Speech Acts Research Articles

Speech action patterns of Indonesian at multi-language campus

This study aims to describe the types and functions of speech acts constructed by Indonesian Language and Literature Education students at the Teaching and Education Faculty, Universitas Jambi, who have multilingual backgrounds. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data were collected from 30 informants. Data was collected using free listening techniques in various settings on the campus, as well as recordings and field notes. Data were analyzed using the flow technique from Miles and Huberman through the steps of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data validation technique used theory and method triangulation techniques. The results of the research can be seen in events of students of Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Teaching and Education Faculty, Universitas Jambi, which is multilingual, including speech acts; (1) commission, (2) assertive, (3) declarative, (4) expressive, and (5) directive. Likewise, the function of the speech act that is revealed is a function; (1) competitive, (2) fun, (3) cooperative, (4) contradictory. The students’ multilingual background in uncovering the types and functions of speech acts consists of speakers of the language; (1) Bugis, (2) Batak, (3) Malay Jambi, (4) Javanese, (5) Palembang, (6) Kerinci, and (7) Minangkabau. The speech patterns built by speakers of different mother tongues can be seen and the cultural background of each ethnicity is very influential. Their cultural different background brings about different styles of language. The language culture of Bugis, Batak, and Palembang speakers feels more assertive, and vulgar and shows a slightly harsh tone. Whereas, those with a cultural background in Minangkabau, Kerinci, Javanes, and Jambi Malay languages feel more relaxed and softer. This can be seen both in each type of speech act, as well as in terms of the expression of the function of the speech act. However, when they are faced with the reality of being multi-language, they are forced to use Bahasa Indonesia, and in turn, they become a reflection of patterns of speech acts in Bahasa Indonesia as well as a profile of Indonesian sociolinguistics.

Investigating the association between symptoms and functional activity in brain regions in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional fmri-based neuroimaging study

Schizophrenia is a persistent neurological disorder profoundly affecting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions, prominently characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, and abnormal motor activity. These symptoms often present diagnostic challenges due to their overlap with other forms of psychosis. Therefore, the implementation of automated diagnostic methodologies is imperative. This research leverages Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), a neuroimaging modality capable of delineating functional activations across diverse brain regions. Furthermore, the utilization of evolving machine learning techniques for fMRI data analysis has significantly progressive. Here, our study stands as a novel attempt, focusing on the comprehensive assessment of both classical and atypical symptoms of schizophrenia. We aim to uncover associated changes in brain functional activity. Our study encompasses two distinct fMRI datasets (1.5T and 3T), each comprising 34 schizophrenia patients for the 1.5T dataset and 25 schizophrenia patients for the 3T dataset, along with an equal number of healthy controls. Machine learning algorithms are applied to assess data subsets, enabling an in-depth evaluation of the current functional condition concerning symptom impact. The identified voxels contribute to determining the brain regions most influenced by each symptom, as quantified by symptom intensity. This rigorous approach has yielded various new findings while maintaining an impressive classification accuracy rate of 97 %. By elucidating variations in activation patterns across multiple brain regions in individuals with schizophrenia, this study contributes to the understanding of functional brain changes associated with the disorder. The insights gained may inform differential clinical interventions and provide a means of assessing symptom severity accurately, offering new avenues for the management of schizophrenia.

Identification of psychological stress from speech signal using deep learning algorithm

Psychological activities have various dimensions in which they correlate with their respective behavior generated by the human body. Understanding the relationship of psychological events with the help of external action units is one of the research subjects to explore various human behavior and their dependencies. Existing work applied various deep learning algorithms to outline the correlation between psychological activities with human emotions. The study of psychological analysis in the medical field is very time-consuming and costly. It requires constant monitoring of the patient for a period of time and various interrogation sessions to finalize the emotional severity of an individual. Few skilled specialists and the lack of medical knowledge of human emotions drive the need for computer vision approaches to emphasize emotion recognition, particularly in disorders. The proposed study specifically assesses the use of speech signals to identify psychological disorders in terms of stress characteristics and uses a deep learning model that incorporates feed-forward networks and long short-term memory (LSTM) to identify the degree of psychological disease. The study made use of a standard speech dataset that was gathered from a variety of patients using a standard questionnaire format. The survey was conducted throughout a few Indian states. Speech samples were taken from patients whose cortisol levels were higher than 10 %. To assess the relationship between speech and psychological activity, speech signals from each patient have been gathered. The spectrogram of the speech signal's Mel filter bank coefficients has been analyzed, and the characteristics that cause stress and those that don't have it have been further divided into categories. The suggested model classifies stress and non-stress features in 150 voice dataset subjects with an average accuracy of 98 %. The model is found to be robust for various applications such as preventing suicidal cases, improving decision-making in the diagnosis of depression patients, improves the overall mental healthcare system.

Tindak Tutur dalam Interaksi Penjaja dan Pelanggan: Studi Kasus Pasar Kampung Lalang

The speech acts uttered by the speaker often do not match what is received by the recipient of the language (buyer). This problem of meaning is also an obstacle in speech that is not paid enough attention by speakers, both speakers (sellers) and buyers. Language is used as a forum for dialogue between speakers and speakers in buying and selling transactions. The aim of this research is to describe speech acts in the interaction between vendors and customers at Kampung Lalang Market. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method that focuses on reality as the actual situation in the Kampung Lalang market area. The data collection technique is carried out using recording techniques, namely recording speech and speech activities by speakers in the context of buying and selling, recorded with a device or similar. This process is carried out for use by sellers and customers and can be played or listened to many times, thereby facilitating researchers in examining speech acts. The second technique is the observation technique, namely observing something directly, the interaction between sellers and buyers at Kampung Lalang Market. The speech results found in the interaction between the seller and the customer are locutionary acts with the types of statements, questions and commands. Illocutionary speech acts include directive, commissive, declarative and expressive types, as well as perlocutionary speech acts. In this speech the seller and customer use Karo language.

Analysis of Persian WhatsApp Messages with Reference to Age, Politeness, and the Speech Act of Request

Abstract This study investigated WhatsApp messages exchanged between two generations of Iranian students and their respective lecturers in light of politeness, age, and the speech act of request. We utilised two sets of data: messages sent by current young students to two young lecturers, and those sent by former middle-aged students to two senior lecturers. Altogether, 100 WhatsApp messages were analysed (50 from each data set) focusing on salutations, body, and closing parts. The findings revealed that politeness is expressed differently across the two age groups: the younger students’ messages featured short and informal expressions and frequent use of emojis while the older group utilised elaborate messages to express politeness through the frequent use of honorifics and other politeness markers. Moreover, the younger group used WhatsApp messages towards their academic goals, such as requesting the postponement of an exam, whereas the older group messages aimed at re-establishing solidarity with their lecturers.

MODERN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TYPOLOGY AND SYSTEM OF EXERCISES IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

This article provides for the study of the typology and system of exercises used in teaching foreign languages, the identification of modern requirements for them, and the analysis of the methodological foundations for the formation of an effective system of exercises. The article uses methods of historical-comparative analysis, systematic approach, and contextual analysis. Theoretical sources on typologies and systems of exercises developed in different periods have been studied, a comparative analysis of which has been carried out. As a result of the study, various typologies of exercises (language and speech exercises, receptive and reproductive exercises, complex language exercises, etc.) were identified and analyzed. The basic requirements for the exercise system are established: the development of cognitive processes, the inclusion of all linguistic aspects and types of speech activity, the growing level of difficulty, interdependence, repeatability, and communicative orientation. Also, the importance of exercises and the requirements for them have been determined in the methodology of Modern Language Teaching. Exercises are considered the basis of the process of teaching a foreign language, the formation and application of which depends on a number of factors. An effective exercise system should be aimed at the balanced development of cognitive, linguistic, and communicative aspects. A system of exercises developed on the basis of modern approaches makes it possible to effectively formulate the communicative competence of language learners.

Tindak tutur ekspresif dalam novel episode hujan karya: Lucia Priandarini

The discussion in this research is about expressive speech acts with a pragmatic review. The aim of this research was to find out how many forms and functions of expressive speech acts. The data source used is the Novel Rain Episode by Lucia Priandarini. This research uses qualitative descriptive research. The data collection stage of the research used researchers using data collection techniques contained in quotations from sentences in the novel Episode Rain to obtain a number of data. The theory used is John Searle's speech act theory. The form of speech acts uses Wijana's theory. The function of speech acts using John Searle's theory is classified into expressive speech act functions including The function of apologizing, complaining, getting angry, criticizing, thanking, and congratulating. The benefit of this research is to provide additional knowledge and understanding of expressive speech acts which are studied using pragmatics. The results of this research show several forms of expressive speech, including apologizing speech (7), complaining expressive speech (2), angry expressive speech (5), criticizing expressive speech (1), congratulating expressive speech (1), expressive speech of thanks (1). Meanwhile, the function of expressive speech in the novel consists of several functions including: The function of apologizing (7), complaining (2), getting angry (5), criticizing (1), congratulating (1), and thanking (1). Keywords: Pragmatics, Expressive Speech Acts, Function, Form

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN UMAR BIN KHATTAB'S SPEECH WHEN HE WAS APPOINTED AS CALIPH: A PRAGMATICS STUDY

This study discusses the directive act of directive speech delivered by Umar bin Khattab, which aims to influence the thoughts and actions of Muslims. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach, aiming to describe and interpret the data as it is. The data collection method used is the listening method with the free listening technique (SBC) and the recording technique. The collected data was then analyzed using a matching method and a pragmatic sorting technique, and an analysis of the strategies based on the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of this study identified 34 utterances containing directive speech acts in the five speeches of Umar bin Khattab, which are categorized into 9 requests, 18 commands, 3 requesting attention, 1 prohibition, and 1 type of warning.

Using Indirect Speech Acts and Their Impacts on Creating a Conducive Workplace Environment

Communication at the workplace requires meaningful understanding because it affects the work relationship as well as the work atmosphere. Hence, expressions used to generate such conditions are supposed to embody a conducive environment. This research aimed to determine the types of indirect speech acts and their language functions. This study used a qualitative research with a descriptive design to depict the phenomenon. The subjects were three employees at PT. Bosowa Berlian Motor Makassar, who were chosen purposively considering their availability and their readiness during the data collection. The data were collected by using observation with audio recordings and the researchers themselves as the non-participant observers. The results of this study showed that there were five types of indirect speech acts and there were certain language functions practiced by the employees, they are: emphasizing and instructing (assertive type), telling a condition and commanding what to do (directive type), directing and checking for the appropriate work (commissive type), complaining and giving subtle offense (expressive type), and responding, telling information and encouraging (declarative type). All types and their functions revealed and occurred to meet the need of creating a conducive environment in the workplace. The five types represent the traits of being assertive, directive, trusted, expressive, and declarative along with their use of language functions. These traits bear positive and good atmosphere in the workplace. Thus, with the conducive working environment, the employees can undertake their tasks well and focus on reaching the target in the workplace.

ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE IN @UDARIO.ID INSTAGRAM CONTENT PROMOTION

The use of Instagram social media as a promotional medium is not only built based on marketing strategies, but it requires language distinctiveness and strong linguistic power to attract Instagram users. This study examines the marketing strategies and types of illocutionary speech acts used on the Instagram account @udario.id. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative. The speech acts found in @udario.id content are (1) Assertive functions to conclude, report, and express; (2) Directive speech acts function to ask, command, and inquire; (3) Expressive speech acts function to complain, blame, thank; and (4) Commissive speech acts serve to promise. The most frequent Speech Acts are illocutionary directives of asking and commanding. By employing directive phrases, creators can significantly enhance engagement and visibility, as these prompts invite followers to interact with the content. When delivered in the local language, these directives become more relatable and understandable, strengthening the connection with the audience and increasing the likelihood of a response. Additionally, such prompts encourage followers to actively participate, fostering a sense of community.

Presuposisi Faktif dalam Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Membual di Desa Karang Jati, Kecamatan Pandaan, Kabupaten Pasuruan

Presuppositions are one of the topics of pragmatic semantics. This presupposition is the speaker's assumption of the speaker. This presupposition is present in every speech act and is often encountered. As in the illocutionary speech act of boasting (TTIM), people usually use TTIM to brag about themselves and to exalt themselves. There are several types of assumptions or presuppositions, one of which is factive presupposition. This presupposition exists every time a speaker performs the illocutionary speech act of boasting. This factive presupposition is always present in everyday activities. The theory used is the presupposition type theory from Yule (2006). Meanwhile, for speech act theory, Ibrahim (1993) is used. Based on this research, a total of 6 types of factive presuppositions were found in the illocutionary speech act of boasting in Karang Jati Village, Pandaan District, Pasuruan Regency by dividing the types of factive presuppositions based on general illocutionary speech acts based on their purpose which was divided into 6 types. The types of general illocutionary speech acts based on their purpose are crossed with 3 types of miter speech responses.

Tindak Tutur Asertif Dalam Podcast Bersama Sherly Annavita Pada Kanal Youtube Inilahcom

This research aims to describe assertive illocutionary speech acts in podcasts with Sherly Annavita on the YouTube channel inicom. The data collection methods and techniques used in this research are the listening method and the skillful free-involved listening technique. The data analysis methods and techniques used in this research are the matching method and the technique of selecting determining elements. The presentation of the analysis results in this research uses informal techniques. The results of this research show that the most dominant type of assertive speech act is speech stating a number of 10 data; Next, the speech explaining, the speech informing, and the speech giving an opinion each contain 6 data.

An Analysis of Conflict Talk in the Film of Elizabeth from the Perspective of Speech Acts Theory

An Analysis of Conflict Talk in the Film of Elizabeth from the Perspective of Speech Acts Theory

An Analysis of Amber Heard's Statements in the Johnny Depp Defamation Case

A defamatory act is any act of speech that disparages the reputation of a person. Defamation is committed by conveying speech in the form of a series of words or sentences by accusing a person of certain actions, which are aimed at honor and good name so that it can result in the person's dignity or dignity being humiliated or degraded. This research aims to examine Amber Heard's statements for defaming Johnny Depp. The data analyzed are Amber Heard's several statements that indicates false and defamatory (primary data) and also her testimony during the trial as supporting data (secondary data). The primary data was collected and observed through the articles op-ed which written by Amber Heard in Washington Post and the secondary data was collected through the trial transcript. This study uses a qualitative research method that describes data to determine the elements that can defame a person based on forensic linguistic studies. By using this study, the data that has been selected was analyzed using lexical semantics, pragmatics (speech acts), and linked to legislation based on Virginia Law. The researchers found three statements that proved to be defamatory and acted with obvious malice that have damaged Johnny Depp's reputation. The findings of this study have significant implications, showing that defamatory statements can have a profound and lasting impact on an individual's reputation and public perception, emphasizing the importance of the law in protecting and addressing such acts.

Examining Theories at Work: Speech Acts, Implicatures and Politeness in a Pragmastylistic Analysis of Anton Chekhov’s The Bear

Through a descriptive qualitative method, Anton Chekhov’s The Bear is examined for its use of speech acts, implicatures, and politeness. To surface the said theories, a stylistic analysis is conducted, following the principles of pragma-stylistics. Pragmastylistics is used in analyzing a literary piece towards arriving at particular themes, and in which the focus of analysis is how a speaker or writer chooses to realize their speech act in consideration of the intended meaning and effect of which towards an audience. The subject of the following analysis is a one-act play considered to be a farcical comedy depicting the story of a woman mourning her husband’s recent death, amidst which she encounters and eventually falls in love with her deceased husband’s creditor. The analyses focused on the employment of the pragmatic theories of speech acts, cooperative principles and implicatures, and politeness. The paper attempted ultimately to show through an analysis of dramatic text how words could mean differently or even have meanings at all when put into context.

Speech act of claiming among Cameroonian and Chadian French speakers

This article examines the ways in which Cameroonian and Chadian speakers are producing the speech act of claiming. The study focuses on situations in which the speaker occupies the position of claimant. The aim of the study is to describe the main pragmatic variations between the two groups of speakers. The methodological approach is based on variational pragmatics. The results show that the strategies are similar, but there are strong differences in the types of formulations and mitigation strategies. The results indicate that the Cameroonian data presented more indirect realisations of acts than the Chadian data. Participants from both language communities used a variety of markers to modify their claims. External modifications typically included politeness forms, forms of address, apologies, justifications, greetings and thanks. Internal modifications also included modalisers and minimisers.

‘Austin vs. Searle on locutionary and illocutionary acts'

ABSTRACT The central pillar of Austin’s theory of speech acts is the three-way distinction between locutionary acts like saying, illocutionary acts like asserting, and perlocutionary acts like persuading [Austin, J. L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press] (VIII–IX). While the latter distinction has been widely accepted, the former distinction has been frequently rejected due to Searle’s objections, who argued that since Austin’s locutionary acts are supposed to be forceful in the sense contrasting with neutral expression of a content and all force is by Austin’s own definition illocutionary, the notion of a locutionary act collapses into that of an illocutionary act [Searle, J. 1968. “Austin on Locutionary and Illocutionary Acts.” The Philosophical Review 77 (4):405–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183008]. In this paper, I provide an interpretation of Austin’s distinction between locutionary and illocutionary acts and defend it against Searle’s objections. I argue that Searle’s main objection relies on mistakenly running together two notions of ‘force’: the notion of representational force as presentation-as-true and the Austinian notion of illocutionary force as the social-communicative significance of the speech act. Once we distinguish these we can see that although Searle is correct that Austin’s locutionary acts are forceful in the former sense, he’s mistaken in thinking that such force is illocutionary. Given this, his objection that locutionary acts collapse into illocutionary acts misses its mark.

Speech Acts in Facebook Status Updates: Exploring Gender Differences in Iraqi Arabic-Speaking Communities

Speech Acts in Facebook Status Updates: Exploring Gender Differences in Iraqi Arabic-Speaking Communities

Conversational Analysis: Types and Function of Speech Acts in EFL Classroom Interactions

Conversational Analysis: Types and Function of Speech Acts in EFL Classroom Interactions

A matrix of artificial intelligence tools in pre-service foreign language teacher training

Importance. The modern stage of information and technological development of civilization is characterised by the dynamic emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and the development of tools based on them, which are being more and more introduced into various spheres of life. The education system in general, and foreign language education in particular, is no exception. Currently, there are several dozen AI tools that are actively used by students and teachers in the development of foreign language communicative skills and the development of language skills. There is a rather voluminous body of research in the academic literature devoted to the disclosure of the language teaching potential of modern AI tools. However, most of the studies are of a pilot nature. The focus of scholars’ attention is on particular methods for the development of students’ communicative skills or the development of certain language skills based on individual AI tools. The systematic consideration of the integration of AI technologies into the process of teaching foreign language majoring students – future foreign language teachers – linguistic and teaching methods training has not been the subject of a special study. The purpose of this study is to develop a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers.Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the basis of the expert assessment method, which allows to: a) identify the language teaching potential, as well as the limitations of the most common AI tools; b) summarise and classify the available knowledge in the form of a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The materials of the study were research articles, published in Russian and foreign academic journals, indexed in Web of Science and Scopus.Results and Discussion. A matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers has been developed. The matrix is presented according to six types of feedback from generative AI used in foreign language teaching and teaching methods. The following are the main and most accessible AI tools for teachers and students providing feedback of each type: a) Replika, LingvoBot, Multitran_bot, Slavaribot, WorldContextBot, ChatGPT, Google Assistant, EGEEnglish.ru (educational and social feedback); b) ChatGPT, YandexGPT and GigaChat (information and reference feedback); c) ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Twee (methodological feedback); d) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Turnitin, software “Antiplagiat” (analytical feedback); e) Grammarly, PaperRater, Pigai, ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Criterion (assessment and evaluative feedback); f) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, AI Poem Generator, Midjourney, Suno, Sora, Runway (conditionally creative feedback).Conclusion. The novelty of the research consists in the development of a matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The prospects for further research lie in the development of teaching methods for aspects of language, types of speech activity, as well as specialised disciplines based on specific AI tools. In their entirety, these particular methods will enable the creation of an integrated system of linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers based on AI tools.