Actual Confrontation Research Articles

Surprisingly good talk: Misunderstanding others creates a barrier to constructive confrontation.

Open communication is important for maintaining relationships when conflicts inevitably arise. Nevertheless, people may avoid constructive confrontation to the extent that they expect others to respond negatively. In experiments involving recalled (Experiment 1), imagined (Experiment 2), simulated (Experiment 3), and actual confrontations (Experiments 4a and 4b), we find that people's expectations are systematically miscalibrated such that they overestimate how negatively others respond to confrontation. These overly negative expectations stem, at least in part, from biased attention to potentially negative outcomes of a constructive confrontation (Experiment 5), and from failing to recognize the power of relationship-maintenance processes that are activated in direct conversations (Experiment 6). Underestimating how positively relationship partners will respond to an open, direct, and honest conversation about relationship concerns may create a misplaced barrier to confronting issues when they arise in relationships, thereby keeping people from confronting issues that would strengthen their relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

When Potential Allies and Targets Do (and Do Not) Confront Anti-Asian Prejudice: Reactions to Blatant and Subtle Prejudice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Anti-Asian xenophobia has exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic, after U.S. political leaders promoted anti-Asian rhetoric from its start. Confronting prejudice interrupts future perpetration of such prejudice, but confronting prejudice can only occur to the extent actions are first attributed to prejudice. Bystanders may attribute less prejudice to speech about the "Chinese Virus" than to more blatant stereotype expression, for example, and therefore be less vehement in their confrontations. Across two studies, we examined the impact of anti-Asian prejudice type (blatant, subtle, or no prejudice) and bystander race/ethnicity (White or Asian American/Pacific Islander [AAPI]), on prejudice attribution, willingness to confront, actual confrontation, and confrontation vehemence. In the context of a hiring manager justifying rejection of a Chinese applicant, we predicted that blatant prejudice would be detected and confronted most willingly, and subtle prejudice more willingly than no prejudice, and that prejudice detection would mediate the relationship between prejudice type and willingness to confront. Further, we expected AAPI bystanders to detect anti-Asian prejudice more readily than White bystanders, but to confront at lower rates, with actual confrontations being more vehement following blatant (relative to subtle or no) prejudice. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 27 and the PROCESS v4.1 macro, controlling for potential confounds such as political orientation and individual-level prejudice (expressed or perceived). Results of both studies (n = 142 [Study 1], n = 274 [Study 2]) supported hypotheses, except in Study 1 bystanders exposed to subtle prejudice were no more willing to confront than no-prejudice controls. Results of exploratory analyses indicated that attribution to prejudice was the primary obstacle to confrontation following subtle prejudice, whereas action taking was the primary obstacle following blatant prejudice. This research underscores the need for interventions to increase detection of all forms of anti-Asian prejudice and to provide would-be confronters with effective confrontation tools.

Hybrid Warfare in Wartime – Concept and Action Operationalization Attempt –

"Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has made the concept of hybrid warfare almost forgotten. The literature has focused on the confrontation itself, but, as a rule, hybrid threats are activated when public attention is drawn to other issues and when the public is not prepared to meet the challenge. After the invasion of Ukraine, the term hybrid warfare has dissipated into the mass of frequently used operational terms. From the range of five dimensions of this term, which entails five types of associated interpretations (Solmaz, 2022), in the war in Ukraine, the emphasis seems to be on the aspects related to the hard component. The actual military confrontation, the occupation of Ukrainian territories by Russian troops and the violent actions (including those that exceed normative and moral boundaries on the battlefield) are the elements that attract public attention to a greater extent than the soft actions with a high degree of ambiguity (Mumford, Carlucci, 2022), contributing to the synergistic effect of sharp power. Under these conditions, hybrid warfare is not necessarily a form of war that substitutes for actual confrontation, but a way in which soft actions complement or compensate for the effects obtained by hard actions. Is the invasion of Ukraine a hybrid warfare, or can we talk about hybrid warfare as running parallel to and during the war? Which of these interpretative postures allows for the deviation from the classical meaning of war, as long as the action has been defined, from the perspective of the aggressor, as a “special military operation”? In the present paper, we attempt at perationalizing the concept of hybrid warfare, which has been analysed in the dynamics of application in several recent studies, starting from the study of its effects in the war in Ukraine (Muradov, 2022; Guerrero, 2022), and that of distinguishing between the hybrid warfare and ghibridnaia voina perspectives."

Războiul hibrid în vreme de război – încercare de operaționalizare conceptuală și acțională –

"Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has made the concept of hybrid warfare almost forgotten. The literature has focused on the confrontation itself, but, as a rule, hybrid threats are activated when public attention is drawn to other issues and when the public is not prepared to meet the challenge. After the invasion of Ukraine, the term hybrid warfare has dissipated into the mass of frequently used operational terms. From the range of five dimensions of this term, which entails five types of associated interpretations (Solmaz, 2022), in the war in Ukraine, the emphasis seems to be on the aspects related to the hard component. The actual military confrontation, the occupation of Ukrainian territories by Russian troops and the violent actions (including those that exceed normative and moral boundaries on the battlefield) are the elements that attract public attention to a greater extent than the soft actions with a high degree of ambiguity (Mumford, Carlucci, 2022), contributing to the synergistic effect of sharp power. Under these conditions, hybrid warfare is not necessarily a form of war that substitutes for actual confrontation, but a way in which soft actions complement or compensate for the effects obtained by hard actions. Is the invasion of Ukraine a hybrid warfare, or can we talk about hybrid warfare as running parallel to and during the war? Which of these interpretative postures allows for the deviation from the classical meaning of war, as long as the action has been defined, from the perspective of the aggressor, as a “special military operation”? In the present paper, we attempt at perationalizing the concept of hybrid warfare, which has been analysed in the dynamics of application in several recent studies, starting from the study of its effects in the war in Ukraine (Muradov, 2022; Guerrero, 2022), and that of distinguishing between the hybrid warfare and ghibridnaia voina perspectives."

Not such a complainer anymore: Confrontation that signals a growth mindset can attenuate backlash.

We report the first investigation of whether observers draw information about mindsets from behavior, specifically prejudice confrontation. We tested two questions across 10 studies (N = 3,168). First, would people who observe someone confront a biased comment (vs. remain silent) see them as endorsing more growth (vs. fixed) mindsets about prejudice and bias? If so, would the growth mindset perceptions that arise from confrontation (vs. remaining silent) attenuate the backlash that observers exhibit against confronters? We investigated these questions using scenarios (Studies 1, 2a-b, 4, 5a-d), naturalistic confrontations of national, race, and gender stereotypes reported retrospectively (Study 3), and an in-person laboratory experiment of actual confrontations of racial bias (Study 6). Correlational and experimental methods yielded support for our core hypotheses: People spontaneously imbue someone who confronts a biased comment with more growth mindset beliefs about prejudice and bias (Studies 1, 2a-b, 4, 6), regardless of whether participants observe the confrontation (Studies 1, 2a-b, 5a-d) or are being confronted themselves (Studies 2a-4, 6). The growth mindset perceptions arising from these confrontations suppress backlash, assessed by classic interpersonal perceptions (Studies 4-5) and judgments of interpersonal warmth and willingness to interact again in the future (Study 6), both when the confronter was a target of the biased behavior (Studies 1-5), and when they were an ally (Study 6), in both correlational studies (Study 3-4) and when growth mindset (about personality, Study 5; about prejudice, Study 6) was manipulated, confirming causality. We discuss implications for the study of mindsets, confrontation, and intergroup relations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Equilibrium Approximating and Online Learning for Anti-Jamming Game of Satellite Communication Power Allocation

Satellite communication systems are increasingly facing serious environmental challenges such as malicious jamming, monitoring, and intercepting. As a current development of artificial intelligence, intelligent jammers with learning ability can effectively perceive the surrounding spectrum environment to dynamically change their jamming strategies. As a result, the current mainstream satellite communication anti-jamming technology based on wide interval high-speed frequency hopping is unable to deal with this problem effectively. In this work, we focus on anti-jamming problems in the satellite communication domain, and reformulate the power allocation problem under two kinds of confrontation scenarios as one-shot and repeated games model. Specifically, for the problem of multi-channel power allocation under a one-shot confrontation scenario, we firstly model the problem of allocating limited power resource between communication parties and a jammer on multi-channel based on a BG (Blotto Game) model. Secondly, a DO-SINR (Double Oracle-Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) algorithm is designed to approximate the Nash equilibrium of the game between two parties. Experiments show that the DO-SINR algorithm can effectively obtain the approximate Nash equilibrium of the game. For the problem of multi-channel power allocation under a repeated confrontation scenario, we firstly transform the problem into an online shortest path problem with a graph structure to make the problem solving process more intuitive, and then design the Exp3-U (Exp3-Uniform) algorithm which utilizes the graph structure to solve the multi-channel power allocation problem. Experiments show that our algorithm can minimize the expected regret of communication parties during online confrontation, while maintaining good operating efficiency. The two power allocation problems constructed in this paper are common problem formed in confrontation scenarios. Our research and analysis can simulate some actual confrontation scenarios of the satellite communication power allocation, which can be used to improve the adaptability of satellite communication systems in complex environments.

The misjudgment of men: Does pluralistic ignorance inhibit allyship?

People are often reluctant to speak out publicly as allies to marginalized groups. We conducted three preregistered studies examining whether pluralistic ignorance (Miller & McFarland, 1991; Prentice, 2007; Prentice & Miller, 1993) inhibits allyship. We first hypothesized that, if men rarely enact allyship toward women (e.g., in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics [STEM] fields), people will underestimate men's beliefs that sexism is problematic. Second, these misperceptions might then predict men's (and women's) own inaction, despite their private beliefs about gender bias. Additionally, men with higher masculinity concerns might be particularly inhibited from enacting allyship by their belief that other men are unconcerned with gender bias. All three studies yielded evidence that men and women underestimate men's privately expressed concerns about gender bias in STEM contexts. In correlational analyses, Studies 1 and 2 also revealed that among men high in precarious masculinity concerns, the belief that other men do not see bias as a problem predicted lower allyship intentions, controlling for their own beliefs about gender bias. Although experimentally correcting these beliefs with data changed perceptions (Studies 2 and 3), this was insufficient to increase allyship. Rather, in an ecologically valid behavioral paradigm (Study 3), allyship behavior was elevated when participants observed others confronting versus not confronting sexism. These findings suggest that perceptions of men's average beliefs inhibit allyship intentions; however, merely correcting these misperceptions might not be enough to motivate actual confrontation. We discuss the implications of these findings for a pluralistic ignorance account of allyship inhibition and for practical interventions aimed at promoting allyship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Cyber security as an innovative protection in the political space of Ukraine

The article focuses on the values of the role of cybersecurity in the modern information society. To develop an effective system of interaction in the information space, there is a need to form boundaries of protection for users. The system of protection that exists in society is aimed at resolving the contradictions that arise at the level of actual confrontation and significant influence on political processes with clearly defined subjects of political activity. For the modern world, the subjects of global governance pay serious attention to the level of security of the management system in individual countries and regions, which indicates the effectiveness or imbalance in the management system. Also, the role of such an entity at the supranational level of the management system. Therefore, the chosen topic is quite relevant for the global process of interaction and taking into account the views of individual regions. In addition, effective protection of cyberspace will help reduce the level of manipulation by political actors, which will help increase the level of political culture among politicians and the level of political awareness among ordinary citizens. The article analyzes modern scientific approaches to understanding the concept of cybersecurity and cybersecurity, provides a generalized description of these concepts, identifies modern forms of security in cyberspace, analyzes the state of cybersecurity in the Ukrainian information space and defines its status as a subject of global interaction in the information space. In the political process, an integral element of interaction is the information space, as the modern platform for public relations between policy actors has been reformatted in the latest ways, and therefore the mechanisms of influencing citizens become innovative and demonstrate uncertain response from society and possible ways of political development. events. As a result, a number of mechanisms need to be put in place to protect all cyberspace users who engage in public communication on important policy issues.

Три столицы «Русьского» мира

The author studies the probabilistic attractor of postbifurcation movement of Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia. The essence of the attractor is defined as presence in the unified "Rus'skoy" civilization. The purpose of the work is to give argumentation of the need of choosing the given civilization. The research is methodologically completed using dialectic, hermeneutic and historical and logical approaches. The results of the study represent actual conclusions from the dialectic of "egoistic" and "collectivist" in recent history of the three countries; from the long-standing contradiction of leaders and peoples of these states; from actual confrontation "Nazi-Ukraine" and "Russo-Ukraine". The author demonstrates the essence of this confrontation – geopolitical struggle of Western and Russian civilization at the area of Belorussia, Ukraine and Russia. The novelty of the study is implied in understanding the antinomic truth of Rus'skoy civilization – catch-up, as well as advanced; in formulating new definitions of "Nazi-Ukraine" and "Russo-Ukraine" and in explaining their actual contradictions; in clarifying the specific of the opposition between the West and Russia. The author shows the "orthodoxy" of the West's antislavism, the reasons of the Eastern-Slavic space destruction, axiological degradation of the West and potentiality of "empire decline" (USA). The article reveals the orthodoxy of territorial and property claims to Slavic peoples; the Germans' desire to settle new territories and use these areas as colonies. The researcher proves that the attitude towards Ukraine is that of a partner-vassal. The conclusions of the research are grounded on the argumentation of the true attractor of the three countries movement – towards the unified "Rus'skaya" civilization. The essential causes of this process are immanent contradictions of the Western civilization, especially between the American atlanticism and Germanocentric continentalism. Moreover, there is the necessity for common cultural and historical fate connected with the faith to invaluable traditions being trampled and disappearing in the Western civilization. At the same time, the author demonstrates the possibility of maintaining democratic values and specific "bourgeois – non-bourgeois" social and economic projects.

Conceptualizing the role of courts in peace processes

Abstract What role do courts play in peace processes? Relying on case studies of South Africa and Colombia, we identify two functions. First, by invalidating some peripheral provisions constitutional courts can enhance the legitimacy of those agreements by adding the imprimatur of legalism to the political support the agreements already have. Second, the international law of impunity can be an obstacle to reaching a peace agreement, but domestic courts can weaken that impediment by deferring a confrontation with that law by creative interpretation of both the peace agreement and international law, thereby postponing to the indefinite future any actual confrontation between the agreement and international law.

A Hybrid Cyber Defense Mechanism to Mitigate the Persistent Scan and Foothold Attack

As the prerequisite for the attacker to invade the target network, Persistent Scan and Foothold Attack (PSFA) is becoming progressively more subtle and complex. Even worse, the static and predictable characteristics of traditional systems provide an asymmetric advantage for attackers in launching the PSFA. To reverse this asymmetric advantage and resist the PSFA, two new defense ideas, called moving target defense (MTD) and deception-based cyber defense (DCD), have been suggested to provide the proactive selectable measures to complement traditional defense. However, MTD is unable to defeat the sophisticated attacker with fingerprint tracking ability. Meanwhile, DCD is easy to be marked by the attacker, which will result in a great waste of defense resources and poor defense effectiveness. To address this shortcoming, we propose the hybrid cyber defense mechanism that combines the address mutation (belonging to MTD) and fingerprint camouflage (belonging to DCD) strategies. More specifically, we first introduce and formalize the attacker model of PSFA based on the cyber kill chain. Afterwards, the traffic direction technology is designed to realize the coordination between the strategy of address mutation and the strategy of fingerprint camouflage. Furthermore, we construct the fine-grained quantitative modeling of the attacker’s behaviors through an in-depth observation of actual network confrontation. Based on this, a dynamic defense strategy generation algorithm is presented to maximize the effectiveness of our hybrid mechanism. Finally, the experimental results show that our hybrid mechanism can greatly improve the time required for a successful attack and achieve a better defense effect than the single strategy.

The effect of HF-rTMS over the left DLPFC on stress regulation as measured by cortisol and heart rate variability

The prefrontal cortex, and especially the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis under stressful situations. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that a sustained DLPFC activation is associated with adaptive stress regulation in anticipation of a stressful event, leading to a reduced stress-induced amygdala response, and facilitating the confrontation with the stressor. However, studies using experimental manipulation of the activity of the DLPFC before a stressor are scarce, and more research is needed to understand the specific role of this brain area in the stress-induced physiological response. This pre-registered study investigated the effect on stress regulation of a single excitatory high frequency (versus sham) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) session over the left DLPFC applied before the Trier Social Stress Test in 75 healthy young women (M = 21.05, SD = 2.60). Heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol were assessed throughout the experimental protocol. The active HF-rTMS and the sham group showed a similar cognitive appraisal of the stress task. No differences in HRV were observed during both the anticipation and the actual confrontation with the stress task and therefore, our results did not reflect DLPFC-related adaptive anticipatory adjustments. Importantly, participants in the active HF-rTMS group showed a lower cortisol response to stress. The effect of left prefrontal HF-rTMS on the stress system provides further critical experimental evidence for the inhibitory role played by the DLPFC in the regulation of the HPA axis.

Securing the European Project: From Self-Referentiality to Heterarchy

AbstractSecurity is the meta-constitutional rationale of the European liberal project and is expressed by two tendentially self-justificatory discourses of power, which are two sides of the same coin: security and rights. The political, inherently conflictual nature of EU constitutional claims has been variously disguised through such discourses. Yet, as the process of constitutionalisation reaches a more advanced stage, in which the probability of high-intensity legal-political conflict as regards key issues of EU integration is growing, the moment has come to address conflict directly, rather than conceal it behind a veil of neutrality. Being ready for actual confrontation means dismissing the straitjacket imposed by the European liberal project. A move from self-referential to heterarchical security is thus advocated. As a result, the constellation of nation states should not be sidelined too easily and the needs and claims of the local level should be considered more carefully. In other words, the principles of primacy, autonomy, uniformity, and effectiveness of EU law ought to be conceived in relative, rather than in absolute terms. One possible way of addressing conflict is to simultaneously permit the CJEU (as well as other EU institutions) to engage more proactively with national courtsandidentify a common epistemic core, which ought to be upheld whenever the liberal-democratic premises of the European project are threatened.

Basolateral amygdala neurons are activated during threat expectation.

Fear conditioning studies have led to the view that the amygdala contains neurons that signal threat and in turn elicit defensive behaviors through their brain stem and hypothalamic targets. In agreement with this model, a prior unit-recording study in rats performing a seminaturalistic foraging task revealed that many lateral amygdala (LA) neurons are predator responsive. In contrast, our previous study emphasized that most basolateral (BL) amygdala neurons are inhibited at proximity of the predator. However, the two studies used different methods to analyze unit activity, complicating comparisons between them. By applying the same method to the sample of BL neurons we recorded previously, the present study revealed that most principal cells are inhibited by the predator and only 4.5% are activated. Moreover, two-thirds of these cells were also activated by nonthreatening stimuli. In fact, fitting unit activity with a generalized linear model revealed that the only task variables associated with a prevalent positive modulation of BL activity were expectation of the predator's presence and whether the prior trial had been a failure or success. At odds with the threat-coding model of the amygdala, actual confrontation with the predator was usually associated with a widespread inhibition of principal BL neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The basolateral amygdala (BL) is thought to contain neurons that signal threat, in turn eliciting defensive behaviors. In contrast, the present study reports that very few principal BL cells are responsive to threats and that most of them are also activated by nonthreatening stimuli. Yet, expectation of the threat's presence was associated with a prevalent positive modulation of BL activity; actual confrontation with the threat was associated with a widespread inhibition.

“Memory and Desire”: T.S. Eliot, Reaction, Nostalgia, and Poetic Reserve in The Waste Land

This paper explores the concept of reaction in relation to T.S. Eliot’s poetry, unfolding its various implications as psychological motivation, temporal perception and political vision. It considers the possible relevance such factors might have had on the composition of The Waste Land. It first reviews the state of the art and recasts the different critical positions in a historical and cultural perspective, then reflects on what passes off as the fundamental rift between the commentators of Eliot, depending on whether they prescribe a close stylistic scrutiny of Eliot’s poem or a general contextualisation as the premise of their literary assessment. On the face of it, the dispute revolves around the question of the author’s responsibility and accountability for his work and the positions held by the contestants are liable to become entrenched, sometimes to the point of preventing the actual confrontation of critical insights. Our contention will be that a simplification or standardization of the term “reaction” often obscures the fact that modernism is not simply contested or “in debate” but that modernism is the debate itself—in other words, that modernism is constitutively and structurally problematic. Modernism as manifested or endorsed by Eliot in the form of a writing programme consists precisely in that exposure to the conflict inherent in poetic practice, in the direct confrontation to insoluble dilemmas. These tensions, I argue, are located in the text itself and account for the strange thrust of its poetic move that withdraws instantly what it has just pushed forward.

Porting of a wildfire risk and fire spread application into a cloud computing environment

Effective wildfire management is an essential part of forest firefighting strategies to minimize damage to land resources and loss of human lives. Wildfire management tools often require a large number of computing resources at a specific time. Such computing resources are not affordable to local fire agencies because of the extreme upfront costs on hardware and software. The emerging cloud computing technology can be a cost- and result-effective alternative. The purpose of this paper is to present the development and the implementation of a state-of-the-art application running in cloud computing, composed of a wildfire risk and a wildfire spread simulation service. The two above applications are delivered within a web-based interactive platform to the fire management agencies as Software as a Service (SaaS). The wildfire risk service calculates and provides daily to the end-user maps of the hourly forecasted fire risk for the next 112 hours in high spatiotemporal resolution, based on forecasted meteorological data. In addition, actual fire risk is calculated hourly, based on meteorological conditions provided by remote automatic weather stations. Regarding the wildfire behavior simulation service, end users can simulate the fire spread by simply providing the ignition point and the projected duration of the fire, based on the HFire algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed solution is based on the flexibility to scale up or down the number of computing nodes needed for the requested processing. In this context, end users will be charged only for their consumed processing time and only during the actual wildfire confrontation period. The system utilizes both commercial and open source cloud resources. The current prototype is applied in the study area of Lesvos Island, Greece, but its flexibility enables expansion in different geographical areas.

The Present and Future of Federalism

Dr. Brewer-Carias has delivered a serious critique of the trend toward centralization of political and governmental power under Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez that underscores both the theoretical significance of federalism as a check against potential government tyranny and highlights the long-standing autocratic tendencies of President Chavez. In so doing, Dr. Brewer-Carias reminds us that democratic constitutional theory is not an academic exercise, but often arises from the actual confrontation of freedom with would-be, and actual, government oppression.

A European consensus report on blood cell identification: terminology utilized and morphological diagnosis concordance among 28 experts from 17 countries within the European LeukemiaNet network WP10, on behalf of the ELN Morphology Faculty

This paper describes the methodology used to develop a consensual glossary for haematopoietic cells within Diagnostics-WP10 of European-LeukemiaNet EU-project. This highly interactive work was made possible through the use of the net, requiring only a single two-day meeting of actual confrontation and debate. It resulted in the production of a freely accessible tool that could be useful for training as well as harmonization of morphological reports in onco-haematology especially, without geographic limitation, not limited to European countries. Moreover, this collective work resulted in the production of a consensus statement, taking into account individual practices, collegial agreement and literature data.

Universal Protection of Human Rights: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

There is no denying the fact that the multiple processes of 'globalisation', which are taking place these days on a large scale, have caused significant transformations in almost all life aspects of millions around the world. There are now more interactions and exchanges not only within the same cultures but also among different cultures due to the increase in information flows across the globe, migratory movements, demographic changes and transformations in social structures and institutions. The increased intercultural and cross-cultural communication has clearly enhanced intercultural exchange and learning. However, these growing intercultural encounters have also given rise to rhetorical and actual confrontation and defensiveness amid many groups that feel threatened by the external developments associated with the sweeping processes of globalisation. This situation highlights the importance of cross-cultural dialogue as a means to constructive communication among individuals and communities. Key words: globalization, cross-cultural, human rights, universal

The Eighth Campaign of Thutmose III Revisited

One of the most decisive rivalries in the history of the Ancient Near East during the Late Bronze Age was between Egypt and Mitanni. Starting around the beginning of the fifteenth century B.C.E. this rivalry reached its pinnacle during the reign of Thutmose III (1490-1436 B.C.E). Among the military campaigns he directed towards the Levant, his eighth campaign, in year 33 of his reign, has been perceived in scholarly study of this conflict as the highest point. Owing to an exceptional variety of written sources which had been dedicated to its commemoration, as well as the implementation of some unprecedented tactical military moves in the course of this campaign, it won its grandeur, second only to the Megiddo campaign. This paper aims at reanalyzing and reinterpreting the sources concerning the eighth campaign. Further investigations into the sources from the time of Thutmose III and a reconsideration of former views about the significance of this campaign bring us to an alternative conclusion: the eighth campaign was mainly a symbolic display of power, with no more than a demonstrative consequence. The actual confrontation between the parties would take place two years after the eighth campaign.