Actual Color Research Articles

An observer‐metamerism sensitivity index for electronic displays

AbstractThe effect of observer metamerism induced by electronic displays depends to a large extent on their primary spectra (red, green, and blue in the most common case). In particular, for narrow‐band primary spectra whose peak wavelength lies in the range of high variability of the observer's color‐matching function, some observers can experience very large differences between actual surface colors (e.g. in a light booth) and displayed colors if the monitor is optimized for the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 standard observer. However, because narrow‐band light‐emitting diodes lead to larger color gamuts, more and more monitors with very narrow band primaries are coming onto the market without manufacturers taking into account the associated problem of observer variations. Being able to measure these variations accurately and efficiently is therefore an important objective. In this paper, we propose a new approach to predict the extent of observer metamerism for a particular multiprimary display. Unlike existing dedicated models, ours does not depend on a reference illuminant and a set of reflectance spectra and is computationally more efficient.

Fabric color and color difference recognized by smartphone display during mobile shopping - Focused on instrument analysis method -

Mobile shoppers have encountered frequent color mismatch in the products that they have purchased, as they can only rely on their sense of sight. Therefore, fabric color and color difference recognized by smartphone display during mobile shopping were studied using instrument analysis method. It aimed to gather precise information on actual fabric color understanding of the mobile shoppers purchasing textile products. Three smartphones were selected from LG, Samsung, and Apple companies, and four colors were researched (red, yellow, green and blue) to both polyester and wool test fabrics for color analysis though color measuring instruments. The results from the spectrophotometer indicated that the color coordinate location of smartphone fabric color is similarly distributed regardless of the type of fabric. The Samsung smartphone displays a relatively high color chroma (especially on red-colored fabric) regardless of the type of fabric due to a high color reproduction range. In contrast, the LG smartphone, which has high color temperature, displays high color chroma on the blue colored fabric with a significant color mismatch between the actual fabric color and smartphone fabric color. From the results of this study, issues related to mobile shopping can be addressed through an analysis of the products sold, the smartphone’s color representation, and user understanding.

Separable Reversible Data Hiding for Encrypted Palette Images With Color Partitioning and Flipping Verification

Reversible data hiding (RDH) into encrypted images is of increasing attention to researchers as the original content can be perfectly reconstructed after the embedded data are extracted while the content owner’s privacy remains protected. The existing RDH techniques are designed for grayscale images and, therefore, cannot be directly applied to palette images. Since the pixel values in a palette image are not the actual color values, but rather the color indexes, RDH in encrypted palette images is more challenging than that designed for normal image formats. To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no suitable RDH scheme designed for encrypted palette images that has been reported, while palette images have been widely utilized. This has motivated us to design a reliable RDH scheme for encrypted palette images. The proposed method adopts a color partitioning method to use the palette colors to construct a certain number of embeddable color triples, whose indexes are self-embedded into the encrypted image so that a data hider can collect the usable color triples to embed the secret data. For a receiver, the embedded color triples can be determined by verifying a self-embedded check code that enables the receiver to retrieve the embedded data only with the data hiding key. Using the encryption key, the receiver can roughly reconstruct the image content. Experiments have shown that our proposed method has the property that the presented data extraction and image recovery are separable and reversible. Compared with the state-of-the-art works, our proposed method can provide a relatively high data-embedding payload, maintain high peak signal-to-noise ratio values of the decrypted and marked images, and have a low computational complexity.

718 Factors affecting the color of dried distillers grains with solubles

A very common and easily measured metric to characterize dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is color. Drying practices and equipment used by ethanol biorefineries during the early stages of the industry often resulted in dark and burnt DDGS with poor digestibility. These early experiences led to the perception that heating was the only factor contributing to DDGS color. It was our objective to review ethanol production variables to identify additional factors which affect the color of DDGS. Data was collected from 27 POET (Sioux Falls, SD) biorefineries during the period from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. Hunter L color values of DDGS were matched with production variables collected during the ethanol process for each batch of DDGS. Preliminary evaluation of the data identified an obvious difference of dryer type on DDGS color and therefore only data from biorefineries with dual ring dryer technology were selected. This resulted in a data set of 7,575 Hunter L color observations from 16 biorefineries. Data from 57 variables on a batch basis that where shown to be correlated to DDGS Hunter L color were analyzed using the multiple linear regression platform of JMP (JMP Pro, version 12.2.0). All variables had a variance inflation factor less than 2 so multicollinearity was not an issue. The Hunter L Color of DDGS ranged from 41 to 63 for these batches and averaged 54.26 ± 3.49 (SD). Nineteen variables were identified as being related to DDGS color and included in the model. The R2 for the actual color by predicted color for the model was 0.51 and the root mean square error was 2.45. The LogWorth statistic is a logarithmic transformation of the p-value and used to determine contribution of each variable to the model. Greatest LogWorth values were for residual glucose (403.0), syrup dryer temperature (148.6), syrup dryer exit temperature (146.9), normalized syrup addition to the wetcake dryer (88.7), oil separation process temperature (85.7), and syrup percent solids (82.5). In conclusion, this evaluation identified several factors that affect color of DDGS at biorefineries using a similar ethanol process. The data would suggest there are factors that are not routinely collected at biorefineries which may also have an effect on DDGS color. Additional research needs to be conducted to not only better understand factors associated with DDGS color, but also further identify how these factors affect DDGS digestibility and quality.

Clustering colors

Regier, Kay, and Khetarpal report the results of computer simulations that cluster color stimuli on the basis of their coordinates in CIELAB space, one of two commonly used perceptual color spaces. Regier and coauthors find partitions of those stimuli that are strikingly similar to the way actual color lexicons partition color space. They do not argue for the custom-made clustering method used in their simulations, nor for the assumption of CIELAB space. The present paper aims to answer the question to what extent their computational results depend on these assumptions. It does this by applying a great variety of known clustering methods to Regier et al.’s stimuli, and by assuming not only CIELAB space but also CIELUV space, the other main color space.

Three-dimensional hairline extracting based on the color point cloud of human head

The hairline is an important feature of human head. Hairline extraction has great research significance and application value in face perception systems, ergonomics, plastic surgery, etc. A direct hairline extraction method, which uses 3D head color point cloud, is proposed. First, the point cloud is transformed to a face coordinate system based on human facial features. Second, extract the boundary points of the dark parts through layering and sorting on the basis of the rgb values’ mutation near the hairline. Last, filter out noise points among the boundary points according to prior knowledge about human face, and fit the hairline with de-noised boundary points. Actual 3D head color point clouds are used to prove the effectiveness of proposed method.

A Study of 3D Makeup Computer Graphics Efficiencies for Makeup Specialists

This study attempted to determine the utilization of makeup specialists’ tools and makeup methods and their expression methods. It looked to design makeup methods with great expression effects through the delivery of professional makeup knowledge and field training, focusing on 3D digital technology and content. In terms of research methods, literature research, Internet searches and case studies were conducted. After applying the general expression characteristics of digital makeup and special makeup, 3D makeup programs and actual makeup courses to cosmetology-major classes, character makeup was designed. The results found the following: First, stage makeup is a technique that gives people a chance to create the effects needed on stage in advance using a computer after designing makeup using a computer avatar, editing the original plan and taking care of the problems found. Second, in terms of makeup design expression methods, 3D expression, gradation and actual color expressions were outstanding. Third, even though oldman and special makeup expression methods and efficiencies were applicable, the expression was awkward and looked like a 2D plane. In improvised and computer-based parts of actual makeup design, many awkward expressions and shapes were found. In terms of simulation, difference was observed in expression methods, regarding the accuracy and improvisation of lines and forms. The comparison of makeup expression methods through direct makeup design parts and 3D program design cases is meaningful in that it provides a guideline for future digital media and efficiency.

Association of five SNPs with human hair colour in the Polish population

Twenty-two variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms – SNPs) of the genes involved in hair pigmentation (OCA2, HERC2, MC1R, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TPCN2, TYR, TYRP1) were genotyped in a group of 186 Polish participants, representing a range of hair colours (45 red, 64 blond, 77 dark). A genotype-phenotype association analysis was performed.Using z-statistics we identified three variants highly associated with different hair colour categories (rs12913832:A>G in HERC2, rs1805007:T>C and rs1805008:C>T in MC1R). Two variants: rs1800401:C>T in OCA2 and rs16891982:C>G in SLC45A2 showed a high probability of a relation with hair colour, although that probability did not exceed the threshold of statistical significance after applying the Bonferroni correction. We created and validated mathematical logistic regression models in order to test the usefulness of the sets of polymorphisms for hair colour prediction in the Polish population. We subjected four models to stratified cross-validation. The first model consisted of three polymorphisms that proved to be important in the associative analysis. The second model included, apart from the mentioned polymorphisms, additionally rs16891982:C>G in SLC45A. The third model included, apart from the variants relevant in the associating analysis, rs1800401:C>T in OCA. The fourth model consisted of the set of polymorphisms from the first model supplemented with rs16891982:C>G in SLC45A and rs1800401:C>T in OCA. The validation of our models has shown that the inclusion of rs16891982:C>G in SLC45A and rs1800401:C>T in OCA increases the prediction of red hair in comparison with the algorithm including only rs12913832:A>G in HERC2, rs1805007:T>C and rs1805008:C>T in MC1R. The model consisting of all the five above-mentioned genetic variants has shown good prediction accuracies, expressed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics: 0.84 for the red-haired, 0.82 for the dark-haired and 0.71 for the blond-haired.A genotype-phenotype association analysis brought results similar to those in other studies and confirmed the role of rs16891982:C>G, rs12913832:A>G, rs1805007:T>C and rs1805008:C>T in hair colour determination in the Polish population. Our study demonstrated for the first time the possibility of a share of the rs1800401:C>T SNP in the OCA2 gene in hair colour determination. Including this single nucleotide polymorphism in the actual hair colour predicting models would improve their predictive accuracy.

Evaluation of color prediction methods in terms of least-dissimilar asymmetric matching

The performance of Color Prediction Methods CAT02, KSM2, Waypoint, Best Linear, MMV center, and relit color signal are compared in terms of how well they explain Logvinenko & Tokunaga [1] asymmetric color matching results. In their experiment, given a Munsell paper under a test illuminant, 4 observers were asked to determine (3 repeats) which of 22 other Munsell papers made the least-dissimilar match under a match illuminant. Given this data, we address the following four questions. Question 1: Are observers choosing the original Munsell paper under the match illuminant? If they are, then the average (12 matches) color signal (cone response triple or XYZ) made under a given illuminant condition should correspond to that of the Munsell paper's color signal under the match illuminant. Computation shows that in 274 of the 400 cases, the relit color signal is close to the mean color signal of the matches. Question 2: How do algorithm predictions compare to the average observer prediction of the actual color signal of the relit paper? The Wilcoxon signed-rank test shows that KSM2, Waypoint, and Best Linear perform equally, and that both slightly outperform the observer average, which, in turn, significantly outperforms CAT02, and MMV (metamer mismatch volume) center. Question 3: Which method most closely predicts the observer average? We found that the color signal of the relit reflectance is a better predictor of the average observer than Best Linear, which in turn is marginally better than Wpt and KSM2, both of which outperform CATO2 and MMV center. Question 4: Do the observers agree with one another? Using a leave-one-observer-out comparison shows that individual observers predict the average matches of the remaining observers somewhat better than the relit color signal, which in turn slightly outperforms Best Linear, Wpt and KSM2, which then all significantly outperform CATO2 and MMV center.

Нейминг цвета в языке моды

This article examines a specific part of the lexicon of fashion: color terms, assign to a color in the fashion business by Pantone Color Institute. The author seeks to find a reason of fashionable colors systematization, which would allow to draw conclusions about the motives in naming, their relationships between each other, cognitive processes, which are the basis of color perception, that has a specific name. The author examines three different approaches to the systematization of possible colors and stops at the color naming. In the analysis of naming six thematic groups has been allocated, within each group color names are united by motivating class of things of reality: 1) geographical names, 2) na­mes of plants, 3) names of flowers (flower), 4) names of stones, 5) the actual color name, 6) other. The article shows that the perception of the naming of the various groups is associated with various cognitive operations: metonymic (geographical names) and metaphorically appeared associations (flowers, stones). The author compares the color terms of contemporary fashion with color terms in 18-19 centuries and it shows that the modern naming largely motivated by focusing on natural phenomena (often exotic), while naming the colors of past centuries were motivated by cultural realities and the geographical names.

Image Inpaint Using Patch Sparsity

The process of removing the specific object or area or repairing the damaged area in an image is known as image inpainting. This algorithm [5] is proposed for removing objects from digital image. The challenge is to fill in the hole that is left behind in a visually plausible way. We first note that patch sparsity based synthesis contains the essential process required to replicate both texture and structure [8]; the success of structure propagation however is highly dependent on the order in which the filling proceeds. We propose a best algorithm in which the confidence in the synthesized pixel values is propagated in a manner similar to the propagation of information in inpainting.The actual color values are computed using patch sparsity based synthesis. In this paper the simultaneous propagation of texture and structure information [2] is achieved by a single, efficient algorithm. For best results selected image should have sufficient background information.

Wound intensity correction and segmentation with convolutional neural networks

SummaryWound area changes over multiple weeks are highly predictive of the wound healing process. A big data eHealth system would be very helpful in evaluating these changes. We usually analyze images of the wound bed for diagnosing injury. Unfortunately, accurate measurements of wound region changes from images are difficult. Many factors affect the quality of images, such as intensity inhomogeneity and color distortion. To this end, we propose a fast level set model‐based method for intensity inhomogeneity correction and a spectral properties‐based color correction method to overcome these obstacles. State‐of‐the‐art level set methods can segment objects well. However, such methods are time‐consuming and inefficient. In contrast to conventional approaches, the proposed model integrates a new signed energy force function that can detect contours at weak or blurred edges efficiently. It ensures the smoothness of the level set function and reduces the computational complexity of re‐initialization. To increase the speed of the algorithm further, we also include an additive operator‐splitting algorithm in our fast level set model. In addition, we consider using a camera, lighting, and spectral properties to recover the actual color. Numerical synthetic and real‐world images demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over state‐of‐the‐art methods. Experimental results also show that the proposed model is at least twice as fast as methods used widely. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Overlapped flowers yield detection using computer-based interface

Summary Precision agriculture has always dealt with the accuracy and timely information about agricultural products. With the help of computer hardware and software technology designing a decision support system that could generate flower yield information and serve as base for management and planning of flower marketing is made so easy. Despite such technologies, some problem still arise, for example, a colour homogeneity of a specimen which cannot be obtained similar to actual colour of image and overlapping of image. In this paper implementing a new ‘counting algorithm’ for overlapped flower is being discussed. For implementing this algorithm, some techniques and operations such as colour image segmentation technique, image segmentation, using HSV colour space and morphological operations have been used. In this paper used two most popular colour space; those are RGB and HSV. HSV colour space decouples brightness from a chromatic component in the image, by which it provides better result in case for occlusion and overlapping.

Generalized Sign Recognition Based on the Gaussian Statistical Color Model for Intelligent Road Sign Inventory

The rapid progress in sensor and information technologies makes it possible to develop intelligent road sign inventory (IRSI) by automatically collecting and processing vehicle-borne multisensor data. This study developed a framework for IRSI with a vehicle-borne multisensor system. The IRSI framework consists of four modules: ( a) sensor vehicle design for multisensor data collection, ( b) sign recognition, ( c) sign data integration and attribute computation, and ( d) IRSI-based applications. Within the framework, sign recognition is the key to IRSI. The study proposed a novel Gaussian statistical color model (G-SCM) for image segmentation and color feature extraction. The G-SCM has good capability to model actual sign color distributions and has fast implementation for G-SCM-based color segmentation. With color features integrated into sign texture, shape, location, and other features, a novel generalized recognition algorithm is proposed for sign inventory. The proposed G-SCM model and the sign recognition method were tested with actual video log images. The experimental results show that the G-SCM can model actual sign colors and segment sign images accurately. The fast implementation can greatly enhance computation speed compared with existing color analysis methods. The developed sign recognition algorithm was tested to recognize all speed limit signs from video log images collected along a 140-km highway segment. The algorithm recognized 30 of 31 signs and achieved a 96.8% site recognition rate. Of the 136 images containing speed limit signs, the algorithm had only eight false positives. The results demonstrate that the proposed sign recognition method is promising for the development of IRSI.

Text Watermarking using SinusoidalGreyscale Variations of Font based onAlphabet Count

In this paper, an imperceptible, fragile text watermarking algorithm has been proposed. The font color of each alphabet in the text document is varied in the greyscale in accordance with a sine function. The amplitude for the same is generated using a hash function. The authenticity of the received document can be verified by comparing the actual color values of the letters in the document with the expected values generated by the sine function. This scheme is highly sensitive to various malicious text related tampering attacks hence preserving the integrity of the document. Unlike earlier methods, the proposed algorithm provides tamper detection while maintaining watermark invisibility. The attack analysis illustrates that the scheme is efficient and secure.

Implementasi Pengolahan Citra Digital Sebagai Pengukur Nilai Resistor Pada Sistem Pemindai Resistor Berbasis Android

AbstrakSalah satu gadget yang sering digunakan adalah telepon pintar berbasis Android. Android bersifat Open Source sehingga memungkinkan pengguna dan pengembang dalam mengoperasikan maupun membuat aplikasi berbasis Android. Ada berbagai macam permasalahan yang membutuhkan citra sebagai masukan atau input sistem dikarenakan keterbatasan manusia dalam hal kecepatan memproses suatu fungsi matematis maupun algoritma pendukung didalamnya, selain itu juga masalah waktu dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu sistem yang membutuhkan citra sebagai masukannya adalah penentuan nilai resistor berdasarkan gelang warna. Untuk melakukan seleksi warna digunakan metode segmentasi warna pemodelan warna HSV. Dengan menggunakan model warna HSV dapat menjadi model warna yg dapat digunakan sebuah sistem untuk menentukan nilai warna resistor, karena komponen nilai hue adalah representasi dari nilai warna yang sebenarnya. Hal ini didukung dengan saturation yang berfungsi sebagai tingkat kejenuhan suatu warna dan nilai value sebagai nilai kecerahan warna. Uji coba sistem dilakukan dengan pengujian pengaruh intensitas cahaya dan jarak pendeteksian antara kamera dan resistor.Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa sebuah implementasi pengolahan citra digital sebagai pengukur nilai resistor. Hasil terbaik dicapai dengan kondisi ruangan pada intensitas cahaya lampu antara 400 lux hingga 1200 lux dengan jarak pendeteksian antar kamera dan resistor yaitu maksimal 20 cm. Kata kunci— pengolahan citra digital, Android, resistor, HSV, intensitas cahaya, java AbstractOne of the gadget that is often used is Android smart phones. Android is an OpenSource, it could help user and developer to operate and develop Android Application. There are several problems that need image as an input system, it is caused by the humas’s ability in doing some mathematic functions or supported algorythm. To make the selection color used HSV color space. By using HSV color space allows a system to determine the color value resistor, because the hue value of the component is a representation of the actual color value. This is supported by the saturation level that serves as a color saturation and value as a brightness of color.The results of this research is an implementation of digital image processing as a measure of the value of the resistor. The system is tested by the influence of light intensity and the distance between the camera and resistor. The best results were achieved with the conditions of the room in light intensity between 400 lux to 1200 lux the detection distance between the camera and resistor is 20 cm of maximum value. Keywords—digital image processing, Android, resitor, HSV, light intensity, java

Cultural Technique in Creative Practice: Exploring Cultural Embodiment in the Movement of the Body in a Studio Space

Cultural Technique in Creative Practice: Exploring Cultural Embodiment in the Movement of the Body in a Studio Space

In-situ hair coloration-chromophore development from selected aromatic amines – A high throughput delivery perspective

Key primary dye intermediates used in oxidative hair coloration for many decades, such as p-phenylenediamine or p-toluenediamine are under scrutiny because of their potential association with allergic contact dermatitis. Despite intensive research, no superior primary dye intermediate with equal coloration performance and reduced skin sensitization properties has emerged up until today. A primary intermediate, 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine, a molecule that produces excellent hair coloring performance and the benefits of the reduced risk of allergy induction is presented. The actual precise color generation performance of 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine has been compared with that of one of the more commonly used primary dye intermediate in hair coloration, p-toluenediamine. This work was carried out using a high throughput delivery tool in formulation because the hair colorant formulations are commonly composed of over 15 ingredients, being formulated in specific sequences (involving heating/cooling, order of addition and stirring) that can be time consuming.

Color Vision and the Railways: Part 1. The Railway LED Lantern Test.

Lantern tests and practical tests are often used in the assessment of prospective railway employees. The lantern tests rarely embody the actual colors used in signaling on the railways. Practical tests have a number of problems, most notably consistency of application and practicability. This work was carried out to provide the Railway LED Lantern Test (RLLT) as a validated method of assessing the color vision of railway workers. The RLLT, a simulated practical test using the same LEDs (light-emitting diodes) as are used in modern railway signals, was developed. It was tested on 46 color vision-normal (CVN) and 37 color vision-deficient (CVD) subjects. A modified prototype was then tested on 106 CVN subjects. All 106 CVN subjects and most mildly affected CVD subjects passed the modified lantern at 3 m. At 6 m, 1 of the 106 normal color vision subjects failed by missing a single red light. All the CVD subjects failed. The RLLT carried out at 3 m allowed mildly affected CVD subjects to pass and demonstrate adequate color vision for the less demanding railway tasks. Carried out at 6 m, it essentially reinforced normal color vision as the standard. The RLLT is a simply administered test that has a direct link to the actual visual task of the rail worker. The RLLT lantern has been adopted as an approved test in the Australian National Standard for Health Assessment of Rail Safety Workers in place of a practical test. It has the potential to be a valid part of any railway color vision standard.

Color Measurement and Analysis Based on the Konica Minolta Bizhub Pro C6501 Digital Press

At present, digital printing technology develops rapidly, but in terms of color reproduction, digital proofing and the traditional mechanical proofing are different, it’s difficult to determine the color reduction according to the dot size, mainly manifested in the difference between the display color and the actual digital output color. In this paper, through analyzing the differences with color management technology, to keep consistency between the original display color and digital proof color as the goal. Through the study, mainly provides solutions for color consistency of digital proofing for paper packing.