Actual Intake Research Articles

Oral nutritional supplements versus a regular diet alone for body weight loss after gastrectomy: a phase 3, multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial.

Body weight loss (BWL) after gastrectomy is associated with not only a deteriorated quality of life but also a poor prognosis. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) may be used to minimize BWL, which is observed in the first 3months after gastrectomy and becomes stable thereafter, although the results of several randomized trials remain controversial. We performed a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial including 1003 gastric cancer patients undergoing curative gastrectomy. Patients were assigned to the ONS group or the control group. In the former, 400ml (400kcal) per day for 12weeks as enteral nutrition was planned, and the actual intake amount was recorded daily by patients themselves. The primary endpoint was BWL 1year after gastrectomy. BWL data were available in 880 patients (ONS 437, control 443). BWL at 3months was significantly lower in the ONS group than in the control group (7.1 ± 5.6% and 8.5 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0011). However, the difference gradually declined after 6months and was not significant 1year after surgery (9.3 ± 8.2% and 9.8 ± 8.7%, p = 0.37). In the ONS group, 50.4% of patients took more than 200ml/day of ONS (average 301ml) and showed significantly less BWL (8.2 ± 7.2%) at 1year than the control (p = 0.0204). The administration of ONS for 12weeks after gastrectomy did not improve BWL at 1year. However, the improvement in BWL remained until 1year after surgery in patients who took more than 200kcal/day of ONS.

Impacts of heifer postweaning residual feed intake classification on reproductive and performance measurements of first-, second-, and third-parity Angus beef females.

This study evaluated heifer postweaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification on reproductive and performance measurements of first-, second-, and third-parity Angus beef females. We analyzed the annual, as well as, cumulative production of 347 Angus females from birth through weaning of their third calf. Heifer postweaning RFI was calculated as the actual dry matter intake minus the predicted dry matter intake based on the average daily gain of the contemporary group on an annual basis. Heifers were categorized based on RFI as either low (< −0.50 SD from mean), average (± 0.50 SD from mean), or high (> +0.50 SD from the mean) within year. There was no RFI × Parity interaction (P ≥ 0.14) observed for all production/reproduction traits except for conception rates (P = 0.02). Julian birth date of cows was influenced by RFI classification (P < 0.01) and displayed a quadratic (P = 0.02) effect with high RFI cows being born earlier in the calving season than average RFI cows (71.2 vs. 75.3 d), but did not differ from low RFI cows (74.0 vs. 75.3 d). Cow birth weight, weaning weight, as well as all other cow weight and body condition measurements were not influenced by RFI classification (P ≥ 0.14). As expected, there was a linear increase in cow body weight at weaning with increasing parity (P < 0.01). Cow RFI classification had no influence on progeny weaning weight, birth date, calving interval, or postpartum interval (P ≥ 0.15). Calf birth weights displayed a quadratic parity effect (P < 0.01) with first calf heifers having calves with lower birth weights than second- and third-parity calves. Calf 205-d adjusted weaning weights displayed a quadratic effect (P = 0.01) with first calf heifers weaning lighter calves than second- and third-parity cows. Weaning weight ratio displayed a linear decrease with increasing parity (P < 0.01). Cow conception probability displayed a linear tendency for pregnancy 2 (P = 0.09), and a quadratic tendency for pregnancy 4 (P = 0.07) as a function of RFI classification, but no effects were observed for pregnancy 1 and 3. Cow artificial insemination conception rates differed by year of pregnancy (P < 0.01), but not RFI classification (P = 0.81). In summary, heifer postweaning RFI classification had minimal effects on beef cattle production and reproductive efficiency.

Фактическое питание школьников в период дистанционного обучения в связи с COVID-19

Healthy diet has a complex protective impact on physical well-being, it ensures optimal functioning of all processes in the child’s body, especially during the pandemic. Рurpose of the study: to assess actual dietary intake in secondary school students during remote learning due to COVID-19 quarantine and restrictive measures. Descriptive study aimed to assess actual dietary intake in 5th and 6th grade secondary school students aged 12-13 was carried out; the students lived in different mono-cities of Kemerovo region, and their parents had approved their participation in the study. Actual dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall (n=40). Comparison of the diet composition qualitative and quantitative characteristics was carried out based on the current sanitary regulations, as well as the latest issue of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety guidelines. Insufficient intake of fish and seafood, eggs, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruit, and juices was revealed in children. The daily diet included excessive amounts of bakery products, pasta, sausage products, confectionery products, and sugar. Energy value of the diet in secondary school students exceeded physiological requirements recommended during quarantine. The diet was unbalanced in terms of micronutrient content: along with sufficient contribution of protein and carbohydrates to the total calorie value, the excessive amount of fat together with insufficient amount of vegetable fat was detected. The eating pattern shaped during homestay lead to insufficient intake of micronutrients (vitamins В1, В2, РР, А), as well as to imbalanced intake of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sodium. The study has shown that the diet of secondary school students staying at home due to quarantine does not confirm with healthy eating principles and is not rational in terms of the food product set.

Acceptance and Intake of COVID-19 Vaccines among Older Germans.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.

Повышение эффективности системы мониторинга атмосферного воздуха в городе Севастополе

This article summarizes the obtained results of assessing the effectiveness of monitoring of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Sevastopol by stationary and mobile sources and gives recommendations for its improving. Analysis of the existing air monitoring network shows that the monitoring system needs to be modernized due to a number of identified inconsistencies: the number of stationary posts in the city of Sevastopol does not meet the requirements of RD 52.04.186-89 and their number should be increased; the location of stationary posts does not allow obtaining an objective picture of air pollution in all areas of the city; the list of specific impurities subject to control requires clarification and justification based on the available data on the actual intake of pollutants into the city atmosphere; the location of checkpoints on highways does not cover all highways in the city. A list of the largest stationary pollution sources is compiled. Maximum permissible emissions of 243 enterprises are analyzed, including information on 1482 sources of emissions. The main sources of air pollution are revealed and their ranking by gross emissions is performed. An assessment of the data of field observations of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Sevastopol for compliance with the current standards is carried out and a preliminary list of pollutants is formulated to justify the expediency of their control at stationary and route points of the city. The article describes some aspects of a large-scale study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the air pollution monitoring in the city of Sevastopol. Other stages of research and proposals for modernizing the monitoring system are planned to be published in a series of subsequent articles.

Investigation of eye tracking, electrodermal activity and facial expressions as biometric signatures of food reward and intake in normal weight adults

Pervasive exposure to a vast and varied food repertoire has contributed to the obesity epidemic. Within this issue, there is a need for a better understanding of the psychophysiological responses to food cues that precede food choice and food intake to establish how these responses contribute to the link between food availability and increasing obesity levels. Biometric measures such as eye tracking, electrodermal activity and facial expressions may separately or collectively provide deeper insight into psychophysiological processes underlying food reward and food intake. We examined how biometric responses differed in foods varying in fat and taste and explored how these biometric signatures to food cues were related to food preference behaviours, food choice, and food intake. We developed and tested a biometric food preference task designed to concurrently assess biometric responses (eye tracking, electrodermal activity and facial expressions) and food reward to visual food stimuli from different food categories in 100 normal weight adults. Food intake and selection was examined using a simultaneous choice ad libitum buffet. The results from this cross-sectional study showed significant differences in visual attention towards foods varying in fat content and taste prior to making rapid food choice decisions. Furthermore, the study found positive associations between maintained attention during a forced choice paradigm and subsequent food reward and food intake measures. Attention, arousal and facial expression during passive viewing were not associated with food reward or intake measures, except for an association between negative valence and explicit liking such that less liked foods elicited stronger negative facial expressions. The findings indicate that implicit, biometric responses to food cues predict both food reward and actual food intake.

Ameliorating Effect of Vitamin E on Liver Damage Caused by Administering Tartrazine in Male Mice

Tartrazine is a common artificial food and pharmaceutical additive and has become a part of daily intake values. However, the actual daily intake is much higher than the recommended value. A higher intake is shown to exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and allergic effects. The present work aimed to research whether antioxidant vitamin E (Vit E) therapy would impact liver damage induced by Tartar-Zine (TZ). Twenty-eight mice were used in this experimental study. Mice were categorized into four groups; group (A) in which mice served as control were orally administered distilled water for 28 days. Group (B) in which mice administered daily 100 mg/kg vitamin E orally for 28 days. Group (C) in which mice administered daily 300 mg/kg tartrazine dissolved in distilled water orally for 28 days. Group (D), mice received orally both 100mg/kg vitamin E and 300mg/kg tartrazine concomitantly for 28 days. Biochemical parameters in serum including liver function enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) had been inspected. Histological and immunological studies were done including Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Results showed that TZ treatment initiates hepatic disorders indicated by elevation of liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in treated mice. Oral administration of Vit E diminished the activities of ALP, AST, and ALT compared to treated mice. Besides, Vit E effectively reduced oxidative stress as indicated by elevated GSH, SOD, GST, CAT, and decreased MDA. Histologically, TZ+Vit E delineated moderate potential improvement of hepatic tissue architecture. Immunologically revealed that TZ+Vit E treated mice showed reduction in COX-2 immuno-expression in hepatic cords sinusoids and hepatocytes versus TZ group. In conclusion, treatment with Vit E could improve all deviated biochemical, immunological, and histological changed induced by tartrazine consumption.

Medical high-protein nutrition therapy and loss of muscle mass in adult ICU patients: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND & AIMS The degradation of muscle mass and loss of functional proteins due to catabolism are associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. While an adequate supply of protein within a medical nutrition concept is suggested to minimize proteolysis, the specificities on appropriate dosage and timing are still under debate. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of two different quantities of protein as part of a standardized energetically controlled nutrition therapy for the preservation of muscle mass in the later phase of critical illness. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 42 critically ill patients (age 65 ± 15; 12 females; SAPS 45 ± 11; TISS 20 ± 7; SOFA-score 7 ± 3). The subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention (1.8 g protein/kg body weight [BW]/d) or standard (1.2 g protein/kg BW/d) group. Nutrient supply via enteral and/or parenteral nutrition was calculated based on the individual energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and target protein content. Quadriceps muscle layer thickness (QMLT) was observed through sonography at inclusion, and during the follow-up period, two and four weeks after inclusion. The measurement points were fixed on two sides at the midpoint and two-thirds between the anterior superior iliac spine and top of the patella. The data were analyzed descriptively wherein chi-squared tests or unpaired two-samle t-tests checked group differences. Daily changes in muscle mass were estimated using a linear mixed model. All data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). RESULTS Actual protein intake reached 1.5 ± 0.5 g and 1.0 ± 0.5 g/kg BW/d in the intervention and standard group, respectively. Mean values of all measurements of QMLT at inclusion (day 13 ± 2 after ICU admission) were 13.5 ± 7.4 mm and 13.4 ± 7.1 mm in the intervention and standard group, respectively (P = 0.967). In both the groups, QMLT decreased over time (P < 0.001), while the estimated mean values of daily QMLT changes were -0.15 ± 0.08 mm (intervention) and -0.28 ± 0.08 mm (standard) without significant between-group differences (intervention effect, P = 0.368; time x intervention effect, P = 0.242). Illness scores and clinical outcomes showed no group differences. CONCLUSION In this single-center trial the increased amounts of protein (1.5 g vs. 1.0 g/kg BW/d) provided through medical nutrition therapy in the late phase of critical illness did not achieve a statistically significant impact on the loss of muscle mass in long-term immobilized ICU patients. Larger multi-center trials are needed to evaluate whether observed numerical differences in muscle mass could be a true finding, and will translate into improved clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register (http://www.drks.de/), DRKS-ID: DRKS00013594.

Vegetarian diet in dialysis patients: A significant gap between actual intake and current nutritional recommendations.

Nutritional status is a predictor of mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. This study aimed to assess dietary behaviors in dialysis patients compared to the recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.Ninety five dialysis patients recruited from a hospital completed a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Body weight, energy requirements, protein requirements, albumin, normalized protein catabolic rate, and 25(OH) vitamin D levels were measured.Of the 95 patients, 11 (11.6%) were below the desirable body mass index range, 59 (62.1%) were within the desired range, and 25 (26.3%) were above the desired range. However, only 32.7% of patients met the target energy intake, 29.5% reached the protein intake target, and 20.0% had adequate vitamin D concentrations. Vegetarian patients had lower energy, protein, fat, vitamin D intake, lower body mass index, serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphate, normalized protein catabolic rate, and vitamin D status than the omnivorous patients (P < .05). After adjusting for age, sex, and body weight, vegetarianism was an independent risk factor for severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml, P < .01).Most dialysis patients do not meet their dietary recommendations or goals. The risk of a vegetarian diet may outweigh the benefits in dialysis patients. Careful consideration of dietary behaviors is required for dialysis patients to prevent malnutrition, more so in vegetarians.

Ground truthing the cost of achieving the EAT lancet recommended diets: Evidence from rural India

In this paper, we quantify the divergence in the cost of current diets as compared to EAT Lancet recommendations at the subnational-level in India. We use primary data on food prices and household food purchases, and secondary data on food expenditures for a period of 12 months in 2018–19. The cost of the EAT Lancet dietary recommendations for rural India ranges between $3.00- $5.00 per person per day. In contrast, actual dietary intake at present is valued at around $1.00 per person per day. In order to get to the EAT Lancet recommendations individuals will have to spend nearly $1.00 per person per day more on each of meat fish poultry, dairy foods and fruits. The deficit in current diets relative to recommendations is marked by seasonal variations driven by volatility in the underlying food prices. This paper extends the evidence base for the affordability of the EAT Lancet diet to a subnational-level in India, using the most recent data on prices and expenditures, over time. We highlight the need for tracking rural markets at the subnational level, over time for their nutritional quality and ability to provide affordable, nutritious diets to the poor. Crop diversification, investments in rural infrastructure and well-functioning markets can move rural India towards more nutrition sensitive food environments.

Using n-alkanes to estimate herbage intake and diet composition of cattle fed with natural forages in Madagascar

Accurate estimates of feed intake are important in order to develop accurate ration formulations, for selecting livestock according to production efficiency, and for reducing environmental impact of livestock. The present study assessed the accuracy of n-alkanes to estimate individual herbage intake and diet botanical composition of cattle fed natural forages, typical to Madagascar. The effect of two different forage allowances and seasons on the herbage intake was also tested. Eight Norwegian red pie sires (232 ± 20 kg BW) were orally dosed twice daily with paper pellets containing 456.61 ± 21.64 mg of C32 alkane as external marker. Animals were housed in individual pens and fed with mixtures of five forages species typically used by farmers in the rainy season (Aristida multicaulis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Imperata cylindrical, Urochloa brizantha and Stylosanthes guyanensis) and the dry season (Chrysopogon serrulatus, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica, Lolium multiflorum and Leersia hexandra Sw). The sires were randomly assigned to two different forage allowances: (i) ad libitum with a refusal of 5 % and (ii) 1.1 % DM of body weight (BW). The n-alkane pairs C31:C32 and C32:C33 and the ratio C32/Acid Insoluble Ash (AIA) in plants and faeces were used to estimate the herbage intake. The botanical composition of the diet was estimated using the n-alkane profile from C27 to C35 in individual plant species and faeces, by least squares optimization. The n-alkane pairs underestimated (P < 0.0001) the herbage intake by 25 % in the dry season, for both forage allowances and 26 % for animals receiving ad libitum diet, regardless of the season. In contrast, the intake estimates based on both n-alkane pairs did not differ from the measured intake for animals receiving low forage allowance during the rainy season. The C32/AIA underestimated the actual herbage intake, by 50 %, for animal consuming ad libitum diet, for both seasons (P < 0.0001). The n-alkane faecal recovery (AFR) corrections factors set affected (P < 0.01) the estimated proportions of each plant species, that comprised the diet in both seasons. The application of appropriate AFR permitted to have a better accuracy of diet botanical composition estimates. It is concluded that plant wax n-alkanes are advantageous for estimating both diet botanical composition and herbage intake in cattle. However, for improving the prediction, it is important to measure the actual AFR before the calculation.

Nutrition status survey of type 2 and 3 spinal muscular atrophy in Chinese population

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the nutritional status of children with SMA types II and III in a Chinese population. Methods We performed a retrospective medical record review of prospectively collected data from children with SMA types II and III in a single centre. We analysed data including clinical parameters, anthropometrics, and 24-hour dietary intake records in our clinic. Results We analysed the anthropometric data from 86 children with 69 (80%) SMAII and 17 (20%) SMAIII; 47 (55%) were female, mean age was 5.22 ± 3.73 years. The WAZ of the SMAII (n = 69) and SMAIII (n = 17) were −0.48 (IQR −1.69, 0.57) vs −0.53 (IQR −1.60, 0.55), P = 0.926; the HAZ were −0.62 (IQR −1.4, 0.3) vs −0.6 (IQR −1.61, 0.4), P=0.72; the BMIZ were −0.51 (IQR −1.53, 0.99) vs −0.08 (IQR −1.625, 1.125), P = 0.537.The dietary intake of 51 children was compared to the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The actual energy intake in SMAII was similar to the DRIs, but which in SMAIII was less than the DRIs (1312.4 ± 329.5 kcal vs. 1655 ± 640.1 kcal, P = 0.028). The protein intake in SMAII and SMAIII was higher than the DRIs (55 ± 16.3 g/d vs 30.2 ± 4.6 g/d, P < 0.05; 56.8 ± 18.1 g/d vs 41.5 ± 17.5 g/d, p = 0.22), and calcium intake was lower than the recommendation (507.7 ± 177.8 mg/d vs 731.7 ± 123.4 mg/d, P < 0.05; 478.4 ± 207.4 mg/d vs 478.4 ± 207.4 mg/d, P = 0.01). Swallowing on the Neuromuscular Disease Status Scale was 7.41 ± 0.5. Conclusions Children with SMAII and SMAIII were at risk for malnutrition and low calcium intake.

Application of near infrared hyperspectral imaging for identifying and quantifying red clover contained in experimental poultry refusals

For laying hens, free-range systems are promoted to improve both animal behavior and egg quality. In this context, estimation of feed intake, and particularly the proportion of herbage in the diet, has become a hot topic in poultry feeding management. During experiments, animals are housed in individual cages to measure daily ingestion, calculated by the difference between offered feed and refusals (non-ingested feed). Due to their natural behavior, laying hens tend to put offered feed on the ground, mixing grains and herbage with impurities (wood-chip litter and droppings) which leads to actual ingestion being underestimated. Manual sorting of mixed refusals is tedious. The aim of this study was thus to propose a procedure to identify herbage, red clover in this case, among impurities and to estimate the weight of red clover in entire mixed refusals by combining near infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging systems. A discriminant analysis (based on 8074 spectra) allowed each pixel corresponding to red clover to be identified. The results showed that more than 90 % of pixels were correctly classified. On the basis of the number of pixels predicted as red clover, a linear regression was built to convert pixels into red clover weight in order to recalculate the actual feed intake. A determination coefficient (R²) of 0.95 was achieved. Model validation was based on 12 composite refusals, and resulted in a determination coefficient of validation (R²v) equal to 0.83 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equivalent to 3.4 g of dry matter (DM). The equation was considered satisfactory considering the possible bias in the manual sorting method. The main advantage of this procedure is the reduction in the time taken by the procedure by a factor of 4, while maintaining a high level of accuracy.

Malnutrition in School-Going Adolescents in Dessie Town, South Wollo, Ethiopia.

Background Malnutrition among adolescents is a global public health problem. Nutrient intake is a proxy measure of nutritional status, but studies in developing countries describing the actual nutrient intake condition associated with nutrition in the adolescents are limited. On top of this, there is inconsistent finding on the extent of malnutrition among adolescents. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess malnutrition and the associated factors among adolescents at Dessie high school. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 365 randomly selected high school adolescents. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from previous literature studies. Nutrient intakes were estimated by ESHA food processor software from a 24-hour recall, and anthropometric indices were calculated from weight, height, age, and sex. The data analysis was managed by SPSS version 23. Binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to report the associated factors of malnutrition. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was used to reveal the presence of statistical association. Results The percentage of being stunted, underweight, and overweight/obese was 15.7%, 6.3%, and 8.2%, respectively. Snack consumption (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.71) was negatively associated with stunting, while MAR <1 (AOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.15, 7.82) was positively associated with stunting. Being a male (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.03, 7.44) and meal consumption <3 times per day (AOR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.35, 13.11) were factors positively associated with being underweight/thin. Dietary diversity score <5 (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.89) was negatively associated with overweight/obesity, while MAR < 1 (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.09, 9.09) was positively associated with overweight/obesity. Conclusion The percent of overweight/obesity among adolescents in the study area was higher compared with the national and regional prevalence, and this was found to be a public health concern. Therefore, increasing snack consumption, sex consideration, increasing meal consumption, and intake of diversified foods should be included in the prevention strategies of malnutrition among adolescents.

Food intake pattern and nutritional status of hemodialytic patients

The incidence of renal disease is increasing at an alarming rate in Bangladesh. Malnutrition is directly correlated with the prevalence with these diseases. A total of 120 dialysis patients from both sexes having mean age 45±13. 79 years undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled for the study in Khulna city, Bangladesh. Information regarding disease history and associated co morbidities were collected from patient’s files. The personal information, prevalent vices, exercise behavior, dietary modifications and clinical and health status of the patients were recorded by using pre-tested questionnaire. Etiology of the chronic renal disease, complications and biochemical parameters were documented from the case files. Renal failure was more prevalent among male than in female. Diabetes mellitus (31.67%) were the most common etiology for chronic renal failure. Pallor of eyes was the most prevailing sign and the most common symptoms are breathlessness (98%), oliguria (88%), anorexia (67%) and nausea (60%). Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements using body mass index (BMI), mid arm circumference (MAC) and waist hip ratio (WHR). According to BMI, 43% male are grouped in normal category whereas majority of females (52%) are underweight with no overweight female respondents. 80% male had low adequacy of energy whereas all the female patients had adequacy of energy, carbohydrate and protein on low level. Dietary data was obtained by using 24-hour dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire. Actual intake of calories, protein, fats and minerals was lower than the recommended intake for hemodialysis patients. More than 50 percent of patient on hemodialysis were at risk of malnutrition. Around 32% respondents included fruits as per doctor’s advice whereas water and salted foods were restricted to three fourth of patients to protect kidney. Proper assessment of nutritional status, nutritional management and dietary modification can play a central role in preventing malnutrition of hemodialysis patients.&#x0D; Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 746-753

Olfactory priming for eating behavior – The influence of non-conscious exposure to food odors on specific appetite, food preferences and intake

Sensory food cues in our surroundings, such as odors, trigger decisions that may lead to (over)eating. These cues occur mainly outside of people’s awareness. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the effect of (non-consciously exposure of) food odors on behavioral responses. Moreover, sensory-specific appetite suggests that food odor exposure may enhance appetite for products with similar properties in taste and calorie content, inferring that we can detect nutrient content of the food through our sense of smell. Our previous research showed that conscious exposure to macronutrient-related odors influenced specific appetite but not food preferences or intake. However, eating behavior responses may differ depending on the level of awareness of the odor cue. Therefore, in our current study, we aimed to determine the influence of non-conscious exposure to macronutrient-related odors on specific appetite, food preferences and food intake. 34 healthy, normal-weight and unrestrained Dutch females underwent four sessions where they were non-consciously exposed to odors representing food high in carbohydrates, protein and fat, and low-calorie foods. Eating behavior was assessed through a specific appetite questionnaire, a computer task on macronutrient and taste food preferences, and actual food intake by means of a salad bar which included toppings representing the different macronutrients. Results show that non-conscious exposure to macronutrient-signaling odors does not influence congruent appetite, food preferences nor food intake of a main meal. Follow-up research should focus on different odor exposure (intensity and exposure time) and outcomes measures to have a better understanding of olfactory priming on eating behavior.

INFLUENCE OF EATING BEHAVIOR OF AN ACADEMIC ROWING ATHLETE ON THE PARAMETERS OF HIS FOOD STATUS

Even a short-term imbalance between increased requirements for macro- and micronutrients and their actual intake can lead to rapid fatigue, which is expressed in a decrease in endurance and sports performance. These symptoms can be caused by iron deficiency conditions, which are widespread among athletes. Purpose: to study the actual nutrition and nutritional status indicators of a master of sports in rowing with signs of a latent iron deficiency state.

The study of the informativeness and reliability of the healthy eating index for assessing of dietary peculiarity and eating behavior of Russian population

For the integral assessment of diet, tools have been proposed, called nutritional quality indices, and, as separate options, healthy eating indices (HEI), which assess diets in relation to compliance with existing national recommendations for healthy eating for the population. The aim of this work was to investigate the suitability and reliability of the developed baseline HEI for assessing the nature of the diet, modifications of the diet and eating behavior of the population. Methods. To analyze the suitability and reliability of the HEI for assessing the features of dietary intake and eating behavior of the population, the data on the actual nutrition and eating behavior of adults 19+ years of both sexes obtained by Rosstat in 2013 and 2018 have been used. Along with using the 24-hour food replay method to study actual food intake, the questionnaires included a form for assessing the frequency of consumption of major food groups in a standard format: daily or several times a week, once a week, several times a month, once a month or less often, practically do not consume. Results. The average HEI values for women in all food consumption groups are significantly higher than for men (p<0.01). Changes in average HEI values depending on the level of consumption of various products are multidirectional. When foods such as grains, vegetables and fruits are consumed in quantities greater than the median, the HEI is significantly higher than when consumed at less than the median level. On the contrary, when consuming more than the median of meat products, fatty products and confectionery products, as well as for those who consumed sausages, the HEI for both women and men is significantly lower than for those who consumed less than the median or did not consume these products. The average HEI values in men and women who consumed cottage cheese, kefir or yogurt are significantly higher than among those who did not consume these foods. Significantly higher HEI values were found in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians. The average HEI values of adults of both sexes in autumn are significantly higher than in spring, which is confirmed by the significantly higher consumption of vegetables and fruits in autumn, w hich are components- indicators of the integral HEI. The dependence of the HEI values on the frequency of consumption of the main food groups, which are its components or affect the consumption of components, has been shown. The higher the frequency of consumpt ion of meat products, butter, salad dressings, chocolate and sweets or sweet carbonated drinks the lower is the HEI. On the other hand, the higher the frequency of consumption of vegetables, fruits, milk, fermented milk, cottage cheese or curd the higher is the HEI. Conclusion. The changes in the values of the HEI at various values, as well as the frequency, of food consumption indicate the possibility of HEI using as a marker for assessing the relationship between diet, health status and the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Nutrition and nutritional status of underweight patients

Insufficient body weight is one of the manifestations of nutritional disorders. Diseases associated with malnutrition occur in 10-12% of the population. The aim of the work was to study indicators of nutritional status and actual nutrient intake in patients with insufficient body weight. Material and methods. The study included 48 women aged 31.4±11.8 years, with a body mass index below 18.5 kg/m2. The body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Nutrient intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was evaluated by the survey method, using the computer program "Evaluation of nutrition", also blood biochemical parameters were determined. Results. Body fat mass was below average values in 93.8% of patients, while only 50.0% of women had a skeletal muscle deficiency, and 10.4% surveyed had skeletal muscle mass above average values. The energy value of the daily diet was 1982± 282 kcal, and daily energy expenditure was 2158±255 kcal. In the structure of the diet, fats prevailed (42.0±10.5% of daily calorie intake) and there was a significant lack of total carbohydrates (39.9±10.4% of daily calorie intake) and dietary fiber. Fat intake was exceeded in 92.9% of patients. Insufficient carbohydrate intake was also observed in 92.9% of patients. In most patients, daily intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, B vitamins did not reach the recommended level, while sodium and phosphorus intake was excessive. The nutrient intake imbalance affected blood biochemical parameters in hypercholesterolemia (in 41.7% of patients) and hypertriglyceridemia (31.3%), and decreased calcium (30.0%), iron (12.8%) and vitamin D (52.2%) levels. Conclusion. Thus, for underweight patients, correction of the diet and dispensary observation is required to determine body composition and biochemical parameters, in particular, the fat and muscle components of the body weight, lipid metabolism indicators, the supply with macro- and micronutrients in order to develop treatment and prevention tactics of diet-related diseases, combined with reduced body weight.

Рационы питания младших школьников, находящихся на самоизоляции в связи с COVID-19

Optimal nutrition under the conditions of self-isolation in the existing epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic should to the full extent answer the nutrient requirements of children and have a preventive character. The objective of the work: to study the diets of junior schoolchildren who are learning from home during the COVID-19 restrictive measures. Patients and methods. The study included 7–10-year-old children (n = 50). Actual dietary intakes were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls. Comparison of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the nutrient composition of the diets was based on the norms of the health regulations now in force. Results. The average energy values of children’s diets exceeded the physiological needs recommended during quarantine. The nutrient composition of the diets was imbalanced. Intake of total fats exceeded the physiological requirement by 21–48%, animal protein values approached the recommended daily allowances. Unbalanced intakes of phosphorus and calcium were noted. We also found insufficient intake by children of fish and seafood, eggs, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and juices. While sausage products, bread and pastry, pasta, noodles, sweets and sugar were present in diets in excess. Conclusion. The study has shown that the problems with organisation of schoolchildren’s nutrition have a persistent character, and they remain during a child’d self-isolation at home during the pandemic. Key words: rational nutrition, school children, self-isolation, COVID-19