Actual Growth Rate Research Articles

An Examination of the Empirical Validity of the Thirlwall ‘Law’: The Case of Egypt

The Balance of Payment constrained growth model was first introduced by Thirlwall in 1979, see [1-2]. According to him a country’s growth rate cannot surpass the rate consistent with its balance of payment equilibrium unless it can finance its endlessly growing current account deficit, which is deemed impossible. In addition, this country’s actual growth rate should be equal to its potential growth rate calculated based on its income elasticity of demand for exports and imports in the long run. Based on these assumptions, this paper examines the Thirlwall Balance of Payment (BOP) constraint growth model in the case of Egypt for the period of 1980 to 2016 using the bounds testing Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The model suggests the validity of Thirlwall’s assumption of a long run relation between imports, gross domestic product (GDP) and relative prices having a negligible effect. The actual growth rate was found to be equal to the calculated potential growth rate given the BOP constraint assumption. The empirical results support the historical development of the Egyptian BOP analysis which shows how the external balance was and remains a major factor affecting Egypt’s growth rate. Policy decisions aiming to achieve the calculated potential growth in Egypt should focus on sustaining a balanced current account, through promoting exports and external financial flows.

Natural Interest Rate, Potential GDP Growth Rate and Long-Term Monetary Policy Stance

The natural rate of interest is the real interest rate that would prevail when the macro economy is in its natural, long-term equilibrium at which the actual GDP growth rate equals its potential rate. The natural rate of interest should therefore comove with the long-term trend of the potential GDP growth. In addition, since monetary policy authority has a significant impact on real interest rates, the difference between real and natural interest rates can be the basis for determining the long-term policy stance for the real sector of the economy. This study estimates potential growth rates and natural interest rates in Korea and the United States based on the Holston et al. (2017) model with important adjustments. We use the real market interest rate faced by economic agents, which may be different from the traditional real rate computed using the policy rate. Also, GDP per capita is considered, which is theoretically more suitable when population growth is taken into account. The estimation results using these new measures and the associated adjustment in the model reveal that the estimated natural rate of interest captures the theoretical characteristics of the natural interest rate better than the estimate using standard real interest rate. In addition, since the 2000s, Korea's real rate was much lower than the estimated natural interest rate, suggesting that the long-term monetary policy stance in Korea might have been strongly accommodating.

Effect of Climate Change on the Production and Productivity of Wheat Crop in the Highlands of Ethiopia: A Review

Climate change is a recent challenge on crop production and productivity in the world. The objective of this paper is to review the major effects of climate change on the production and productivity of wheat in the high lands of Ethiopia. Effects of climate change on wheat would be mainly through changes in [CO2], temperature, rainfall, length of growing period, actual growth rate and increased evapo-transpiration, which may lead to reduce yield or complete crop failure. Moreover, flower fertilization and grain set are highly sensitive to heat stress during mid-anthesis. In C3 crops like wheat, the elevated CO2 level is expected to increase productivity as a result of higher CO2 diffusion through stomata leading to a higher photosynthesis rate. But, elevated [CO2] may have negative effects on the grain-quality of wheat in terms of protein, lipids, number of mitochondria and nitrogen contents. Unlike CO2, elevated temperature affects crop production negatively by increasing rate of respiration; hastening plant growth and development; increasing photorespiration of wheat, reducing photosynthetic efficiency due to O2 interrupts the photosynthetic path way instead of CO2, increasing rate of water loss by increasing evapo-transpiration and decreasing nutrient use-efficiency through increased rate of decomposition and mineralization. As a result, wheat area is forecast to be displaced by other crop types. In order to tackle this issue, major mitigation and adaptation measures for example promoting area closures and conservation agriculture-based (CA), agroforestry practices, efficient use of energy sources, etc. should be practiced and given special attention by the communities as well as the government to solve the effects of climate change on wheat production and productivity in the country.

PENGARUH RETURN SAHAM, ASSETS TURNOVER, LEVERAGE, DAN PRICE TO BOOK VALUE TERHADAP DEVIASI ACTUAL GROWTH RATE DARI SUSTAINABLE GROWTH RATE

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stock returns, asset turnover, leverage, and price to book value to the deviation of the actual growth rate of sustainable growth rates in manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The time period of the study is 4 years, namely the period 2015-2018. The population of this study includes all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2015-2018 period. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique. Based on the established criteria obtained by 17 companies. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analytical method used is panel data regression analysis.The results showed that stock returns, asset turnover, and leverage significantly positive effect on the deviation of the actual growth rate of the sustainable growth rate, price to book value had a significant negative effect on the deviation of the actual growth rate of the sustainable growth rate, and stock returns, asset turnover,leverage , and price to book value together affect the actual growth rate deviation from the sustainable growth rate.

Convergence of actual, warranted, and natural growth rates in a Kaleckian–Harrodian‐classical model

AbstractThis paper describes a dynamic one‐sector macroeconomic model that draws on both post‐Keynesian and classical/neo‐Marxian themes. The model features an equilibrium in which Harrod’s actual, warranted, and natural growth rates coincide. Dynamic processes unfolding over both short and long time scales lead the economy to exhibit both business cycles and long waves. The Keynesian stability condition is assumed not to hold, so the model features short‐run instability, which is bounded from above by a utilization ceiling. Labor constraints affect distribution through conflict pricing. In contrast to other Kaleckian–Harrodian models, we do not assume an exogenous source of demand. Instead, short‐run instability is bounded from below by firms’ expectations that the downturn will eventually reverse.

Analysis of Economic Benefit of E-Commerce Business in Oceangoing Enterprises

Lu, H., 2020. Analysis of economic benefit of e-commerce business in oceangoing enterprises. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 217–220. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With a unique geographical advantage in the sea area, China's oceangoing enterprises have developed rapidly. They have gradually formed industrial activities with regional characteristics according to regional resources or economic models, contributing many economic benefits to regional economic development. This paper explores the economic benefits of the e-commerce business in oceangoing enterprises based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) calculation model. To this end, this research integrates the internet thinking mode and studies the improvement of the industrial chain in oceangoing enterprises. The research results show that oceangoing enterprises relying on e-commerce have formed a modern logistics operation mode and expanded the application of e-commerce and electronic trade in foreign trade. By weakening the relationship between analysis variables, the DEA model can help to calculate the potential output, actual economic growth rate, and potential economic growth rate of multiple decision-making units in oceangoing enterprises. The DEA model shows that the potential economic benefits increase year by year, and the potential economic benefits can predict the actual economic growth. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for calculating the economic benefits of e-commerce business in oceangoing enterprises.

Effect of Substance Abuse on Nigeria’s Economic Performance

Purpose of the study: This study investigated the effect of substance abuse on the real growth rate in Nigeria between 1993 and 2017. The study specifically examined the period-based impact of substance abuse prevalence and rehabilitated individual drug addicts on the actual growth rate of the Nigerian economy.
 Methodology: Autoregressive distributed lag and co-integration/bound test techniques were employed to analyze the data obtained. In between, correlation analysis and preliminary tests were carried out.
 Main findings: The study found out that substance abuse and rehabilitated drug individuals have a significant impact on economic performance. While substance abuse has a significant negative impact, rehabilitated, individual drug addicts have a significant positive impact. However, in the long run, there was no indication of a significant impact on the Nigerian economy.
 Research limitations/implications: This study will be of use to the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and most drug control programs in many countries. The Ministries of Economic Planning to examine the extent to which drug abuse has had an economic impact.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Economic analysis showcasing the effect of drug abuse prevalence and rehabilitated individuals on economic performance is quite scanty. This work creates a good reference point in areas of health economics and macroeconomics generally. It allows readers to know the genesis of drug trafficking and abuse in Nigeria.

Agricultural Structure Adjustment and Rural Poverty Alleviation in the Agro-Pastoral Transition Zone of Northern China: A Case Study of Yulin City

Poverty restricts rural sustainable development and urban–rural integration. Agricultural development is an engine of rural economic development and poverty elimination. Agricultural structure adjustment and rural poverty alleviation in Yulin City from the agro-pastoral transition zone of Northern China were studied using statistical data. Our results showed that the rural poverty ratio in Yulin was 7.70% in 2017, with clearly higher trends in southeast regions and lower trends in northeast regions. Northern Yulin had a lower proportion of primary industry to gross domestic production and ratio of agriculture to animal husbandry than southern Yulin. The agricultural structure variability index and agricultural specialization index have changed little, while the actual growth rate of the rural per capita net income has dramatically declined in the last decade. The rural poverty ratio was positively correlated with proportion of primary industry and ratio of agriculture to animal husbandry. These results suggest that a reduced proportion of primary industry and animal husbandry development will promote rural poverty alleviation and future rural revitalization.

Phospholipid turnover rates suggest that bacterial community growth rates in the open ocean are systematically underestimated

AbstractHeterotrophic bacteria in the surface ocean play a critical role in the global carbon cycle and the magnitude of this role depends on their growth rates. Although methods for determining bacterial community growth rates based on incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine and leucine are widely accepted, they are based on a number of assumptions and simplifications. We sought to independently assess these methods by comparing bacterial growth rates to turnover rates of bacterial membranes using previously published methods in a range of open‐ocean settings. We found that turnover rates for heterotrophic bacterial phospholipids averaged 0.80 ± 0.35 d−1. This was supported by independent measurements of turnover rates of a membrane‐bound pigment in photoheterotrophic bacteria, bacteriochlorophyll a (0.85 ± 0.09 d−1). By contrast, bacterial growth rates measured by uptake of radiolabeled thymidine and leucine were 0.12 ± 0.08 d−1, well within the range expected from the literature. We explored whether the discrepancies between phospholipid turnover rates and bacterial growth rate could be explained by membrane recycling/remodeling and other factors, but were left to conclude that the radiolabeled thymidine and leucine incorporation methods substantially underestimated actual bacterial growth rates. We use a simple model to show that the faster bacterial growth rates we observed can be accommodated within the constraints of the microbial carbon budget if bacteria are smaller than currently thought, grow with greater efficiency, or some combination of these two factors.

Banks' sustainable growth challenge under economic recessionary pressure

PurposeThis is a comparative study of the nature of operating decisions made by agricultural and non-agricultural banks, affecting their actual growth plans in the years around and during the Great Recession of 2008. The main empirical question is whether banks under greater economic stress shortly before, during, and immediately after the recession made deliberate adjustments in their growth decisions vis-à-vis predetermined sustainable levels.Design/methodology/approachHiggins' sustainable growth challenge is employed to evaluate banks' growth decisions involving four growth levers (profitability, earnings retention, asset management, and financial leverage). Actual growth trends are related to business growth rates deemed sustainable given available financial capability as prescribed by Higgins' model.FindingsBoth banking groups made cautious growth decisions during the sample period. Actual growth rates were below sustainable levels. Agricultural banks registered steadily increasing sustainable growth rates from the pre-recession years until the recovery period, while non-agricultural banks were more constrained to grow given their declining sustainable growth levels. Notably, agricultural banks showed relatively more aggressiveness in raising slightly actual revenue growth to levels much closer to sustainable levels. This could have resulted from their less volatile profit margin trends and usual pressure to maintain acceptable liquidity conditions in order to gain access to external funds.Originality/valueThis study presents an additional application of Higgins' model to agricultural finance. The comparative analysis of banking groups becomes even more relevant these days as recent economic discussions focus on indicators of an imminent recessionary period.

Modelling and Simulation of Globular Equiaxed Eutectic Solidification in a Direct Chill Casting of Aluminium Binary Alloy Systems

A comprehensive modelling of globular equiaxed eutectic solidification in a direct chill casting of aluminium binary alloy systems has been presented. The modelling applies the finite volume method in a diffusion dominated 2D axisymetric domain. The model couples the macroscopic heat transfer equation with solidification kinetics model to predict total solidification time, actual solidification time, grain size, undercooling, and grain growth rate in the two binary aluminium alloy systems namely; Al-Cu system and Al-Si system. The linearization of the solidification kinetics source term coupled to the heat transfer equation ensures robust and converged computation of the numerical model. The results obtained show that under the same cooling conditions at the billet surface, Al-Cu alloy system solidifies faster than Al-Si alloy system. In addition higher undercooling, grain size and growth rate are evident in the former than the later.

Определение скорости роста и элиминации отдельных видов и популяций в сообществе фитопланктона бухты Севастопольская (Чёрное море)

Актуальность исследования определяется ключевой ролью фитопланктона в функционировании морских экосистем: одноклеточные водоросли образуют начальное трофическое звено в пищевой цепи, осуществляя первичную продукцию органического вещества в процессе фотосинтеза. Важными задачами являются определение значения скорости чистого (видимого) роста фитопланктона в целом и составляющих его элементов, включая популяции отдельных видов, и изучение возможности оценивать скорость их действительного роста и выедания на основе регулярных короткопериодных определений численности и биомассы фитопланктона в природных сообществах. Для решения данной задачи использованы как полученные ранее материалы подекадного мониторинга состояния фитопланктона в прибрежной зоне, так и результаты недавно проведённых экспериментов. Выполненные в течение 2007 г. подекадные определения в зоне устья б. Севастопольская включали измерения численности и биомассы фитопланктона, а также концентрации хлорофилла a с периодичностью в несколько суток, что позволило рассчитывать скорость чистого удельного роста биомассы (видимый рост, k) согласно её изменениям, фиксированным за этот период. Путём сопоставления численности отдельных видов в ближайших по времени определениях рассчитаны 29 значений скорости видимого роста для 9 массовых видов. Видимый рост, являясь разницей между действительным ростом и выеданием, может быть использован для определения этих величин. Закономерности, которые связывают значения скорости видимого и действительного роста клеток водорослей с их размерами, выявлены в экспериментах, проведённых по методу разбавления, изначально предназначенному для исследования суммарного фитопланктона, но адаптированному нами для определения функциональных параметров отдельных видов, что и позволило выявить связующие их закономерности. Используя найденные закономерности, мы получили 22 значения скорости роста µ и скорости выедания m для 7 массовых видов фитопланктона в зоне устья б. Севастопольская. Показано, что скорость роста отдельных видов фитопланктона, объём клеток которых составляет до 1000 мкм³, может достигать значений свыше 1 сут−1. Для водорослей, объём клеток которых превышает 1500 мкм³, значения µ приближаются к значениям k, а значения m ― к нулю. Для этой группы скорость действительного роста µ принимается равной скорости видимого роста k, а скорость выедания m ― равной нулю. В действительности в естественной популяции мелкие виды преимущественно выедаются в верхнем освещённом слое; крупные виды оседают на дно или в глубинные горизонты. Полученные нами сравнительно высокие значения k свидетельствуют, возможно, о низких значениях элиминации, в том числе о низкой выедаемости. По результатам эксперимента, при увеличении объёма клеток водорослей до 1600 мкм³ значения k возрастают до уровня значений µ, в то время как значения m падают до нуля. Это означает, что выеданию подвержены прежде всего популяции фитопланктона с мелкими клетками; виды с более крупными клетками не выедаются. Между тем с таким заключением не согласуются показатели скоростей видимого роста, измеренных in situ, которые включают как положительные, так и отрицательные значения для всех популяций независимо от размера клеток. Это противоречие объясняется тем, что в эксперименте отмирающие и оседающие на дно сосуда крупные клетки учитывают наравне с живыми, что скрывает эффект элиминации.

The PRC's long-run growth through the lens of the export-led growth model

We explain China's remarkable growth performance over the last three decades through an export-led growth (ELG) model, where countries need to export to pay for their imports. We show that China's actual long-run growth rate is well approximated by its balance-of-payments equilibrium (BOPE) growth rate, defined as the long-run growth rate consistent with current account equilibrium. This growth rate is given by the ratio of the growth rate of exports to the income elasticity of imports. We estimate the latter using the Kalman filter, which allows us to obtain a time-varying estimate of China's BOPE growth rate. We find that the average value of China's BOPE growth rate during 1981–2016 was about 11 percent but fluctuated significantly over time and declined notably after 2007. It is estimated to be 5.9 percent in 2015. We then discuss the determinants of China's BOPE growth rate and of the income elasticity of imports, with the help of the Bayesian Model Averaging technique. The analysis highlights the role of the composition of aggregate demand as the main driving force, both for its direct effects on the income elasticity of imports, and for the indirect effects on export growth via capital accumulation, in particular fixed asset investment. Our analysis has important implications to understand China's transition to a “New Normal” of a lower growth rate and the effects of the external and internal rebalancing strategy pursued from the early 2000s.

In Situ Observation of Acicular Ferrite Nucleation and Growth at Different Cooling Rate in Ti-Zr Deoxidized Steel

The effects of cooling rate on acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation, growth, and inclusion characteristics in Ti-Zr deoxidation steel were studied by utilizing the high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (HT-CLSM). The results indicated that with the increase of cooling rate, the ferrite start nucleation temperature decreased, and the difference of first nucleation temperature between AF and ferrite side plate (FSP) reduced. When the cooling rate increased to 10.0 °C/s, AF and FSP simultaneously nucleated at 564.5 °C. In addition, the AF actual growth rate rose with the increase of cooling rate and reached 30.13 µm/s at 10.0 °C/s cooling rate. The AF ratio in microstructure increased first and then decreased with the cooling rate increase and was up to the maximum 45.83 pct at 1.0 °C/s cooling rate. For inclusion characteristics, cooling rates had no obvious effect on inclusion types, but had a great influence on inclusions size distribution. With the cooling rate increase, the inclusion average diameter reduced, and diminished to 1.39 µm at 10.0 °C/s cooling rate. Finally, the AF nucleation on the Ti-Zr-Mn-O-S + TiN inclusion could be explained by the low lattice misfit between ferrite and TiN that precipitated on the Ti-Zr-Mn-O-S inclusion surface.

Prognostic value of tumor growth kinetic parameters in prostate cancer patients.

The goal of this paper was to estimate the predictive value of kinetic parameters of tumor growth in 109 prostatic cancer (PCa) patients with the morphologically verified diagnosis. Results: The cell loss factor, calculated on the basis of Ki-67 values, and the PSA doubling time, proved to be an important prognostic parameter. A cumulative comparative analysis of these criteria, depending on the prevalence of the tumor process, indicates that the level of cell loss significantly decreases with increasing tumor stage (p = 1*10−5), and the growth rate of the tumor significantly increases (p = 1*10−6). In the multivariate prognostic model, the CLF is an independent predictor of tumor-specific survival along with the stage of PCa. Materials and methods: For each patient of the study group were as follows. The level of Ki-67 expression in biopsies of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland was estimated. Also, in the selected group of patients, based on the available data on the kinetics of the prostatic specific antigen (PSA), the initial time of doubling of PSA was determined. The obtained values of the actual tumor growth rate and the cell loss factor (CLF) were compared with the parameters characterizing the tumor state (stage, Gleason score, PSA level at diagnosis) and tumor-specific survival rates. Conclusion: Inclusion of proliferative activity factors in nomograms and prognostic models will increase their prognostic value and practical significance. Further prospective studies are needed to analyze the actual growth rate of PCa and evaluate its proliferative activity.

A study on sustainable growth rate for firm survival

AbstractUnderstanding where a company is in its life cycle is important. The sustainable growth rate (SGR) is an indicator of what stage a company is in, in its life cycle. The position often determines corporate finance objectives such as what sources of financing to use, dividend pay‐out policies, or overall competitive strategy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual growth rate as well as SGR and investigate the overall effect of selected independent variables on SGR.

Detecting and understanding co-benefits generated in tackling climate change and environmental degradation in China

China is facing the challenge of climate change and environmental protection in line with the promotion of sustainable development goals. Climate, environmental, and economic policy can each individually impact the effectiveness of other policies in the process of implementation. Understanding synergies among policy measures and identifying the co-benefits of environmental sustainable development generated by them is the focus of the paper. Because of existing restrictions in current research methods, the research community lacks the capacity to detect the interrelation among environmental, economic, and social development. Co-benefit research has gradually become an important area on sustainable development. Based on endogenous economic growth theory, we build a modified endogenous growth model to determine the optimal rates of economic growth, environmental pollution, energy input, and other factors in the context of co-benefits. Further empirical analysis is given which is missing in previous studies in this field. The empirical analysis reveals that China’s actual GDP, consumption, energy input, and physical capital growth rates are much higher than the optimal growth rate. However, the human capital and environmental pollution control growth rates are slower than the optimal values. Although China has a rapid growth in economy, the optimal level of comprehensive co-benefits has not been reached yet.

Forecasting Russia's Key Macroeconomic Indicators with the VAR-LASSO Model

This paper examines an application of the VAR-LASSO model to Russia's key macroeconomic indicators: GDP, household consumption, fixed asset investment, exports, imports, and the rouble real exchange rate, along with oil prices (as an exogenous variable). The slowdown in the Russian economy following the 2008–2009 crisis is modelled as a structural break in the unconditional mean of growth rates of the time series under examination. The model is estimated with the assumption of a common growth rate for GDP, consumption, investment, exports and imports (any discrepancies in actual growth rates are due to changing oil prices and other shocks), which provides a solid foundation for balanced medium-term forecasts using an econometric specification that factors in this constraint. The model exhibits fairly good predictive power when pseudo real-time forecasts are benchmarked against the forecast by the Ministry of Economic Development and the forecast given by the BVAR model in Pestova and Mamonov (2016b), as well as against the best (based on the BIC criterion) VAR(1) model and the classical ARIMA model. The estimated model is used to study functions for impulse responses to oil price shocks and to build scenario-driven forecasts for 2019–2024.

Strong evidence of drug-facilitated crimes by hair analysis using LC–MS/MS after micro-segmentation

Hair analysis can provide effective information to prove drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs). Herein, an analytical procedure for obtaining evidence of DFCs stronger than with conventional segmental hair analysis is demonstrated for an actual case. A victim reported to the police that, approximately 1 month earlier, she had consumed a drink, fallen asleep, and then been assaulted. Her hair strands were collected to examine whether drugs were detected from her hair. Drug screening by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HR-MS) revealed a specific peak, derived from zolpidem, on the chromatogram obtained from the hair extract. Micro-segmental analysis using an internal temporal marker (ITM) was performed to estimate the day of zolpidem ingestion using sensitive LC–low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The victim ingested cold medicine as an ITM twice, with an interval of 21.0 days, to calculate the actual growth rate of her hair. Her hair strands were collected again 2 weeks after the second ITM ingestion. A hair strand was cut at 0.4-mm intervals, and the distribution curves of zolpidem and the ITM in a hair strand were plotted. The estimated day of zolpidem ingestion was consistent with the day of the incident that she had reported. The two-step hair analysis proved that she had ingested zolpidem on the day of the incident. The combination of drug screening by LC–HR-MS and determination of the day of drug ingestion using micro-segmental analysis by sensitive LC–MS/MS would be useful for elucidating the relationship between the drug and the incident when investigating DFCs.

Sustainability Implications of the Incorporation of a Biogas Trapping System into a Conventional Crude Palm Oil Supply Chain

This paper presents the sustainability implications of installing biogas trapping systems in palm oil mills of a crude palm oil production supply chains in Malaysia. The study evaluates the impact of this mitigation strategy on the existing supply chains published by Lim and Biswas. The experience of a local palm oil mill installed with the KUBOTA biogas trapping system was incorporated into a typical 60 metric tonne per hour palm oil mill for effluent treatment. This allowed us to assess the changes in sustainability performance of the whole crude palm oil supply chain using the Palm Oil Sustainability Assessment (POSA) framework. Installing the biogas trapping system increased waste recycling and reuse percentage of the mill from 81.81% to 99.99% and the energy ratio (energy output/fossil fuel and biomass energy input) from 2.45 to 2.56; and reduced the Greenhouse Gas emission of the supply chain from 0.814 tonne CO2eq to 0.196 tonne CO2eq per tonne of Crude Palm Oil. This system could also potentially increase the mill’s annual revenue by 2.3%, while sacrificing the sustainability performance of other economic indicators (i.e., a further 3% negative deviation of actual growth rate from sustainable growth rate). Overall, sustainability score of the supply chain improved from 3.47/5 to 3.59/5 on the 5-level-Likert-scale due to environmental improvement strategy consideration. Finally, this paper shows that the POSA framework is capable of capturing changes in the sustainability performance of triple bottom line indicators associated with the use or incorporation of any improvement strategy in the crude palm oil supply chain.