Actual Manuscript Research Articles

Freud’s Megalomania

ISRAEL ROSENFIELD: Megalomania. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000, 173 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-393-04898-5. Israel Rosenfield, a distinguished scholar of the history of science calls his book Megalomania a work of fiction and we do not usually review fiction in this Journal. Yet, his artful tour de force is so intriguing, so interwoven with noteworthy yet little known actual historical facts and totally accurate footnotes, so close to a possible truth while offering a new and different view of Civilization and Its Discontent, that it deserves the attention of all thoughtful mental health professionals. The book opens with an Introduction (p. 11) by a famous, (fictional) professor of cybernetics, inventor of the loop who has profoundly critical views on theories, while also feeling impatient with his detractors. Into his hands had come a heretofore hidden manuscript written by Freud in his last years, in which he eschews many of his former ideas and proposes a new theory of human behavior. Our professor marvels at the depth of wisdom demonstrated by the aged Freud and forgives him his many prior errors. Next comes a Preface (p. 39), written by a granddaughter of Freud's mistress of many years who grew up in London. She explains the complicated ways in which the manuscript came into the family's hands. It had been declared a fraudulent forgery by all the experts, but, knowing it was authentic, she had translated it into English, and had brought it to the famous professor for help with publication. After these introductions we are treated to the carefully edited and amply annotated and elaborated actual manuscript. The manuscript expresses and even accentuates the old profoundly pessimistic view of human nature. He discusses man's profound and exclusive self-interest, the deep mistrust among all men, and how only fraud and self-deception makes society possible. have seen self-deception as a universal trait of the species, he writes, but I have never asked myself if self-deception does not have the status of a primary characteristic of human psychology, if it is not the bedrock on which all else, including civilization, is founded (p. 60). The book then temporarily switches gears to acquaint us with the two (historically factual) deceitful scandals to which Freud attributes his changed perspective. We learn that Julius Wagner-Jauregg, a medical colleague of and a man who received the Nobel prize for medicine for a quickly outdated and ineffective for malaria, had been involved in the terrorizing brutal electric shock treatment of shell-shocked soldiers (of course in WW I). After the war Freud was called on to testify in a military inquiry against Wagner-Jauregg-- again an actual historical fact (see Ernest Jones biography, 1957, Vol. …

FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MODELLING BEAMS AFFECTED BY A DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Usually a finite element with cubic deflection approximation function is applied when evaluating the stress and strain field of bar structures. But such an element only approximately evaluates the actual strain field of the bar affected by a distributed load. The improved finite elements (Fig 1, 2) with fourth and fifth-order deflection approximation functions (1), (6) and (13) are presented in the actual manuscript. The fifth-order deflection approximation function is used for modelling the beams affected by a linearly distributed load (11). The plain bending of the finite element is modelled by 5 and 6 freedom degrees. The additional 5th and 6th freedom degrees are the deflection and deviation of the middle node of element (Fig 2). The element stiffness matrices (Table 1, 2) and node force vectors are presented. The created finite elements exactly modells the stress and strain field of bars, which are affected by distributed load, and also allow to compute directly the middle section displacements of bars. It creates conditions for diminishing the volume of problems and obtaining information, which is necessary to be analysed later. The reduced finite elements (Fig 4) are created by the elimination of the internal freedom degrees. Their number of freedom degrees is decreased up to the number of freedom degrees of a usually applied finite element. But the reduced finite elements have all afore-mentioned qualities. Formulas (20) and (21) are derived expressing the middle node displacements by the final node displacements. These formulas allow to compute the middle section displacements of the bar already after the solution of equation system. The proposed reduced elements can be introduced and applied in engineering practice very easily, because their stiffness matrix coincide with the stiffness matrix of a usual bar finite element. The created elements with internal freedom degrees are very important for the problems of structures optimization with displacement constraints, because the constraint of bar middle section displacement can form just in case, when this displacement is one of the problem's unknown. Also it is very important to decrease the number of unknowns of optimization problem.

FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MODELLING BEAMS AFFECTED BY A DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Summary Usually a finite element with cubic deflection approximation function is applied when evaluating the stress and strain field of bar structures. But such an element only approximately evaluates the actual strain field of the bar affected by a distributed load. The improved finite elements (Fig 1, 2) with fourth and fifth-order deflection approximation functions (1), (6) and (13) are presented in the actual manuscript. The fifth-order deflection approximation function is used for modelling the beams affected by a linearly distributed load (11). The plain bending of the finite element is modelled by 5 and 6 freedom degrees. The additional 5th and 6th freedom degrees are the deflection and deviation of the middle node of element (Fig 2). The element stiffness matrices (Table 1, 2) and node force vectors are presented. The created finite elements exactly modells the stress and strain field of bars, which are affected by distributed load, and also allow to compute directly the middle section displacemen...

The Genre of 4Q252: From Poetry To Pesher

I All the photographs of are available in E. Tov with S.J. Pfann, Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche (Leiden: E.J. Brill/IDC, 1993). Both the list of texts (with associated negative numbers) in the Companion Volume (p. 38) and the list of PAM photographs in the Inventory List of Photographs contain some errors, so care should be exercised in using them: the principal plates for are PAM 43.253 (Fiche #69) and 43.381 (Fiche # 72). Photographs of are also printed in J.M. Allegro, Messianic References in Qumran Literature,JBL 75 (1956) P1. I (opposite p. 174 = frg. 6); R.H. Eisenman and J.M. Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1991) (P1. 230 = PAM 41.289; frg. 3; 409 = PAM 41.708: frgs 2, 4, 5, 6; 545 = PAM 41.979: frg. 5; PAM 42.185: frg. 1; 928 = PAM 42.609: frgs 2, 3, 5, 6; 1289 = PAM 43.253: frgs 1, 2; 1375 = PAM 43.381: frgs 3, 4, 5, 6; R.H. Eisenman and M.O. Wise, Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered (Shaftesbury: Element Books, 1992) P1. 5 (their Text 14 = PAM 43.253 greatly reduced); T.H. Lim, Notes on fr. 1, cols i-ii,JJS 44 (1993) 126 (parts of PAM 41.289 and 43.253 combined). Hebrew text of is available on the basis of the work of J.T. Milik and others in B.Z. Wacholder and M. Abegg, A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls II (Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1992) 212-15; R.H. Eisenman and M.O. Wise, Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered, 86-87. Frg. 1 was published in a preliminary form by T.H. Lim, The Chronology of the Flood Story in a Qumran Text (4Q252), JJS 43 (1992) 289-90. Col. 5 was published by J.M. Allegro in Messianic References in Qumran Literature, JBL 75 (1956) 174-75. Cols 1:1-2:5 together with related biblical passages are printed in parallel Hebrew columns in U. GleI3mer, Antike und moderne Auslegungen des Sintflutberichtes Gen 6-8 und der Qumran-Pesher (Theologische Fakulta.t Leipzig, Forschungstelle Judentum, Mitteilungen und Beitriige 6; Leipzig: Thomas Verlag, 1993) 30-39, For a diplomatic transcription of the text based on the photographs and the actual manuscript fragments themselves see G.J. Brooke, The Thematic Content of 4Q252, Dead Sea Scrolls: Proceedings of a Conference of the Center of Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania (JQR Supplement; ed. D. Goldenberg; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Center for Judaic Studies, forthcoming). Further comments on readings can be found in H. Jacobson, 4Q252: Addenda, JJS 44 (1993) 118-20; T.H. Lim, Notes on fr. 1, cols i-ii, JJS 44 (1993) 121-26; M. Bernstein, 4Q252: From Rewritten Bible to Biblical Commentary, JJS 45 (1994) 1-27; G.J. Brooke and S. Cohen, 4Q252 2: An Extract from a Previously Unknown Epic Poem? JQR (forthcoming); G.J. Brooke, 4Q252 et le Nouveau Testament, La grande dechirure. Chritiens etjzufs au premier siecle (ed. D. Marguerat; Labor et Fides; Geneva, forthcoming). My paper, The Thematic Content of 4Q252, will be published with responses by M. Bernstein and I. Frohlich.

Elements of an Effective Query Letter

Writing a query letter is difficult because it synthesizes a prospective article idea within one or two short paragraphs and needs to show a clear writing style. Yet, writing a letter to query an editor on his or her interest in a topic is helpful to the nurse author for several reasons. While a manuscript can only be sent to one editor at a time, the letter of inquiry may be sent to several editors simultaneously, and is thus a more rapid way to determine interest in a topic. It can also help you get feedback from an editor on ways the topic should be developed to make it suitable for the audience and style of the journal (Johnson, 1982). While most nursing journals will accept unsolicited manuscripts and do not require a letter of inquiry, if the topic is unacceptable to the journals for which the topic is appropriate, a letter of inquiry can help the author avoid a lot of unnecessary work (Huston, 1988). For example, of the last 20 query letters I have sent, 10 editors were interested and later accepted the papers, 5 identified interest in a specific slant of the topic I proposed, and 5 indicated that the topic was not of current interest (thus saving my time). Make sure to check guidelines published in the journal because some journal editors strongly suggest them while others request the completed manuscript without an earlier letter. If your target journals accept query letters, make the letters short and to the point. In order to be effective, the query letter needs to be specific and describe the topic, slant, and timeliness of the idea. It should also describe your expertise in the subject. Make sure to include your address and phone number in the letter; one editor found that about 1 of 20 query letters has no return address on the letter. See Figure 1 for a list of the 10 elements included in most query letters demonstrated in an example letter. A well-written query letter can save you time and direct you to the best journal for your idea. Including all 10 elements in the short letter can be quite a challenge, but the process helps you to refine your idea and prepare for writing the actual manuscript.—Ruth Davidhizar, RN, DNS, CS, is Assistant Dean and Chairperson for Nursing at Bethel College, Mishawaka, IN, (219) 259-8511, extension 368.

Peer Judgment

Typically, editors' decisions regarding the publishability of research and scholarly knowledge are based on reviews by persons who make professional judgments about the quality of work before them. While peer review has been examined through many frames of meaning, this article develops an approach to understanding the process through aesthetic theory. It is argued that the "ideal" review embodies levels of engagement, various foci, and different dimensions. The framework is applied to actual manuscript reviews and research, and professional suggestions are developed as they pertain to the shape of our professional judgment.

A ‘New’ de Mayerne Manuscript

(1964). A ‘New’ de Mayerne Manuscript. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 130-134.