Actual Experience Research Articles

Tackle Your Feelings: Experience of Help-Seeking for Mental Well-Being Concerns in Professional Rugby Union Players

Limited research into professional rugby union players’ experiences of seeking formal support for their mental health exists, despite comparable rates of mental health issues among elite rugby players with the general population. This qualitative study explored professional players’ actual experiences of accessing Rugby Players Ireland’s mental well-being service, via separate focus group discussions with professional players (n = 5) and player development managers (n = 4) who refer players into the service. An inductive reflexive thematic analysis identified three themes detailing players’ (a) journey to disclosure of their mental health difficulties, (b) their expectations and engagement with the well-being service, and (c) participants’ reflections on mental health experiences in a high-performance environment. Embedding mental health as a key component of player development in high-performance environments, improving mental health literacy, normalizing mental health experiences, and encouraging help-seeking would help promote player well-being and support holistic development alongside sporting performance.

The Sense of Certainty and the Access to Inner Experience: A Qualitative Investigation

Questions about private experiences such as future-related thinking or anger rumination are standard repertoire in many types of psychological research. Evaluating the quality and reliability of participant reports in response to such questions is, however, a complex endeavor—especially for third-person research where observer and observed are distributed across two different individuals and disparate scales of reference may hence challenge the interpretation of findings. Reliable tools to assess an individual’s actual experience are thus needed. In the present article, we conceptually specified and empirically explored the sense of certainty as a vehicle to assess participant’s access to their experience. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 participants performing mathematical calculation, imagination, and memory tasks and cross-validated the qualitative reports with their certainty ratings. The results of the Thematic Analysis revealed affective, cognitive, somatic, and rudimentary behavioral dimensions of the sense of certainty. The qualitative data provide the basis for a sense of certainty scale that we argue can assess the sense of certainty as an internal criterion for access to inner experience in a more differentiated manner than standard rating tasks.

Inspirasi Teologis Komunitas Kristiani dan Interpretasinya oleh Gereja Mahasiswa (GEMA) Bandung

A community is a collection of individuals who are related to one another and are aware of their membership. Relationships among the community members are based on shared beliefs, goals, activities, or interests. This article traces the development of ideas about Christian community in the Scriptures, in the views of the Church fathers, theologians, and in the Church documents. Inspiration from the Scriptures is used to find the Christian vision of a community that can shape the evangelisation. The views of the Church fathers and of the later theologians are selected to provide an overview of the development of ideas about Christian communities that are more connected with the actual life of the faithful, especially the young generation. Pope Francis’ Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation Christus Vivit (2019) is referred to in order to provide a picture of a Christian community that is more suited to the young people. Finally, the development of ideas about a Christian community will be correlated with the actual experiences of Catholic students at “Student Church” (Gema) in the Bandung Diocese, Indonesia. From this correlation, theological inspirations on the aspects of the Christian communities are further (re)interpreted from time to time by the moderator priests of Gema and are contextualised and lived in everydayness by the young Catholics studying in the city of Bandung.

Is it okay to feel this way? Exploring the joint effect of emotional experiences and expectations on life satisfaction.

This research investigates the joint effect of individual emotional experiences and societal expectations on life satisfaction. Inspired by the Affect Valuation Theory and Self-Discrepancy Theory, we explored how discrepancies between actual emotional experiences and what society believes we "ought" to feel are linked with life satisfaction. A total of 301 U.S. online participants rated their emotional experiences and societal expectations for emotions, along with measures of life satisfaction. Response surface analyses were used to assess the effect of emotional experience-norm congruence on life satisfaction. Findings revealed that the highest life satisfaction reported by individuals infrequently experiencing negative emotions but perceiving high societal expectations for these emotions, while congruence effects were not supported. These findings suggest the potential benefits of a societal shift toward greater acceptance of a wider range of negative emotions. The study may potentially stimulate interventions to enhance individuals' life satisfaction by reconsidering societal beliefs about emotions.

A Qualitative Case Study on Choosing Elementary Schools for the Children of Highly Educated Married Immigrant Women from China

This study aims to understand the experiences of highly educated married immigrant women from China, who hold a master's degree or higher, when selecting an elementary school for their children and to explore the significance of that experience. This study included eight participants, all of whom were married immigrant women who had resided in Korea for a minimum of five years. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, which were conducted over approximately one year, from June 2022 to August 2023. The study was approached as a case study. As a result of this study, the similarities between the cases were “choices based on charactercentered education and cultural convergence”, “choices for the child's future and career”, and “choices influenced by the primary caregiver's use of bilingualism”. The differences observed in the cases appeared in “choices based on the balance between global education ideals and economic realities”, “choices based on specialized curriculum content”, and “choices based on connections to higher-level schools”. This study is important, as it underscores the need to conduct various research initiatives on multinational immigrant women and their children. These findings suggest that the study can contribute to the development of multicultural policies that are grounded in the actual experiences and critical awareness of married Chinese immigrant women, who constitute a substantial part of Korean society.

Mimicking myths of menopause. A critical phenomenological perspective on ageing and femininity in fiction TV shows

This article offers a critical phenomenological analysis of prevailing myths of menopause. By drawing on Simone de Beauvoir's conceptions of myths that essentialize existence, we have analyzed contemporary TV series in which menopause is portrayed. We identified the following myths of menopause: the myth of the liberated woman, the unnesting (s)mother, the old, ugly, and sexless witch, the mild, wise, and uncarnal woman. We first describe these myths and analyze how they may be interpreted as marginalizing in various and sometimes ambiguous ways. Then, we trace out two distinct ways in which some TV shows expose these myths as essentializing myths, which is important for allowing us to take a distance from them, and thereby to resist them. The first one is in line with what Beauvoir herself suggested as a fruitful dealing with myths: replacing mythical thinking with actual experiences. The second way is conceptualized on the basis of Irigaray’s thinking about mimicking myths. Such dealings with myths of menopause, we argue, may open the road to less marginalizing and more pluriform thinking about menopause.

A93 AN ANALYSIS OF POST-ENDOSCOPY EXPERIENCES WITHIN AN EARLY ADULT IBD PATIENT POPULATION AT A NATIONAL IBD CENTRE

Abstract Background Up to 25% of IBD patients are diagnosed before the age of 18, necessitating a process of transition from pediatric to early adult care. Poor endoscopy experiences have been described to jeopardize the overall patient experience with the healthcare system. There is a paucity of literature evaluating the endoscopy experiences of IBD patients during this pivotal point in their disease management. Aims The aim of this study is to describe the reported post-endoscopy experiences of early adult IBD patients (18 to 25 years old) compared to those in an adult model of care (26 years old, or above). Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with IBD treated at Mount Sinai Hospital from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2021 who underwent an outpatient colonoscopy was performed. Qualitative and quantitative data were longitudinally collected from endoscopy records. The first phase of the study consisted of a comparison of outcomes between early adults (18 to 25 years) and adults (26 years, or above). The second phase consisted of a comparison of outcomes between sedation types (deep versus conscious). T-test was used to compare differences for continuous variables and Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables. Results In this initial pilot study of 171 patients, 12.9% of early adults underwent deep sedation compared to 11.4% of adults. Patients who underwent deep sedation were more likely to have Crohn’s disease compared to Ulcerative Colitis (95.2%, 57.7%, pampersand:003C0.01). There were no differences in mean procedure lengths in minutes (18.3, 18.6, p=0.80). Early adults who underwent conscious sedation required additional sedative medications during the procedure in 48.9% of cases compared to 32.3% in the adult cohort (p=0.04), however the mean total of conscious sedation medication used had no differences between the two groups (p=0.59). Nursing post-procedure subjective scoring measuring pain and nausea showed no significant difference (p=0.29). Physician narrative note descriptions of subjective procedural tolerance also showed no significant differences (p=0.78). Conclusions Patients with Crohn’s disease are more likely to require deep sedation for their adult colonoscopies compared to patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterologists are not adequately prepared to gauge the amount of conscious sedation an early adult patient will require, necessitating top-up amounts peri-procedure more frequently. Current tools in the forms of subjective scoring and narrative documentation utilized by healthcare providers to measure procedural experience and tolerance are poor markers of actual patient experience. Future efforts should be focused on better understanding the endoscopic experience of the early adult IBD patient population and utilizing an innovative and collaborative approach. Funding Agencies Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Resident Research Grant

Modeling the Guaranteed Performance of CSP Plants

Performance models are an essential tool for the development, design optimization, and estimation of the expected performance or yield of concentrating solar power (“CSP”) plants. It has also become common practice to use performance models to calculate the guaranteed performance of CSP plants for evaluating whether a newly constructed CSP plant has met its performance obligations. Although this would seem to be an obvious approach, actual experience has shown that insufficient thought has gone into how this should be done, and the performance models used have generally not been up to the task. We discuss some of the issues in relation to defining the guaranteed performance of a CSP plant, using a performance model to determine the guaranteed performance, and issues related to assessing whether the plant has met its guaranteed performance. We provide recommendations for how future projects should address these issues.

Surgical Training Using Augmented Reality-Based Optical Head-Mounted Displays: A Pilot Study.

While the educational benefits of the modern techniques such as virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) have been suggested, there is still a lack of reports on actual surgeons' experiences. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a holographic AR-based surgical training in tonsillectomy. Two otolaryngologists, 1 trainee and 1 instructor, performed 5 tonsillectomies using an AR headset (HoloLens 2, Microsoft, USA). The trainee wore the AR headset to share the surgical view through front camera while the instructor remotely accessed the device using the Microsoft Teams program and provided real-time guidance. The AR-based surgical training offered several advantages, including direct real-time guidance for the trainee and clear instructions without disturbing the surgical process. However, there were also drawbacks, such as the front camera not always matching the trainee's view and some difficulty with focusing, depending on the depth of the oral cavity. Our study suggests that AR devices are a feasible and alternative method for surgical training. With the ability to provide clear guidance, even from a distance, this technology has the potential to revolutionize surgical training in the future.

The Mismatch between Adult Smokers’ Abstinence Expectancies and Experiences at Outpatient Facilities: An Exploratory Study

Background:: Smokers’ expectancies about abstinence, that is the effects that smokers anticipate when they attempt to quit smoking, remain understudied. The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between smoking abstinence expectations and subjective experience over time among individuals in smoking cessation treatment. Methods:: A total of 215 adult smokers seeking treatment at two Italian third-level outpatient facilities were assessed at baseline and three-time points after the quit day (QD): 7 days, and 1 and 3 months. The following self-report instruments were administered: the Smoking Abstinence Expectancies Questionnaire (SAEQ), as a baseline measure of expectancies before quitting; the SAEQ-past, for assessing the actual occurrence of symptoms that were expected; the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, as a measure of withdrawal symptoms post-quitting. Results:: One and 3 months after the QD, participants reported fewer negative abstinence symptoms than expected, except for somatic symptoms, and fewer positive consequences than expected. A mismatch between smoking abstinence expectations and actual postquitting experiences was found, thus expectancies were violated. Conclusion:: The present findings confirm the need to assess both abstinence expectancies and actual post-quitting experiences. Future studies should examine tailored interventions aimed at educating smokers about expectancies and post-quitting experiences.

To Affirm Difference or To Deny Distinction?

What are the global canons of constitutional equality analysis? Many scholars would say that there are none. National courts cannot seem to agree on whether the guarantee is formal or substantive, intersectional or discrete, open-ended or strictly textual. This Article takes a different tact. There are two budding strands of equality law reasoning: the categorical canons and the difference canons. The former prohibit pernicious distinctions in the law, while the latter affirm individual difference. The difference canons are the more cogent of the two. Categorical equality reasoning leads to underinclusive protection that is discordant with the actual experience of discrimination. Meanwhile, difference equality reasoning quashes budding social inequities before they fester into pernicious “isms.” Categorical courts thus ought to take a page from the difference canons.

Study on Long-Term Care Service Awareness, Needs, and Usage Intention of Older Adult Male Homosexuals in Taiwan and Their Ideal Long-Term Care Service Model.

As the significance of long-term care services for older adults becomes more pronounced in Taiwan, especially considering the intensifying trend of an aging population, there remains a lack of comprehensive attention to the long-term care needs and experiences of older adult individuals within the LGBTQ+ community. The present study examines the long-term care service awareness, needs, and usage intention of older adult male homosexuals in Taiwan and assesses their ideal long-term care service model. This study of five older adult male homosexual subjects aged 66 to 73 years is intended as a preliminary exploration. Interviews were used to collect data. The study determined that the five subjects displayed high awareness of long-term care services, as they possessed actual experience of these services or had even participated in care service staff training to obtain certificates. Some even had experience in applying for home care services and reported problems during use. The subjects perceived that they were very likely to require long-term care services in the future and tended to opt for home care services if they required long-term support. Due to their personal experiences, the subjects displayed negative awareness of long-term care services and expressed worry that long-term care service staff harbored poor attitudes toward homosexuals. The subjects considered the most important aspects of long-term care to be basic medical care and lifestyle care. However, they worried that long-term care staff would delay or refuse to provide such services due to the subjects' sexual orientation or stereotypes related to it, and they were concerned above all about the "friendly attitude" of long-term care staff. They hoped that long-term care staff were friendly toward homosexuals and did not discriminate against them, feeling that it would be more appropriate for homosexual long-term care staff to provide assistance. In terms of vision, while preferring organizations with homosexual employees, the subjects worried that they would be stigmatized and discriminated against. Regarding ideal long-term care services, while considering institutions with homosexual staff to be ideal, the subjects also worried that these would be labeled as institutions that were dedicated to homosexuals, potentially resulting in discrimination. Therefore, they hoped that the sexuality sensitivity of long-term care staff could be improved and that they would undergo professional continuing education to learn about homosexuals, their situations, and care needs.

Pest recognition in microstates state: an improvement of YOLOv7 based on Spatial and Channel Reconstruction Convolution for feature redundancy and vision transformer with Bi-Level Routing Attention.

In order to solve the problem of precise identification and counting of tea pests, this study has proposed a novel tea pest identification method based on improved YOLOv7 network. This method used MPDIoU to optimize the original loss function, which improved the convergence speed of the model and simplifies the calculation process. Replace part of the network structure of the original model using Spatial and Channel reconstruction Convolution to reduce redundant features, lower the complexity of the model, and reduce computational costs. The Vision Transformer with Bi-Level Routing Attention has been incorporated to enhance the flexibility of model calculation allocation and content perception. The experimental results revealed that the enhanced YOLOv7 model significantly boosted Precision, Recall, F1, and mAP by 5.68%, 5.14%, 5.41%, and 2.58% respectively, compared to the original YOLOv7. Furthermore, when compared to deep learning networks such as SSD, Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN), and the original YOLOv7, this method proves to be superior while being externally validated. It exhibited a noticeable improvement in the FPS rates, with increments of 5.75 HZ, 34.42 HZ, and 25.44 HZ respectively. Moreover, the mAP for actual detection experiences significant enhancements, with respective increases of 2.49%, 12.26%, and 7.26%. Additionally, the parameter size is reduced by 1.39 G relative to the original model. The improved model can not only identify and count tea pests efficiently and accurately, but also has the characteristics of high recognition rate, low parameters and high detection speed. It is of great significance to achieve realize the intelligent and precise prevention and control of tea pests.

Preferences, Adherence, and Satisfaction: Three Years of Treatment Experiences of People with Multiple Sclerosis.

To reduce the risk of long-term disability in people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS), an increasing number of disease-modifying immune therapies (DMT) are available, involving diverse mechanisms of action, levels of efficacy, treatment risks, and tolerability aspects. Including patient preferences and expectations in shared decision-making may improve treatment satisfaction, adherence, and persistence. To investigate long-term alignment of individual preferences and expectations of pwMS with their actual DMT and its effect on treatment satisfaction, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), adherence, and treatment discontinuation. A total of 401 pwMS beginning a new DMT were enrolled from 2015 to 2018 in a non-interventional study at three German MS centres. Patient preferences regarding DMT, TSQM-9, SF36, and self-reported adherence as well as relapses and EDSS were recorded at baseline and every 3 to 6 months for up to 3 years. Efficacy and tolerability were the highest-ranking preferences at baseline. Actual selection of DMT corresponded more closely to safety than efficacy, tolerability, or convenience preferences. Participants reported excellent adherence throughout the study. DMT persistence was 69.0%, with earlier discontinuation for injectable vs oral or infusion therapies. Breakthrough disease, rather than patient-reported outcomes, was the main driver of DMT discontinuation. For all routes of administration, global treatment satisfaction increased over time despite lower satisfaction with convenience. Several patterns of changing preferences were observed. This study provides insight into the interaction of DMT preferences of pwMS with their actual treatment experience. Treatment decisions should be aligned with long-term expectations of pwMS to promote continuous adherence.

Realized thermal niche approach eliminates temperature bias in bioenergetic model estimates.

Bioenergetics models estimate ectotherm growth, production, and prey consumption - all key for effective ecosystem management during changing global temperatures. Based on species-specific allometric and thermodynamic relationships, these models typically use the species' lab-derived optimum temperatures (physiological optimum) as opposed to empirical field data (realized thermal niche) that reflect actual thermal experience. Yet, dynamic behavioral thermoregulation mediated by biotic and abiotic interactions may provide substantial divergence between physiological optimum and realized thermal niche temperatures to significantly bias model outcomes. Here, using the Wisconsin bioenergetics model and in-situ year-round temperature data, we tested the two approaches and compared the maximum attainable lifetime weight and lifetime prey consumption estimates for two salmonid species with differing life histories. We demonstrate that using the realized thermal niche is the better approach because it eliminates significant biases in estimates produced by the physiological optimum. Specifically, using the physiological optimum, slower-growing Salvelinus namaycush maximum attainable lifetime weight was underestimated, and consumption overestimated, while fast-growing Oncorhynchus tshawytscha maximum attainable weight was overestimated. While the physiological optimum approach is useful for theoretical studies, our results demonstrate the critical importance that models used by management utilize up-to-date system- and species-specific field data representing actual in-situ behaviors (i.e., realized thermal niche).

Psychological distress in adult women of reproductive age at different stages after breast cancer diagnosis: A qualitative study.

To explore the actual experience of psychological distress of adult women of reproductive age at different stages after breast cancer diagnosis. Qualitative. Eighty-one patients with breast cancer-related distress thermometer scores >4 were selected using a purposive sampling method. Patients were divided into newly diagnosed and 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month groups according to time since diagnosis and then interviewed. A phenomenological approach was adopted to analyse interview content, and different themes were extracted. Women exhibited different levels of psychological distress depending on the time since diagnosis, with newly diagnosed patients showing the highest distress. Within 1 year post-diagnosis, different events caused patients distress. Themes extracted at new diagnosis and 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12 months post-diagnosis included sadness and disbelief, loss of control, optimistic but concerned, physical and mental exhaustion, difficulties returning to society and limited sexual intimacy, respectively; all groups expressed reproductive concerns. Clinical nurses should focus on different psychologically distressing events to provide targeted interventions at distinct phases. For women of childbearing age, clinical nurses should pay particular attention to patients' marriage and reproductive concerns. During the year after a breast cancer diagnosis, patients of childbearing age experience events that cause psychological distress that differ depending on time since diagnosis. Nurses should focus on core stressful events and perform specific nursing interventions. To provide holistic care, nurses should consider the psychological and emotional changes patients may undergo. For women of childbearing age, clinical nurses should pay particular attention to patients' marriage and fertility concerns, and be able to provide evidence-based professional guidance on reproductive preservation techniques. The study was reported using the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines. Patients contributed to data collection through interviews.

P781 Mirikizumab administration experience from Ulcerative Colitis patients and healthcare providers: Survey data from the LUCENT clinical program

Abstract Background Mirikizumab (MIRI) is an anti-IL-p19 antibody approved for moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis (UC). The recommended dose regimen has 2 parts: MIRI administration begins with intravenous (IV) infusion every 4 weeks (Q4W; 3 total) followed by subcutaneous (SC) injections (2 injections per dose) Q4W (Figure 1). Self-injection of SC MIRI is allowed after patient training. This study explored differences between healthcare provider (HCP) perspectives of UC patients’ experiences and patients’ actual experiences regarding MIRI administration during the LUCENT program. It also assessed HCPs’ own experiences with MIRI administration. Methods The study involved two cross-sectional, 30-min, web-based surveys including one for patients and one for HCPs. Patients were eligible if they were enrolled in LUCENT-3 having entered from LUCENT-1 or -2 phase 3 studies or AMAC phase 2 study. HCPs from LUCENT-3 sites were eligible if they administered or oversaw MIRI IV infusions or SC injections during LUCENT-1, -2, -3, or AMAC. Survey questions had responses based on 5-point Likert scales. Outcomes included satisfaction with and acceptability of MIRI administration (Table 1). The survey was completed during LUCENT-3; MIRI SC injection experience at the time of survey varied from >2 to ≥3 yrs. Results The surveys were completed by 93 patients from 11 countries and 42 HCPs (gastroenterologist/physician 31.0%, nurse 40.5%, other [coordinator] 28.6%) from 9 countries. Most patients were satisfied or very satisfied with IV infusions (82.8%) and SC injections (91.4%), which was lower than HCPs’ perspectives of patients’ experiences (IV, 92.9%; SC, 100%), but generally similar to HCPs’ own experiences (IV, 81.0%; SC, 95.2%). Consistent with patients’ actual experiences (SC Q4W, 97.8%; two injections, 96.8%), most HCPs thought that patients felt that receiving SC injections Q4W (100%) and receiving 2 SC injections for each dose (92.9%) were somewhat or completely acceptable. Patients (97.8%) were satisfied or very satisfied with MIRI administration overall and 90.3% agreed or strongly agreed that treatment benefits outweighed any administration dissatisfaction. These patient perspectives were similar to both HCP perspectives of UC patients’ experiences (95.2%; 88.1%) and HCPs’ own experiences (97.6%; 95.2%). Conclusion Most patients and HCPs were satisfied or very satisfied and acceptable or completely acceptable of MIRI IV and SC administration. Patients’ experiences were similar to HCPs’ perspectives of patients’ experiences as well as HCPs’ own experiences, although there was a tendency for HCPs to perceive patients’ satisfaction to be very satisfied at a higher rate than patients’ actual responses.

Quantitative Analysis of Qualitative Data on Factors Affecting College Students' Motivation to Exercise

Various factors affect differences in the willingness to exercise. Most studies on motivation to exercise clarify its relevance and potential causal relationships using questionnaire surveys and analyze the constructed models. Therefore, by analyzing both conventional questionnaire surveys and freeform sentences, this study attempts to derive certain trends in phenomena that were overlooked when the questionnaires were developed. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 256 university students’ motivation to exercise, and further examined factors that may increase motivation to exercise using text mining and correspondence analysis. Consequently, when creating categories based on appearance frequency, teachers, fathers, mothers, friends, supervisors, coaches, and seniors were extracted as individuals who may increase or decrease motivation to exercise. The results of the content analysis confirmed that the influence provided by fathers included offering guidance and actual exercise experience, while mothers were mainly engaged in supportive relationships; furthermore, rivalry between siblings participating in exercise together was detected. Praising and scolding were also found to be important in increasing the motivation to exercise. The influence on the motivation to exercise was considered to change depending on how the individual perceives their environment.

Does supplemental irrigation enhance smallholder monsoon season rice yield? Evidence from Bangladesh

AbstractIrrigation is one pillar of the Green Revolution that drove dramatic agricultural productivity gains across Asia. In Bangladesh, irrigation uptake has been so significant that 97% of dry‐season rice is now irrigated. While most Bangladesh monsoon rice is completely rainfed, supplementary irrigation is sometimes employed where late monsoon onset is potentially yield‐limiting. Station‐controlled experiments provide a narrative of positive yield benefits from supplementary irrigation. In contrast, statistical evaluations of actual farm experience mostly show no yield benefit and lower profitability for supplementary irrigation adopters. To add evidence on this controversial practice, we evaluated data from 2012 and 2015 Bangladesh farm household surveys with causality econometric approaches that control for differences between supplementary irrigation adopter and non‐adopter groups. After controlling for self‐selection and endogeneity, we found no statistically significant yield benefit for supplementary irrigation. Our results support scepticism about the profitability of supplementary irrigation. As such, we recommend careful consideration of the mixed evidence on effectiveness in future supplementary irrigation project benefit cost analyses. Further evidence over a longer time and accounting for a broader range of crops is also important moving forward.

Conceptualizing and measuring privacy boundary turbulence in technological contexts: Constructing a measurement scale

Digital platforms have provided convenience, but they increase information misuse risks, which can cause privacy boundary turbulence, a key concept of Communication Privacy Management theory. Contrary to previous measurements of turbulence that mostly focus on actual privacy violation experiences, I propose a new measurement scale incorporating the perceived privacy violations. To construct the scale, I first used in-depth interviews (N = 33) to identify four dimensions of privacy turbulence through coding: sense of surveillance, sense of betrayal, sense of harm, and sense of helplessness. Drawing on interview data, I developed items for each dimension and tested the items to refine the scale. In Study Two (N = 283), exploratory factor analysis was used to test potential models. Study Three (N = 687) cross-validated the final factor structure using a separate sample. Study Four (N = 293) tested the discriminant and predictive validity of the measure by comparing it to the Privacy Management Measure scale.