Actual Person Research Articles

Worlds Enough: The Invention of Realism in the Victorian Novel by Elaine Freedgood

Reviewed by: Worlds Enough: The Invention of Realism in the Victorian Novel by Elaine Freedgood John O. Jordan Elaine Freedgood. Worlds Enough: The Invention of Realism in the Victorian Novel. Princeton UP, 2019. Pp. xxii + 152. $35.00. ISBN 978-0-691-19330-4. The 19th-century realist novel, it seems, has ragged edges that open up onto a multitude of alternate universes. Or so Elaine Freedgood argues in her provocative and important new book on Victorian fiction. These alternate universes – "worlds enough," as the title of her book calls them – are not exactly the stuff of science fiction. Rather, they are the result of ruptures in the supposedly coherent and stable narrative surface that many readers and critics have for at least the past half century taken for granted as the normative and dominant form of the 19th-century English novel. "Realism," Freedgood contends, is a critical construct, invented by late 20th-century critics in order to sustain a literary history that views the novels of George Eliot and her contemporaries as "the point of representational plenitude to which early novels aspire and the point of representational exhaustion from which modernist and postmodernist novels flee" (xii). In constructing this history, its proponents have overlooked the many ways in which Victorian novels interrupt and subvert central conventions of "realistic" representation: denotation, omniscience, diegetic consistency, and ontological unity. The Victorian novel, she maintains, is always already metafictional. In her influential earlier study, The Ideas in Things (2006), Freedgood struck out in this direction, but without overtly challenging the assumptions of "classical realism." In The Ideas in Things, she adopted a "literalist" approach ("strong metonymy," she also called it) in order to explore the material history of "things" like mahogany furniture and calico curtains, before bringing those histories and their accumulated meanings back into the Victorian novels where such things figure. In Worlds Enough, she tackles Realism head on. Her key trope here is metalepsis, which she defines (following Genette) as the intrusion of one diegetic or ontological level into another. Where other critics ignore or fail to notice these intrusions, or treat them as flaws and inconsistencies in a novel's diegesis, Freedgood finds them everywhere and delights in the instabilities they produce. She locates these ruptures and intrusions at points where the boundary between what is "inside" and what is "outside" a text begins to blur. They emerge in literary allusions; in epigraphs, footnotes, and other paratexts; in the presence of actual historical persons inside works of fiction; in authorial intrusions; in slippages between third- and first-person narration; and in the simultaneous presence of incompatible geographies. She notes the prevalence of ghosts in supposedly realistic stories and asks, did Victorians [End Page 198] "believe"? do we? These and other destabilizing formal elements cause the purportedly coherent story world of Victorian fiction to splinter, she says, into "a seemingly infinite number of worlds" (xiii). Despite the ultimate seriousness of the arguments it makes, Worlds Enough often adopts a playful, teasing tone toward its subject and toward the critics with whom it disagrees, including some major figures (J. Hillis Miller, Fredric Jameson, and Franco Moretti, for example) who might be surprised to find themselves positioned as they are. Readily acknowledging that her account is incomplete and provisional, Freedgood nevertheless aims to help critics "unthink novel history and restore the full oddness of the nineteenth-century novel, putting aside 'classical realism' in favor of a novel full of self-reflexivity and formal hijinks" (x). Worlds Enough consists of a preface that summarizes Freedgood's argument, a short historical and theoretical introduction, and five "case studies" that demonstrate the workings of metalepsis in selected Victorian novels by, among others, Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell. It concludes with a chapter entitled "Decolonizing the Novel," in which she expands her argument to include ways in which some critics have, she believes, imposed an "imperial" model on the relationship between the Victorian novel and works of non-Western fiction. The five case studies deal, respectively, with questions of denotation; with omniscience and its discontents; with the uncertain status of paratexts; with what Freedgood self-mockingly calls "hetero-ontologicality"; and with the vagaries of reference in several Victorian...

A House in Germany

We used to believe that photographs always “refer” to something beyond themselves that already exists, like an actual place, space, object or person(s). Even though this was never always true or completely convincing, such strongly held convictions have been profoundly shaken by the effects of popular digital culture. It is no longer a matter of any specific photograph itself being unreliable, so much as the whole edifice of social and cultural life, and its media platforms, being taken over by a pervading sense of doubt. The idea and belief that photographs invoke a presence is increasingly compromised by the haunting sense of an absence. As explored in this work, a house in Germany is the site of a machinic vision, whose “consciousness” is implanted as an instrument of human vision.

Haunted, and: Two Months before My Son Leaves for Belgium, We Visit the Zoo, and: My Mother the Mannequin

Haunted, and: Two Months before My Son Leaves for Belgium, We Visit the Zoo, and: My Mother the Mannequin Angela Voras-Hills (bio) Haunted Living alone, I'd call my mom, make her listen as I moved room to room looking in closets, behind doors, under the bed, anywhere a man could fit. I plugged my curling iron in each day before showering, imagined identifying a man in a lineup by his melted cheek, his missing eye. By then, I'd seen enough Law & Order reruns to play each scene out until sentencing. Ever since I was a kid, I've wanted things to be fair, believed hand-on-my-heart in liberty and justice for all, but I've also been so afraid. Mostly of a death I'd have to live through— drowning, fire, kidnapping that ends with me tied up in a hole filling with dirt. My daughter is scared of ghosts, believes they're in each corner of her dark room. I tell her they're not real, but once playing Ouija at the cabin with cousins, we contacted The Blue Ghost [End Page 116] and the light above us flickered blue/ burned out, left us in dark woods alone. So who's to say? I've never walked through a haunted house, staged or otherwise, but my cousin pissed her pants inside one, left a puddle someone had to clean. One year, the gun club sponsored a haunted hayride, and I rode through the forest, hay splintering my ass through jeans, and when a man jumped out of the dark with a chainsaw buzzing at us, I thought, "God, who knows if this is really part of it? Who gets paid to behave this way?" This was years before a man shot into a crowded concert from a hotel window in Vegas and before so many defended his rights. I watch tv, try to believe "these stories are fictional and do not depict any actual person or event." My daughter asks about monsters, and I say they're not real, but news breaks, and she knows I'm lying. If ghosts are real, what do they expect [End Page 117] from a four-year-old? By now, you'd think we'd all have heard the unsettled dead. You'd think something would've changed. Two Months before My Son Leaves for Belgium, We Visit the Zoo And a few months before that, the airport is bombed. I get messagemessage message: am I letting him go? And maybe I'm to blamebecause I never told them I'd once caught him running on the roofof our third floor, that he was once hit so hard by a car his shoesflew from his feet into the air (a story I heard as his friends jokedabout the lady who'd hit him, who'd cried and hugged him in the road,making sure he was ok), or that just three days before the bombing,a high school kid scrawled plans to shoot everyone on a bathroom stall.And so, two months before my son boards a plane to Belgium, we feedgiraffes, and he poses with peacocks. He wants to see reptiles and primates,his sister wants elephants, crocodiles, never stops running until she sees a babykangaroo—we all stop and watch him hop around his motherwho lays on the concrete floor, bored. He cleans her ears, jumpson her head to engage her in play, and she swats him away. He is alreadyhalf her size but clearly still a baby. He doesn't give up until finallyshe stands, and I say I think he'll climb into her pouch! My son doesn'tbelieve the joey will fit, and I tell him he will fit, and then, an illusion—the pouch one minute tucked against the kangaroo's belly, stretches,touches the ground as the joey climbs in headfirst, shuffles and turns,settling in. After that, there is little to see. Black paws peek from the belly.The mother nibbles her fingers, drags her baby toward a food bowl, and Ifollow her eyes down the dark...

PHISHSTORM: Detection Mechanism for Finding the Phishing and Legitimate Websites by Implementing the Search Engine

This paper proposes software for detecting the phishing and legitimate websites. In that software, we build and explain the mechanism behind the detection of the phishing and legitimate websites. Phishing is defined as a fraudulent attempt, used to obtain confidential information through which an attacker emulates an actual person or institution by disguising them as an official person or entity through e-mail or other communication mediums. We created this project to safeguard the users from the phishing websites so that they won’t lose their personal details like usernames, passwords and credit card details. Here, we combined Storm in the architecture, thereby detecting the phishing and legitimate URL’s manually. A bloomfilter is a space-efficient data structure used to test the element either present in the set or may not be in the set. The simulation is carried out in the search engine, entering the search word, viewing the phishing and legitimate websites, downloading the files, give feedback about the websites and transformation is done wherever it is needed.

Artificial Intelligence Painting The Bigger Picture For Copyright Ownership

To receive copyright protection in Australia works must be original, amongst other requirements. The originality standard involves ‘independent intellectual effort’ that originates from an actual person. The reality of today’s creativity domain is that works are not always originating from actual persons. Due to impressive advancements in technology, some works are being created by artificial intelligence and without the involvement of an actual person. These works cannot meet copyright requirements under current law and subsequently do not receive copyright protection. This paper endeavours to answer a two-tiered question posed by the challenges artificial intelligence works have on traditional concepts of copyright. Firstly, should copyright subsist in works created by AI? Secondly, who would possibly be the copyright owner for such works? Answering these questions involves a discussion of utilitarian and natural rights theories and references to US and UK discussions on the conversation around copyright and artificial intelligence.

Not only assholes drive Mercedes. Besides disagreeable men, also conscientious people drive high‐status cars

In a representative sample of Finnish car owners (N=1892) we connected the Five-Factor Model personality dimensions to driving a high-status car. Regardless of whether income was included in the logistic model, disagreeable men and conscientious people in general were particularly likely to drive high-status cars. The results regarding agreeableness are consistent with prior work that has argued for the role of narcissism in status consumption. Regarding conscientiousness, the results can be interpreted from the perspective of self-congruity theory, according to which consumers purchase brands that best reflect their actual or ideal personalities. An important implication is that the association between driving a high-status car and unethical driving behaviour may not, as is commonly argued, be due to the corruptive effects of wealth. Rather, certain personality traits, such as low agreeableness, may be associated with both unethical driving behaviour and with driving a high-status car.

The community of advantage

This paper gives an overview of my recently published book, The Community of Advantage: A Behavioural Economist’s Defence of the Market. I explain that my stance as author is that of a behavioural economist and an economic liberal. The book is an attempt to counter the widespread belief that the findings of behavioural economics justify regulatory interventions in the economy that would previously have been thought unacceptably paternalistic. I argue that competitive markets are desirable, not as an efficient means for satisfying the given preferences of assumedly rational individuals, but as an institutional structure that provides opportunities for whatever voluntary transactions people might want to make.

Facial reconstruction of mummified remains of Christian Saint-Nicolosa Bursa

Abstract In addition to forensic science, facial reconstruction also plays an outstanding role in the historical and archaeological context. Precisely, it the most exact method to reconstruct the appearance of the people that lived in the past and a popular way of presenting results not only to scientific community but also to a broader public. The main purpose of this study was to reconstruct the appearance of Saint-Nicolosa Bursa, a Christian saint whose mummified remains are kept in Church of Saint-Blaise in Vodnjan (Croatia). The additional aims were to validate the methodology and to provide a realistic model of the Saint's face that could be used for exhibition and presentation of the research results to a broader public. The mummified remains of the saint were scanned with multislice computed tomography (MSCT). The MSCT images were used to develop a skull model which was 3D printed and used for facial reconstruction. The facial appearance recovery was accomplished using the Manchester method by the progressive layering of clay on the ABS model according to the anthropometric data, specific for sex, age, and ancestry. After the clay model was done, it was used to create a realistic gypsum sculpture appropriate for the presentation of results on exhibition. When the model was compared to the photographs of the mummified remains of the Saint, it showed to be consistent in all facial traits that could be considered. Unfortunately, additional data were not available due to the preservation degree of soft tissue remains as well as the lack of pictorial or written sources about the appearance of the Saint. However, this research showed, that although the facial reconstruction is always only an approximation of the actual person's appearance, it is essential in historical context as an only existing method that can show us how a certain historical figure could look. In the present study, it enabled us to conduct the first reconstruction of the appearance of the Saint from the mummified remains and develop sculpture that will be used for exhibition and presentation of results.

Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today by John V. Tolan (review)

Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today by John V. Tolan Peter Heinegg Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today. By John V. Tolan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019. xii + 309 pp. $29.95. There are many stories told about, and words attributed to, the great religious founders, the Buddha, say, and Jesus, and Muhammad, although very little of all this material is verifiable history in the strict sense. Professor Tolan teaches history at the University of Nantes; but in any case his subject is not the actual person of Muhammad, but “Mahomet,” the construct or fantasy or caricature created by western writers from roughly the twelfth to the twenty‐first century. It's safe to say that no other major religious figure has been as distorted and vilified as the Prophet—though there are some important exceptions to this wrongheaded record. But Tolan's dense, briskly moving summary (which could well have been far longer) tells us not about Islam, but the various cultural agendas of Europeans reacting to what they thought Islam was or looking to gain some sort of polemical mileage out of their misguided notions. For medieval crusade chroniclers, “Mahomet” was a golden idol, a false god worshiped by the “Saracens” (= Arabs, but connected by a folk etymology to Sarah), a term Muslims never used to describe themselves. Or else, he was a master heretic who seduced Christians into the toils of a false faith, and was thus consigned by Dante to the ninth trench of Hell in a gory scene that Tolan oddly skims over. Such gross distortions lingered on for ages, but in the sixteenth century Miguel Servet (1509 or 1511–1553), better known as Michael Servetus, like later “Unitarians,” drew upon the Qur'an for arguments against the Trinity, only to be burned at the stake in Geneva for his troubles. As wars between Catholics and Protestants began to tear Europe apart, some critics cited the tolerant view of religious diversity in the Qur'an and the Ottoman Empire. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, anti‐clerical writers praised Muhammad as a “reformer who abolished the privileges of a corrupt and superstitious clergy.” In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Muhammad was sometimes treated as “a sort of Arab national hero, bringing law, religion, and glory to his people.” Voltaire (1694–1778) tried to have it both ways. In Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet: A Tragedy (1736), he uses the old cliché of Muhammad the imposter as a stalking horse to attack targets closer to home. But in his huge Essay on the Manners and Thinking of the Nations (begun in 1756), he takes a much more broad‐minded view, comparing him favorably to Alexander the Great, calling him not a fanatic, but an “enthusiast.” “As a conqueror, legislator, monarch, and pontiff, he played the greatest role that can be played on earth in the eyes of the common people.” Note the culminating swipe, which Voltaire couldn't resist. To be sure, Voltaire prefers Confucius to Muhammad because Confucius was a purely rational sage who foreswore the Prophet's modes of worldly power, just as he prefers the Chinese to the Arabs because he thought they were more “civilized.” Still, though parts of the Qur'an may be contradictory, absurd, or confused, other passages are “sublime.” All things considered, Voltaire considers Muhammad a great man and a hero. Figures as disparate as Goethe, Napoleon, and Thomas Carlyle would strongly agree. Eventually, as time went on, the work of scholars, translators, and other western experts, sometimes unfairly tarred as “Orientalists,” made it possible to arrive at a fairer assessment of Muhammad. In the English‐speaking world, ground‐working was done when George Sale produced a serviceable, unbiased translation of the Qur'an (1734), with a prefix validating the Prophet as a righteous enemy of superstition and overweening clerical privilege. Before Sale, in 1671 Henry Stubbe, who knew no Arabic and read most Islamic documents in Latin translation, published his Originall & Progress of Mahometanism with a preface that hails Muhammad as “a religious reformer, beloved and admired...

The Promise and Limitations of Synthetic Data as a Strategy to Expand Access to State-Level Multi-Agency Longitudinal Data

There is demand among policy-makers for the use of state education longitudinal data systems, yet laws and policies regulating data disclosure limit access to such data, and security concerns and risks remain high. Well-developed synthetic datasets that statistically mimic the relations among the variables in the data from which they were derived, but which contain no records that represent actual persons, present a viable solution to these laws, policies, concerns, and risks. We present a case study in the development of a synthetic data system and highlight potential applications of synthetic data. We begin with an overview of synthetic data, what it is, how it has been utilized thus far, and the potential benefits and concerns in its application to education data systems. We then describe our federally-funded project, proposing the steps required to synthesize a statewide longitudinal data system covering high school, postsecondary, and workforce data. Last, for use as a template for other agencies considering synthetic data, we review the challenges we have confronted in the development of our synthetic data system for research and policy evaluation purposes.

The Struggle to Love: Pedagogical Eros and the Gift of Transformation

Why does anyone become a teacher, and why a student? Education in its contemporary form has evolved into a subsystem of society in which professional ‘teachers/ educators’ are confronted with an ever-changing group of people called ‘pupils/students’; and the individuals in both groups now have to deal with this institutionalised confrontation. Neither one nor the other decision—to become a teacher or to become a student—seems to have much to do with a specific other person, and it certainly does not have much to do with the actual person(s) that one is related to by becoming a teacher or by becoming a student in a specific institution. However, if pedagogical relations were as depersonalised as suggested, why is it that teachers as well as students hold very different relations to different students and teachers—relations that are more or less ‘deep’, ‘affectionate’, ‘successful’? And how are we to perceive education outside of formally institutionalised contexts (or those special relations that occur even within formalised contexts but transcend them)? Is there another type of pedagogical relationship? And what would be the reasons for entering into a pedagogical relationship other than becoming and being made a part of a subsystem of society? Why do two people gravitate towards each other, freely recognising each other as teacher and student? Attempting to answer those questions, the following paper revisits some historic positions, being conscious that those answers are also part of the answer to a much greater question: What is education?.

1945: Nineteen Forty-Five A Fictional Schooling Short Story Inquiry

This is a work of inquiry study as fiction inspired by the works of Huxley’s Brave New World (published in 1932) and Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four or 1984 (published in 1949) on the basis of what a dystopian schooled society could resemble in the next century. The year 1945 also marked the end of the last global-scale human conflict on planet earth. Names, characters, businesses, places, events, locales, and incidents are either the products of the author's imagination or used in a fictitious manner. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, or actual events is purely coincidental.

Using simulation to teach patient-centered ultrasound-guided FNA skills.

Using simulation to teach patient-centered ultrasound-guided FNA skills.

In Defense of Idealization in Public Reason

Contemporary public reason liberalism holds that coercion must be publicly justified to an idealized constituency. Coercion must be justified to all qualified points of view, not the points of view held by actual persons. Critics, in particular Nicholas Wolterstorff and David Enoch, have complained that idealization, by idealizing away what actual people accept, risks authoritarianism and disrespect by forcing people to comply with laws they in fact reject. I argue that idealization can withstand this criticism if it satisfies two conditions. First, the standards of idealization, such as the norms of rationality and information, must be grounded in the present commitments of the large majority of members of the public. Second, the standards of idealization must be moderate; that is, they cannot be used to attribute reasons to citizens that stray too far from their actual commitments.

Assessment of Ideal Dimensions of the Ears, Nose, and Lip in the Circles of Prominence Theory on Facial Beauty.

A theory on facial beauty might allow clinicians to achieve better results. To find the ideal vertical position of the ears, total lip length, lip pucker length, distance between the irises, and starting point for the nasal radix. In this subjective survey, 11 sets of 43 total digitally adjusted pictures (DAPs) and line drawings of actual faces were ranked based on attractiveness by 419 clients at a facial plastic surgery clinic. The data were collected from July 13 to August 29, 2015, and were analyzed from September 17, 2015, to March 21, 2016. Six groups of line drawings and 5 groups of DAPs of an actual person were used to test the ideal position of the ears to determine whether the face is organized into oblique and parallel relationships and whether the total lip length and the lip pucker length are associated with multiples of an iris width (IW), and to determine the start of the nasal radix and its association with the superior margin of the iris and distance between the irises. Of the 419 survey respondents, the ear aligned with the second oblique was considered the most ideal by the participants. The preferred total lip length was 4.0 IWs in the DAPs and 5.0 IWs in the line drawings. For the lip pucker length, 2.0 and 3.0 IWs were considered the best. The ideal start of the nasal radix was tangential with the superior margin of the iris. The distance of 5.5 IWs from iris to iris and 3.0 IWs from the horizontal level of the iris to the nasal tip was preferred. The face may be ideally organized into 3 parallel obliques. The IW, horizontal aperture of the eye, and then iris to iris distance may best determine the size and shape of progressively larger objects in the face. The absolute position of the eye was considered important by the participants in the ideal positioning of other objects in the face. NA.

Enhancing perception for the visually impaired with deep learning techniques and low-cost wearable sensors

As estimated by the World Health Organization, there are millions of people who lives with some form of vision impairment. As a consequence, some of them present mobility problems in outdoor environments. With the aim of helping them, we propose in this work a system which is capable of delivering the position of potential obstacles in outdoor scenarios. Our approach is based on non-intrusive wearable devices and focuses also on being low-cost. First, a depth map of the scene is estimated from a color image, which provides 3D information of the environment. Then, an urban object detector is in charge of detecting the semantics of the objects in the scene. Finally, the three-dimensional and semantic data is summarized in a simpler representation of the potential obstacles the users have in front of them. This information is transmitted to the user through spoken or haptic feedback. Our system is able to run at about 3.8 fps and achieved a 87.99% mean accuracy in obstacle presence detection. Finally, we deployed our system in a pilot test which involved an actual person with vision impairment, who validated the effectiveness of our proposal for improving its navigation capabilities in outdoors.

ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНІ ТА ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ГРОМАДІВСЬКОГО РУХУ З РЕДАКЦІЙНОГО ПОРТФЕЛЮ 7-ОЇ КНИГИ ЧАСОПИСУ «ЗА СТО ЛІТ»

ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНІ ТА ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ГРОМАДІВСЬКОГО РУХУ З РЕДАКЦІЙНОГО ПОРТФЕЛЮ 7-ОЇ КНИГИ ЧАСОПИСУ «ЗА СТО ЛІТ»

Gender Differences in Wage Expectations: Sorting, Children, and Negotiation Styles

This paper presents evidence from a large-scale study on gender differences in expected wages before labor market entry. Based on data for over 15,000 students, we document a significant and large gender gap in wage expectations that closely resembles actual wage differences, prevails across subgroups, and along the entire distribution. To understand the underlying causes and determinants, we relate expected wages to sorting into majors, industries, and occupations, child-rearing plans, perceived and actual ability, personality, perceived discrimination, and negotiation styles. Our findings indicate that sorting and negotiation styles affect the gender gap in wage expectations much more than prospective child-related labor force interruptions. Given the importance of wage expectations for labor market decisions, household bargaining, and wage setting, our results provide an explanation for persistent gender inequalities.

That Black Abundance

That Black Abundance Aisha Sabatini Sloan (bio) Heavy: An American Memoir Kiese Laymon Scribner https://www.simonandschuster.com 256 Pages; Print, $16.00 In 2006, while I was sitting outside a gay coffeeshop in Tucson, a man explained very calmly that America would soon begin to see more and more shootings like Columbine. He predicted something about the presidency I probably didn't even know how to hear then. It was like he was reading tea leaves. His world view was a little more Illuminati than I need to detail here (Condoleezza Rice is a lizard, etc.), but I think of his prediction all the time. He seemed to exist on a slower plane, looking at our national trajectory from a remove—older, white, HIV positive, self-healing, and an avid reader. In the film, Six Degrees of Separation (1993), written by John Guare, Will Smith plays a character who calls himself Paul and shows up at the door of a fancy New York apartment with a knife wound. He tells the wealthy white couple who live there that he is a friend of their children, from Harvard. He lets slip that his father is Sidney Poitier, initiating a seduction so skillfully attuned to the intricacies of white fear and desire that it could teach an alien how to identify a white liberal from outer space. At a peak moment, Paul describes a thesis he says he's writing about The Catcher in the Rye (1951). He notes how many famous killers cite the book as an influence, and recalls: "On page 22 my hair stood up. Remember Holden Caulfield—the definitive sensitive youth—wearing his hunter's cap?" Paul recalls Caulfield's realization that his hat is "a people-shooting hat. I shoot people in this hat." He says, "This book is preparing people for moments in their life I never could have dreamed of." Paul's character is based on an actual person named David Hampton who would eventually die of AIDS. Paul mystifies his hosts as he continues to talk about the way Caulfield succumbs to paralysis, unable to face the people he has come to despise, or himself: "To face ourselves, that's the hard thing. The imagination—that's God's gift to make the act of self-examination bearable." I want to talk about James Baldwin's constant attempt to call attention to the way that racism is a psychological problem, symptomatic of the fact that white people refuse to face their own culpability, which is to say, pain from selfactualizing. I want to talk about the way James Baldwin, John Guare, Kiese Laymon, and my Tucson friend so gracefully point out the obvious: that our numbness, our inability to face ourselves, is starting to have violent consequences, catastrophic, war-like blasts of self-annihilation. These writers all called it, call it, and keep calling it. But in Heavy, Laymon's is a world where white people barely factor into things, except that they do: "I didn't hate white folk. I didn't fear white folk. I wasn't easily impressed or even annoyed by white folk." His analysis of whiteness is practically incidental. His focus is on black abundance. From the sidelines, white folk are [End Page 5] frequently caught enacting extraordinary acts of everyday cruelty. When a teacher asks Laymon and his friend LaThon to tell their friend Jabari to bathe because he smells "gross," she adds, "you guys can understand how that is not good for any of you, right?" Laymon spends the rest of the section illuminating their dismay at their teacher's request, especially given the cause of Jabari's smell: "Ever since his mother died, there was just a different scent as soon as you walked in Jabari's house." The word "gross" reverberates for everyone, starts to take them down. And what's gorgeous about these actual small humans, eighth graders at the time, is how they enact such visionary kindness, such heroic compassion that their teacher's ugliness seems less and less small, taking on an almost mythic dimension. These boys ignore their teacher's request and instead work to make...

A Study on Gene Search Using Test for Interval Data

본 연구는 생명정보학(bio-informatics) 분야 중, 특정 병에 관련된 유전자 위치를 찾고자 DNA 시퀀싱(DNA sequencing) 방법을 이용한 메틸화(methylation) 데이터의 분석에 관한 것이다. 반복적인 시퀀싱 과정을 통해 도출되는 메틸화 여부 자료를 비율로 표현한 메틸화 점수는 0과 1사이의 값을 가지게 된다. 이러한 데이터에 집단별 메틸화 점수의 차이를 검토하기 위해 t-검정을 단순히 적용하는 것은 정규분포의 가정에 위배된다. 또한 메틸화 점수 생성과정에서 시퀀싱의 반복 수에 따라 결과가 달라 질 수 있으므로 이러한 오차를 고려해서 분석할 수 있는 방법도 필요하다. 이에 본 논문에서는 메틸화 데이터를 하나의 숫자 데이터가 아닌 불확실성을 포함하는 구간형(interval) 데이터로 변환하여 분석하는 심볼릭 데이터 분석(symbolic data analysis) 및 구간형 K-S 검정법을 적용하였다. 또한 구간형 데이터로 변환하는 과정에서 정규분포를 이용하지 않고 베타분포를 이용하여 메틸화 점수의 특성을 반영하여 분석할 수 있게 하였다. 자료분석을 위하여 174명의 실제 암환자 및 정상인들의 DNA 시퀀싱 데이터를 이용하여 제안한 방법의 성질을 살펴보았다. t-검정은 위치모수에 관한 검정만 가능한 반면, 구간형 K-S 통계량은 구간자료에 대해 위치모수뿐만 아니라 분포함수의 이질성에 검정할 수 있으므로 t-검정이 놓칠 수 있는 유의미한 유전자 위치를 찾아낼 수 있음을 확인하였다.The methylation score, expressed as a percentage of the methylation status data derived from the iterative sequencing process, has a value between 0 and 1. It is contrary to the assumption of normal distribution that simply applying the t-test to examine the difference in population-specific methylation scores in these data. In addition, since the result may vary depending on the number of repetitions of sequencing in the process of methylation score generation, a method that can analyze such errors is also necessary. In this paper, we introduce the symbolic data analysis and the interval K-S test method which convert observation data into interval data including uncertainty rather than one numerical data. In addition, it is possible to analyze the characteristics of methylation score by using Beta distribution without using normal distribution in the process of converting into interval data. For the data analysis, the nature of the proposed method was examined using sequencing data of actual patients and normal persons. While the t-test is only possible for the location test, it is found that the interval type K-S statistic can be used to test not only the location parameter but also the heterogeneity of the distribution function.