Actual Overlap Research Articles

Effect of Low- and High-Level Laser Therapy on the Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity: An Umbrella Review.

Introduction: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a prevalent unpleasant condition which might affect quality of life. Laser therapy is one of the non-invasive treatments for dentin hypersensitivity. The aim of this umbrella review was to assess the effect of lasers on the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity by analyzing the previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and ISI) were searched to identify relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses based on the keyword search strategy. Two independent reviewers carried out the selection of studies, extraction of data, and assessment of methodological quality. The actual overlap of primary studies was measured through the visual tool known as the citation matrix and three indices of % overlaps, covered area (CA), and corrected covered area (CCA). The reviews were appraised for methodological quality through A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR)-2, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool. Results: Following eliminating duplicates, a total of 2,768 articles were found, and of them, 9 systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Six of them included a meta-analysis as well. The actual overlap of primary studies was low. The AMSTAR 2 tool classified one systematic review as high quality, three as moderate quality, three as low quality, and the remaining two as critically low quality. The results of the included reviews generally showed that all types of lasers reduced dentin hypersensitivity compared to placebo/no treatment. Conclusion: Lasers are effective in treating dentin hypersensitivity.

Wafer-scale uniformity of Dolan-bridge and bridgeless Manhattan-style Josephson junctions for superconducting quantum processors

We investigate die-level and wafer-scale uniformity of Dolan-bridge and bridgeless Manhattan-style Josephson junctions, using multiple substrates with and without through-silicon vias (TSVs). Dolan junctions fabricated on planar substrates have the highest yield and lowest room-temperature conductance spread, equivalent to ∼100MHz in transmon frequency. In TSV-integrated substrates, Dolan junctions suffer most in both yield and disorder, making Manhattan junctions preferable. Manhattan junctions show pronounced conductance decrease from wafer center to edge, which we qualitatively capture using a geometric model of spatially-dependent resist shadowing during junction electrode evaporation. Analysis of actual junction overlap areas using scanning electron micrographs supports the model, and further points to a remnant spatial dependence possibly due to contact resistance.

The long-term survival and climatic distribution of mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids

Orchid germination depends on their fungal partner; however, there are no broadscale analyses evaluating the actual overlap between orchids and their mycorrhizal symbionts. The aim of this research was to evaluate the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for the occurrence of two species of orchids using ecological niche modeling (ENM). Two sets of future orchid distribution models were created – the first one was based on bioclimatic data only, and the second one included information about the distribution of fungal symbionts. The jackknife test indicated that for both mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids, the presence of symbiotic fungi is crucial for their occurrence, and ENM analyses revealed that both orchids face habitat loss as a result of predicted changes in climate. In the case of the mixotrophic orchid, the presence of symbiotic fungi can compensate for unfavorable climatic conditions. Problems and limitations in modeling the distributions of species are discussed in terms of the symbiotic relationship.

The “healthy = sustainable” heuristic: Do meal or individual characteristics affect the association between perceived sustainability and healthiness of meals?

Research has found an association between the perceived sustainability and healthiness of foods and meals between individual consumers. The current study aimed to investigate whether the association between perceived sustainability and healthiness on the individual level is rooted in reality. Moreover, we investigated whether meal or individual characteristics affect this association. In total, 5021 customers of a public canteen rated the sustainability and healthiness of 29 meal options. For determining the actual environmental sustainability and healthiness scores, exact recipes of each meal were analyzed using the NAHGAST algorithm. Results showed a substantial association between perceived sustainability and healthiness at the individual level. However, this perceived relation was unrelated to the overlap between the actual environmental sustainability and healthiness scores of the meals. Moreover, this “healthier = more sustainable” perception was unrelated to other meal characteristics (e.g., vegan content) or individual characteristics (i.e., gender, eating style). However, this association was slightly higher in older than in younger participants. The present study shows in a real-world setting that food consumers seem to evaluate the sustainability and healthiness of meals based on a simple “healthy = sustainable” heuristic which is largely independent of the actual overlap of these dimensions. Future research is needed to shed more light on the nature, sources, and consequences of this heuristic.

Development and Validation of a Calculation Routine for the Precise Determination of Pulse Overlap and Accumulated Fluence in Pulsed Laser Surface Treatment

In laser material processing, a variety of parameters like pulse fluence, total dose, step size, and pulse‐to‐pulse overlap are used to define and compare laser processes. Of these parameters, the pulse‐to‐pulse overlap can be the hardest to access as it is not implemented directly but instead depends on the spot diameter, its shape, and the respective scanning path that is used to cover the surface. This article shows that existing calculation routes overestimate the actual overlap by up to 21%. A novel calculation route is developed that greatly facilitates the determination of the pulse overlap and thereby the average number of laser pulses that interact with a given point on the surface. This approach makes it possible to achieve more reliable and comparable laser processes, which in return leads to better control of the procedure as the effect of individual parameters on a given output can be determined with greater precision.

Deep learning does not replace Bayesian modeling: Comparing research use via citation counting

AbstractOne could be excused for assuming that deep learning had or will soon usurp all credible work in reasoning, artificial intelligence, and statistics, but like most “meme” class broad generalizations the concept does not hold up to scrutiny. Memes do not generally matter since the experts will always know better; but in the case of Bayesian software like Stan and PyMC3, even their developers and advocates bemoan the apparent dominance of deep learning as manifested in popular culture, breathtaking performance, and most problematically from funding agency peer review that impacts our ability to further advance the field. The facts, however, do not support the assumed dominance of deep learning in science upon closer examination. This letter simply makes the argument by the crudest of possible metrics, citation count, that once the discipline of Computer Science is subtracted, Bayesian software accounts for nearly a third of research citations. Stan and PyMC3 dominate some fields, PyTorch, Keras, and TensorFlow dominate others with lot of variations in between. Bayesian and deep‐learning approaches are related but very different technologies in goals, implementation, and applicability with little actual overlap‐‐so this is not a surprise. For example, deep learning cannot bring the explainability of applied math/statistics and Bayesian methods do not scale to deep‐learning data sets. While deep‐learning behemoths like Facebook and Google use and support Bayesian efforts, the Bayesian packages scientists actually use are academic/volunteer efforts punching far above their weight class, and they need financial support. It would behoove funders to fully understand the impact and role of Bayesian methods in resource allocation.

The Ethics of the Enactment and Reception of Cruciform Love: A Comparative Lexical, Conceptual, Exegetical, and Theological Study of Colossians 3:1–17

The Ethics of the Enactment and Reception of Cruciform Love: A Comparative Lexical, Conceptual, Exegetical, and Theological Study of Colossians 3:1–17

The late start of the mean velocity overlap log law at – a generic feature of turbulent wall layers in ducts

Abstract

Calculate the actual overlap in an overview

The article's abstract is not available.

Adaptable Flight Line Planning for Airborne Photogrammetry Using DEM

Flight line planning is the first step in an aerial photography campaign. Its two key parameters, ground sampling distance (GSD), and overlap should be designed carefully as they will impact subsequent flying workload and even the final mapping accuracy. For a flat terrain region, flight line planning is easy using a traditional method with fixed baseline, flight spacing, and flight altitude. But for a steep terrain region, photo overlap and GSD will change greatly with topography, and thus a flight line planning using the traditional method is not sufficient. This article presents a novel adaptable flight line planning method for frame camera with four application modes. The flight line planning procedure is implemented through rigorous imaging geometry model using digital elevation data, where actual overlap and GSD can be calculated precisely. Using the desired overlap and GSD as constraint conditions, the flight spacing, baseline, and flight altitude can be adjusted adaptively according to ground topography. To assess the effect, a hypothetical test in a rugged terrain region was conducted to compare the project workload, GSD, and overlap of the four modes. The results show that Mode 2, Mode 3, and Mode 4 can realize better overlap with lower workload than the traditional method Mode 1. Mode 3 and Mode 4 have better GSD distribution than Mode 1 and Mode 2. The Mode 3 method was also validated in an actual project, showing a favorable performance in final reality 3D model result.

Oscillation of gear mechanisms of construction machines

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of gearing errors on the vibration activity of the open gear transmission of construction machines. A brief review of the literature on the relevance of the topic of gear dynamics in different industries and the results achieved so far is given. The features of open gears of turning mechanisms of construction machines are highlighted: a large gear ratio, a large gearing module, the absence of a common frame for the gear and wheel, poor transmission lubrication conditions, a small degree of precision in the manufacture of gears and the actual overlap coefficient is close to one. With these features, the main internal source of vibration is the difference between the main steps of the gear and the wheel and the error of the involute profile of the teeth. The results of the study of the influence of these features of vibration damping and open gear transmission on the dynamics of the turning mechanism of the construction machine are presented. The studies were carried out on a generalized two-mass nonlinear dynamic model with internal perturbation from the gear pair and with structural damping. The studies were conducted mainly for the transitional modes of resonance. Based on the analysis of the results obtained and presented in the article, recommendations are given to reduce the fluctuations of the turning mechanisms of construction machines.

Optimal and Robustly Optimal Consumption of Stretch Film Used for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage

A conventional method for wrapping round bales of agricultural materials by wrappers with a rotating table or with rotating arms is considered. In contemporary agriculture, the demand for minimal consumption of the film used to wrap bales is very high, in order to apply this method with lower cost and less damage to the environment. A combined model-based problem of such a design, focusing on the width of stretch film and the overlap between adjacent film strips that minimizes film consumption, was mathematically formulated and solved. It was proven that the complete set of optimal film widths is defined by a simple algebraic equation described in terms of film, bale, and wrapping parameters. The optimal overlap ratios were found to be irreducible fractions in which the dividend is the divisor minus one; however, only the first three factions, 1 2 , 2 3 , and 3 4 , are practically significant. Next, the robustness to disturbances in the functioning of an actual bale wrapper, which leads to overlap ratio uncertainty, is examined. It was shown that, unfortunately, the optimal film widths applied together with the optimal overlaps do not provide any robustness to overlap variations. To overcome this inconvenience, the problems of a choice of the best commercially available film width guaranteeing minimal film consumption or maximal tolerance on the overlap uncertainty were formulated and solved. A new algorithm for a robust design of wrapping parameters was developed, motivated, and numerically verified to achieve a trade-off between satisfactory robustness and low film usage. For the resulting wrapping parameters, near-optimal film usage was achieved; the relative errors of the minimal film consumption approximation did not exceed 4%. It was proven that for the overlap, slightly more than 50%, i.e., 51% or 52%, provides both optimality and robustness of the overlap over disturbances, which are ensured regardless of the number of film layers. Moreover, it was found that for these overlaps and for the commercially available film widths selected according to the algorithm, the film consumption was more than twice as small than the film usage for exactly 50% overlap, if the actual overlap was smaller than pre-assumed. Similarly, an overlap of slightly more than the commonly used 67% will result in about 30% to 40% reduction in film usage in the presence of unfavorable disturbances, depending on the number of film layers and wrapping parameters.

Demystifying Food Safety Implementation by SMEs Using Innovative Cohort Factory Visits and 15Action-Oriented Steps to HACCP Certification

Ensuring food safety has been a major concern to small and medium-sized food manufacturers especially those in developing countries participating in international trade. In this connection, an action-oriented learning and factory visit by a cohort of 15 owners of food manufacturing SMEs to a world-class food factory in Ghana under the auspices of Partners in Food Solutions helped demystify HACCP implementation in the minds of these SME owners. This resulted in majority of them implementing HACCP within six months. A typical indigenous Ghanaian small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) engaged in palm cream concentrate canning was selected for HACCP study and the generic HACCP system was developed which is being adapted for the entire palm cream concentrate canning industry in West Africa. To manufacture canned palm cream concentrate, fresh and ripen palm fruits are harvested, weighed, inspected, and sorted for their quality. The quality palm fruits are washed, cooked at a temperature of 100°C for 30 min, depulped into paste, fiber and kernels. The paste with the fiber is squeezed and strained to obtain palm cream. The fine cream is collected and blended with 0.5% salt and heated to a temperature ≥ 70°C for 10 min. Empty cans are washed, filled with the hot cream, seamed, washed to get rid of stains and loaded into retort baskets and then hoisted into a vertical retort for sterilization. Retorting is done at 121°C for 60 minutes and then cooled to a temperature of 40°C and the product are removed from the retort and incubated at ambient temperature for 7 days. After which labelling is done and the product are cased and palletized ready for sale. The 14 stages of HACCP implementation including the 7 preparatory steps and the 7 principles of HACCP recommended by were applied in addition to 2 innovative steps to the palm cream concentrate canning process [1]. Each processing step was correctly captured in the process flow diagram and subjected to hazard analysis to identify all potential food safety hazards that are associated with each step. The identified hazards were classified as physical, chemical or biological and subjected to risk assessment process using a quantitative scoring method to determine the likelihood and severity of each potential hazard which helped to determine significant hazards with each step. The significant hazards were then subjected to critical control point determination using the codex decision tree. Three steps of microbiological significance were identified in the process as CCPs. These are can seam (CCP #1), retorting (CPP #2) and retorted can cooling (CCP #3). Critical limits were established for these limits as follows: CCP# 1 – can seaming (body hook butting (BHB) > 75%, thickness rating (TR) > 75% and actual overlap (AO) > 1.1mm), CCP# 2 – retorting (120 -122°C for 60 minutes at a pressure of 1bar must be achieved during sterilization) and CCP# 3 – can cooling (incoming cooling water into the retort must be chlorinated to 3 - 4 ppm, residual chlorine content and after cooling, the discharge water should contain ≥ 0.5ppm residual chlorine content). Monitoring and verification procedures were developed for each CCP and corrective actions and record keeping systems have been established for the CCPs.

Ramadan during pregnancy and birth weight of newborns.

Previous studies suggest that Ramadan exposure during pregnancy might affect the health of women and their babies, particularly through the effect of fasting. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Ramadan exposure and fasting during pregnancy on the birth weight of newborns. This study concerned 1351 pregnant women from a prospective cohort in Jakarta, Indonesia. Ramadan exposure was based on the actual overlap between Ramadan and pregnancy. Women's fasting behaviour was recorded among 139 women who came for antenatal care between 10 July 2013 and 7 August 2013, and those who had fasted for at least 1 d (n 110) were classified as exposed to Ramadan fasting. Furthermore, a 24 h dietary recall was performed and repeated 1 month later. Birth weight of newborns who were exposed to Ramadan during pregnancy did not significantly differ from those who were not, both in the total and trimester-specific analysis. Maternal fasting did not seem to affect the birth weight of newborns (-72 (95 % CI -258, 114) g; P = 0·44), although there was a non-significant trend towards lower birth weight with fasting in the second and third trimester. Women who fasted had significantly lower total energy, macronutrient and water intake as compared with women who did not. Women's intake was also lower during Ramadan (regardless of their fasting behaviour) as compared with 1 month later. Lifestyle changes that occur with Ramadan and fasting during pregnancy are associated with lower reported energy intake. We cannot conclude on the effect of fasting on birth weight due to low statistical power.

A protocol for registration and correction of multicolour STED superresolution images.

Multicolour fluorescence imaging by STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) superresolution microscopy with doughnut-shaped STED laser beams based on different wavelengths for each colour channel requires precise image registration. This is especially important when STED imaging is used for co-localisation studies of two or more native proteins in biological specimens to analyse nanometric subcellular spatial arrangements. We developed a robust postprocessing image registration protocol, with the aim to verify and ultimately optimise multicolour STED image quality. Importantly, this protocol will support any subsequent quantitative localisation analysis at nanometric scales. Henceforth, using an approach that registers each colour channel present during STED imaging individually, this protocol reliably corrects for optical aberrations and inadvertent sample drift. To achieve the latter goal, the protocol combines the experimental sample information, from corresponding STED and confocal images using the same optical beam path and setup, with that of an independent calibration sample. As a result, image registration is based on a strategy that maximises the cross-correlation between sequentially acquired images of the experimental sample, which are strategically combined by the protocol. We demonstrate the general applicability of the image registration protocol by co-staining of the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel in primary mouse cardiomyocytes. To validate this new approach, we identify user-friendly criteria, which - if fulfilled - support optimal image registration. In summary, we introduce a new method for image registration and rationally based postprocessing steps through a highly standardised protocol for multicolour STED imaging, which directly supports the reproducibility of protein co-localisation analyses. Although the reference protocol is discussed exemplarily for two-colour STED imaging, it can be readily expanded to three or more colours and STED channels.

A generic contact detection framework for cylindrical particles in discrete element modelling

This paper aims to develop a generic framework for detecting contact between cylindrical particles in discrete element modelling based on a full exploitation of the axi-symmetrical property of cylinders. The main contributions include: (1) A four-parameter based local representative system is derived to describe the spatial relationship between two cylinders so that the 3D cylinder–cylinder intersection problem can be reduced to a series of 2D circle–ellipse intersections, which considerably simplifies the contact detection procedure. (2) A two-stage contact detection scheme is proposed in which no-overlap contact pairs are identified in the first overlap check stage, and then the actual overlap region is determined in the second resolution stage and represented by two schemes: the layered representation which is generic, and the edge representation which is numerically more efficient but less accurate. (3) The most significant contribution is the development of two theorems that establish a fundamental relationship between the contact point and contact normal of two contacting cylinders, offering a simple approach to determining the normal direction based on the contact point and vice versa. These theorems are valid not only for cylinders, but also for any axi-symmetrical shapes and their combinations. Some numerical issues are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the capability and applicability of the proposed methodologies.

Automatic Point Cloud Registration Using a Single Octagonal Lamp Pole

Registration is an essential procedure for merging point clouds defined in different coordinate systems associated to different scanner positions and orientations. It is usually the first step before the point clouds are further processed to provide spatial information of a scene to support engineering applications. In this paper, a new automatic registration method based on a novel geometric model of a polygonal object is presented. Since the cross section of the shaft of many lamp poles is octagonal, registration based on an octagonal pyramid model is proposed. The presented method only requires a single, common octagonal lamp pole observed in both point clouds, though actual overlap of the point clouds is not strictly required. It can be performed as long as the model parameters can be estimated by fitting the point observations to the model. Moreover, no user interaction is needed to derive approximate values, so the proposed registration can be completely automated. Three independent datasets captured by two scanners were used to verify the method. The registration accuracies in the horizontal and vertical directions were up to 11.7 mm and 4.4 mm at approximately 62 m and 17 m away from the scanner, respectively. With such high accuracies, the estimated registration parameters can serve as a set of initial parameters for fine registration using algorithm such as the iterative closest point (icp).

Between subordinate and insubordinate. Paths toward complementizer-initial main clauses

Insubordinate constructions have been argued to derive from regular subordinated clauses through ellipsis of the matrix clause (Evans, 2007). However, ellipsis in actual discourse has not yet been systematically studied with respect to its potential as a source of functionally specialized insubordinate constructions. This paper aims to fill this gap, by examining complementizer-initial dyadically dependent clauses (i) in a corpus of online question–answer interactions in Spanish, French, German and English and (ii) in natural conversation in Spanish and English. Dyadically dependent clauses have a complementizer in sentence-initial position. They lack an explicit matrix, but can be construed as dependent on a matrix from the previous turn. According to Evans’ hypothesis, they should be a potential source for true complementizer-initial insubordinate constructions. Our analysis shows that dyadically dependent clauses develop specialized discourse functions, involving the organization of textual and interpersonal relations. If such functions are conventionalized, this would result in true insubordinate constructions. Next, we look for actual functional overlap between the dyadically dependent clauses in our data and attested insubordinate constructions in the four languages studied. Functional similarities between dyadically dependent clauses and insubordinate constructions are found for optative insubordinate constructions in Spanish, French and German, for discourse-connective insubordinate constructions in Spanish, English and German, and for copying insubordinate constructions in Spanish and English.

DNA barcoding for the identification of soft remains of prey in the stomach contents of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)

In recent decades, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) have become more numerous along the coasts of Brittany in northwestern France. Their interactions with fisheries are of increasing concern and diet analyses are becoming a requirement to determine the actual overlap between species targeted by fisheries and marine mammal prey. However, as only a few stranded or by-caught animals are available to investigate the diet of these top predators, it is necessary to optimize the results obtained from each animal sampled by increasing the rate of prey species determination in stomach contents. We used a combined analysis of stomach contents, based on prey hard remains and, in parallel, a simple DNA barcoding approach to identify the soft remains. Seven grey seal stomachs and three harbour porpoise stomachs have been analysed. The combined approach, making use of visual observation as well as DNA analysis, increased the identification of prey items by around 32% for grey seal and by 21% for harbour porpoise. Fish species identified include Mediterranean and Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus and Trachurus trachurus), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), ballan and cuckoo wrasse (Labrus bergylta and Labrus mixtus), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic pollock (Pollachius pollachius), European conger (Conger conger) and garfish (Belone belone). One fish species (L. bergylta) was identified only with DNA methods. An area-specific diet for the grey seal in the Iroise Sea, proposed by others in a previous study, seems to be supported.

Policyscape—A Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Voluntary Conservation in a Policy Mix for Biodiversity Conservation in Norway

We use spatially explicit indicators for biodiversity conservation status and opportunity costs of conservation to evaluate the role of voluntary forest conservation in a mix of policy instruments distributed across a landscape. We define a spatially explicit evaluation of a policy mix as a “policyscape analysis.” A policyscape analysis includes a comparison of (1) actual spatial overlap of instruments, (2) “functional overlap” of instruments in a cost-effectiveness space, and (3) complementary spatial targeting of instruments as computed by reserve site selection models. To illustrate, we evaluate the actual spatial coverage in cost-effectiveness space of Norway's public protected areas and private voluntary forest conservation. We use proxies for conservation value and opportunity cost—a national Nature Index for forests and forest productivity classes. We conclude by discussing the empirical challenges of our “policyscape analysis.” These have bearing on future “return-on-investment” analysis and reserve site selection modeling in Norway.