the interval model ignores the actual uncertainty distribution rule, which makes the design scheme still have some limitations. With the further improvement of design requirements, the efficiency, accuracy, and calculation cost of the entire design optimization framework of automobile structures need to be further improved iteratively. This survey will provide useful theoretical guidance for engineers and researchers in the automotive engineering field at the early stage of product development.</p> </abstract>

Multiple-criteria determination and preventive measures of river ecological water level in the Northern Jiangsu plain

It is vital to employ efficient methods to calculate and determine the threshold of river ecological flow. These methods help to get the river ecological status control countermeasures in the plain river networks and construct a flawless long-term mechanism of ecological flow control (water level). According to the river's current environment and the actual circumstances surrounding its operation and administration, the upper, middle, and lower reaches make up the three sections of the Zong-Liutang River in the Plain of Northern Jiangsu. Furthermore, the ecological water level governing factor for each reach was analyzed and studied. The ecological water level threshold in the upper and lower reaches of the Zong-Liutang River adopted the specified values of Jiangsu Provincial Department of water resources. The threshold of the middle reach was thoroughly analyzed by using the determination method with multi-criteria, which consisted of the hydrological and hydraulic methods (including yearly minimum water level with a 90% assured rate method; wetted perimeter method; minimum monthly average water level method), aquatic living conditions method, and river landscape entertainment factor method. Taking into account the hydrological and hydrodynamic characteristics, observed hydrological data conditions of rivers, and the actual operation rules of rivers and water projects regulations in the Northern Jiangsu plain. Through comparing and contrasting actual operation and management plans, the target values of the ecological water level for the river's upper, middle, and lower reaches were 17.4 m, 8.96 m, and 7.5 m, respectively. Based on the river's ecological water level's control value, which was found through a thorough analysis, and the river's real operation and management conditions, specific measures to protect the river's ecological water level were suggested. These included developing a perfect and workable ecological flow control method, speeding up the development of an ecological water level goal assurance early warning system, and an ecological flow and inlet system.

Smart charging business model framework for electric vehicle aggregators

The massive, uncontrolled charging of numerous plug-in electric vehicles is expected to have an adverse impact on the reliable operation of the electricity networks. The flexible and coordinated management of the charging process, also known as smart charging, is a promising solution that provides the system and network operators with additional flexibility and the electric vehicle users with reduced charging costs. The Electric Vehicle Aggregator (EVA) is the entity that is able to exploit the flexibility potential of smart charging, by optimally managing the complex smart charging process over a distributed network of connected charging stations. Given the inherent complexity and requirements of managing the smart charging process at scale, it is critical for EVAs under development to adopt a well-defined business model that is carefully designed and adapted to the unique needs of their business. Towards this direction, this paper proposes a novel Business Model Framework that is customized for designing and developing viable business models for EVAs. The proposed framework is based on the value proposition, creation and delivery, and ultimately on the value capture, enabling EVAs to identify and unlock the untapped potential of flexible charging in wholesale electricity markets. Thus, it can serve as a roadmap for entities interested in fostering smart charging services. The key aspects of the proposed framework are described in detail, putting an emphasis on the interactions of EVAs with the e-mobility ecosystem. Finally, the proposed framework is utilized to examine one business model for the EVA participation in the EU-based balancing market, using actual market signals and settlement rules, highlighting its practicality under real-world conditions.

Implementasi Akad Murabahah di Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Syariah BMT Mandiri Sejahtera Jawa Timur


 In connection with the growing number of Islamic financial institutions in the country, the development of these Islamic institutions is something to be grateful for but also to be wary of. This vigilance is related to the existence of a pure sharia system that is applied or is it just a deviation from sharia principles that only participate in pinning the name”sharia” solely in order to follow the trend of market needs without paying attention to and apllying the actual sharia rules. Therefore, so that the public, especially customers, can distinguish which financial institutions are implementing financing that is in accprdance with actual Islamic law and which ones are only embedding the name of sharia. The form of murabahah financing is stil the dominantr form of financing ins Islamic banking. Murabahah is a sale and purchase contract of goods by stating the acquisition price and profit (margin) agreed between the seller and the buyer. Because the definition calls for an “ agreedprofit”, the characteristic of murabahah is that the seller must notify the buyer of purchase price of the goods and state the amount of profit added to the cost.

A robust optimization approach to steel grade design problem subject to uncertain yield and demand

This work formulates and investigates a steel grade design problem (SGDP) arising from a production process of steelmaking continuous casting. For the first time, we consider uncertain yield and demand in SGDP and construct a two-stage robust optimisation model accordingly. Then, we propose an enhanced column-and-constraint generation algorithm to obtain high-quality solutions. By exploiting the problem characteristics, we first use a Lagrangian relaxation method to decompose SGDP into multiple subproblems and then apply a standard column-and-constraint generation algorithm to solve the latter. At last, we test the proposed algorithm by extensive instances constructed based on actual production rules of a steelmaking shop. Numerical results show that it can effectively solve large-scale SGDPs. The obtained plan is better than those obtained by a commonly-used and standard column-and-constraint generation algorithm.

Research on Rule Matching Model Based on Spark

Rule engines are widely used in engineering and academic fields because they can flexibly separate facts and rules from the rule matching process. Since the rule matching process is very time-consuming, and the traditional rule matching uses single-computer operation when many facts and rules exceed the computer’s memory and computational capacity limit, it will cause the application to crash and paralyze. To solve the above problems, this paper investigates the Spark framework and Rete algorithm to take advantage of Spark’s in-memory computation to alleviate the time-consuming problem of the traditional rule matching process. A high-performance distributed rule matching model is designed by combining the actual rule matching scenario and the development process. In addition, according to the form of rules and facts in the actual scenario, this paper effectively divides the matching process and improves the scalability of the rule matching model.