Acts Of Parliament Research Articles

The Nexus between Strategic Human Resource Planning and Performance of State Corporations: Perspectives from Kenya

Despite the critical role that strategic human resource planning plays in organizational performance, little is known, particularly with regard to Kenya’s State corporations. This study looked into how well-being of State enterprises in Kenya is affected by strategic human resource planning. The foundation of this investigation was empowerment theory. It was decided to use a cross-sectional study strategy to gather information from respondents. 13 State corporations in Kenya were the study’s target population. The study’s respondents were chosen from middle- and lower-level workers. The target demographic for the study consisted of 304 employees from 13 State Corporations in Kenya. 185 respondents made up the study’s sample size. To choose respondents, a stratified sample strategy was utilized. Structured questionnaires with both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used to gather primary data. Acts of Parliament, service delivery charters, Vision 2030, session papers on public service delivery, and yearly performance reports were used to gather secondary data. Using experts in human resource management, the validity of the study instrument was assessed. The Cronbach Alpha formula, which adopted reliability coefficients of 0.7 as advised in literature was used to assess reliability. Using the content analysis method, major themes from both written and spoken word were examined, and deductive arguments were produced based on the fundamental assumptions of the theories. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24 was used to perform the descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses on the quantitative data. At a 95% confidence level and a 5% significance level, mean scores, standard deviations, percentages, and frequencies were utilized to define the components of each variable. The findings disclosed a significant and positive link between strategic human resource planning and performance of State corporations. The study concludes that for improved performance of State corporations in Kenya, embracing strategic human resource planning in inevitable. According to this report, top leadership in State corporations should make sure that strategic human resource planning strategies are updated to consider the shifting dynamics of the labour market if they want to remain competitive.

Speaking into a Void: Parliamentary Action Ignored in Sexual Violence Sentencing

Speaking into a Void: Parliamentary Action Ignored in Sexual Violence Sentencing

VI: Francis Mason (1566/7–1621)

During the reign of Elizabeth I the ecclesial and legal ‘revolution’ under Henry VIII, to establish in England a national church under the royal supremacy, was converted into a ‘settlement’. It steered a course between radical puritans and recusant Catholics. Clothed in legal propriety, this settlement was articulated both juristically and theologically by the great Richard Hooker (d. 1600). After the return to Rome under Mary, the Elizabethan Acts of Parliament re-established the English Church, revived legislation made under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and imposed uniformity in worship. The period also sees the use of ‘soft-law’, like Articles, Admonitions, and Advertisements. Parliament rejects the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum in 1571, but Canons were passed piecemeal in 1571, 1575, 1585, and 1598. The turn of the Welsh Tudors to rule ended in 1603. The Scottish Stuarts came next. The reign of James I (1603–1625) saw bitter dispute between the King and the common lawyers over the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical. But there was one lasting legal landmark: the Canons Ecclesiastical 1603/4. This new code was studied theologically by a contemporary cleric, Francis Mason. Whilst several notable civilians from that time have become well-known – such as John Cowell (d. 1611), Daniel Dun (d. 1617), Clement Colmore (d. 1619), and Thomas Ridley (d. 1629), Francis Mason is largely unknown. However, he is very worthy of inclusion in the canon of Anglican priest-jurists. What follows sketches the life and career of Mason, outlines his treatise on the Canons, and discusses that treatise in a wider context, including comparing it with a similar work by Bishop Edward Stillngfleet (d. 1699).

Региональный парламентаризм в условиях глобальных вызовов и неопределенности: опыт и уроки

This scientific and practical article has been prepared in order to summarize the experience of the Legislative Duma of the Khabarovsk Territory in the period of 2019–2024. The work describes the specifics of the process of formation of the dynamic regional parliament, external factors of the Duma's activities, legislative results, the contribution of the deputies of the seventh convocation to the development of the forms of parliamentary activity and parliamentary communications. The alteration of the majority faction in the Legislative Duma of the Territory in 2019 has been justified by the high demand of citizens for social changes and the requirement to reduce the distance of power. The leading external conditions of the Duma's work are characterized by pandemic shock, socio-political instability and protest phenomena in the region, constitutional changes in public authority, a special military operation and its goals. The results of the work of the deputies of the seventh convocation are the following: initiation and adoption of constituent and basic laws of the region, development of a variety of forms of the Duma's work, active communications including the Internet space, contribution to parliamentary diplomacy. The following lessons have been induced from the experience of the regional parliament: the lesson of a far-sighted attitude to parliamentary leadership; the lesson of long-term party work based on the principles of succession of generations; the lesson of flexible and socially dynamic lawmaking and parliamentary control; the lesson of openness and broad communication of the deputy team. The article is addressed to researchers and practitioners in the field of regional public administration, aimed at disseminating the experience of parliamentary management in conditions of change and high uncertainty.

Die AfD im 20. Bundestag: noch immer nur bedingt parlamentsfähig

The right-wing party AfD was successful in being re-elected to the German Bundestag in the year 2021, even though – compared with the previous parliamentary elections (2017) – with a smaller vote share (10 .3 percent instead of 12 .6 percent) and a loss of seats (83 instead of 94) . The AfD parliamentary party in the 19th Bundestag (2017-2021) was sur- prisingly stable in spite of the fundamental changes of the political positions of the AfD . At the end of the election period, only 10 MPs had left the parliamentary party, were excluded or had died . And nearly most of the remaining representatives – more than the 58 re- elected MPs (nearly 70 percent of AfD-MPs in the 20th Bundestag) – were interested in renewing their mandates . That is remarkable, because nearly 85 percent of the 2017 elected MPs became a party member in the founding years (2013/2014) of the AfD . The – here analysed – (political) social profile of AfD-MPs changed from the 19th Bundestag to the 20th because of the 36 MPs leaving the parliament at the end of the election period and the 25 newly elected ones . In particular, the AfD parliamentary party lost some politically and parliamentary experienced MPs who previously had been members of democratic parties and were elected into councils of local self-government before joining the AfD . To compen- sate it, the 2021 newly elected representatives did not gain enough political experience before joining the AfD . Very few had been members of an established party and even fewer held a mandate in a municipal council . The AfD parliamentary party is characterised by the internal process of self-recruitment and political professionalization of the AfD . Nearly 50 percent of the newly elected parliamentarians had been AfD-MPs in state parliaments or had been in the staff of the party, the parliamentary party or a single MP . But nevertheless, the lack of political and parliamentary experience before becoming AfD member reduces and concentrates political experience and activities on the AfD (as arena of political experience) and encourages a “movement” orientation of parliamentary activities . Therefore, a constructive cooperation in the Bundestag by the parliamentary party and most MPs of the AfD could not be expected .

Backstage Performances of Parliamentary Scrutiny, or Coming Together in Parliamentary Committee Rooms

When new legislation comes before parliament, it is often referred to a scrutiny committee that undertakes detailed examination of the proposed law. The meetings of parliamentary scrutiny committees are often held behind closed doors and provide an opportunity for parliamentarians and their advisors to exchange views on the impacts of proposed laws, including their impacts on human rights. Responding to Lisa Samuels’ (72) provocation “to take encounter as a work” and to research on law as performance, this paper examines these moments of encounter as legal performances. We argue that these meetings, comings-together and encounters do the work of (per)forming human rights assessments of legislation. We also question how the spaces of committee meetings, the absence of an outside audience, and the differing levels of knowledge on the part of parliamentary actors affect the performance of human rights scrutiny.

Penerapan Arsitektur Neo-Vernacular pada Perancangan Gedung DPRK Bireuen

The DPRK Bireuen building is a district-level parliamentary building that functions as a place to accommodate activities related to local legislation and budgetin, etc, which is located on the Medan - Banda Aceh Road, Sagoe Village, Peusangan District, Bireuen Regency of Aceh Province - Indoensia. The designed building is expected to be a building that has the identity value of Bireuen Regency while still not only being able to facilitate every parliamentary activity but must also being open to the community aspiration and culture, this is achieved through the application of Neo-vernacular architectural themes in the design. From the results of the analysis conducted, design concepts are obtained that will be applied to the building in the form of cultural elements of Bireuen Regency, both physical and non-physical culture in accordance with Neo-Vernacular architectural methods. Based on this, the DPRK Bireuen building will become a new icon of Bireuen Regency as a reminder of culture and an example for future development in this regency.

The beauty premium of politicians in office

The beauty premium in politics shows that attractive politicians are more likely to get elected to office than less attractive politicians, but little is known about whether beauty also shapes the behavior of members of parliament (MPs) once in office. We use newly collected data on the attractiveness and parliamentary activity of 866 MPs in the German Bundestag over the period 2009-2017 to examine the link between beauty and parliamentary work. Our results show that attractive MPs are more likely to be absent from parliament and less active in labor-intensive background work than others. Consistent with our hypothesis of opportunities created by attractiveness, we find that more attractive MPs have higher outside earnings and appear more often on television talk shows. Our results suggest that attractive MPs re-allocate their time from parliamentary work to other activity that increases their income and popularity.

The idea of autonomism in the views of Ilya Shrag

In the article examines the views of the famous Ukrainian lawyer, public and socio-political figure Ilya Shrag on the Ukrainian issue at the beginning of the 20th century. On the basis of scientific literature, the factors that influenced the formation of I. Shrag's views in the context of social and political processes in Ukrainian lands at the beginning of the 20th century are revealed. It is claimed that the formation of Ilya Shrag's state-legal guidelines took place during his active participation in social and political processes that took place on the territory of Ukrainian lands. His participation in the Ukrainian national movement contributed to the unification of conscious figures of that time in the field of solving the Ukrainian question. He tried to establish close contacts with Western Ukrainian figures, joint activities with whom made it possible to actualize Sobornytsky ideas in society, to raise the issue of Ukrainian autonomy to a new level. It is noted that the Ukrainian idea became fundamental in Ilya Shrag's parliamentary activity. While still a deputy of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire, he brought the key issues of the life of the Ukrainian people to the general public. Applying his knowledge and practical skills in the field of jurisprudence, he put these issues on a legislative basis and proposed ways of their effective solution. The participation of Ilya Shrag in the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the conditions of the decline of the autocratic regime is shown, attention is focused on his participation in the activities of the Central Rada, where he actively works in the commission for the creation of the draft charter of the autonomy of Ukraine. In this connection, his close cooperation with the chairman of the Central Rada Mykhailo Hrushevsky is reflected. It is noted that M. Hrushevsky repeatedly turned to I. Shrag for professional consultations and clarifications on organizational, personnel and general issues. Their main joint activity was based on the idea of Ukrainian autonomy.

Parliamentary traditions in the UK: exploring beliefs, practices and dilemmas to explain change and continuity in the House of Commons

ABSTRACT What do ‘dilemmas’ reveal about elites’ underlying beliefs, values and attitudes to parliaments and reform? In this article, I answer this question in two ways. First, I identify three parliamentary ‘traditions’ among elites regarding the UK Parliament and reform in British politics (specifically: conservative, liberal and reformist traditions). Second, I explore how these different traditions inform MPs when confronted with dilemmas about Parliament’s role using two illustrative case studies: the vote to leave the European Union and the Covid-19 pandemic. In so doing, this article makes two original contributions: empirically, by establishing that MPs’ actions were informed by one of three traditions, it offers a new explanation for how parliamentary actors respond to challenges; and, theoretically, through the use of the interpretive concept of ‘dilemmas’, the article demonstrates the added value of using interpretive approaches to explaining parliamentary politics and, specifically, opportunities for analysing institutional change and continuity.

The Role of Planning Regulatory Controls and Policies in Preservation of Urban Landscape Identity in Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Kisumu City, Kenya

Urban renewal undertaken to respond to urban decay and physical deterioration within cities especially in the Global South are rarely guided by planning regulatory controls and policies that recognize the importance of landscape identity. There is need to acknowledge and integrate landscape values and identity in planning regulatory controls and policies that guide infrastructural developments and urban renewal within cities. This should ensure preservation, conservation of the unique and distinct features that differentiate between places to avoid homogenization of cities. The aim of this study is to identify gaps and make recommendations to the planning regulatory controls and policies that support the preservation of landscape identity in urban renewal projects. Legal and policy frameworks that regulate planning, development and those that regulate preservation of urban areas at national and county levels in Kenya through various identified Acts of parliament has been discussed. These legal and policy frameworks regulate urban renewal and or redevelopment through preparation of the Local Physical Development Plans (LPDPs). The steps followed in the initiation and execution of the various works under the renewal are discussed as guided by existing national and county policies and legal frameworks. The study analysed and documented existing planning regulations, by-laws and policies that are involved in the execution of urban renewal in Kisumu City through desk review of relevant documents within County Government of Kisumu (CGK) and at national level. The study presents a conceptual framework that connects urban renewal to urban landscape identity. The study found out that the existing policies and regulatory controls lacked the inclusion of landscape identity in guiding urban renewal and other new infrastructural developments and this study fills this gap. The study recommends adoption of legislative and institutional frameworks and measures that support recognition and adoption of the environmental and landscape values of heritage e.g., within the Old Town area

Approval of gender equality in parliaments of the world and Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of gender equality in the parliament of Ukraine and other countries of the world. Attention to such a problem is conditioned by the fact that Ukraine, as a legal state, has undertaken to develop state policy taking into account gender aspects. This is reflected in the implementation of the standards of international legislation, implementing them in national legislation, state programs for the implementation of gender equality, etc. The author draws attention to the fact that it is especially important to take into account gender aspects in parliamentary activity. Parliament as a legislative body has a significant influence on policy formation, strategic decision-making, and the level of efficiency in solving key issues. A gender-balanced composition of the parliament is a guarantee that decisions will reflect the different views and needs of women and men, resulting in more objective, rational and compromise decisions that take into account the political, economic, social and cultural composition of society. It was analyzed that the equal representation of women and men in the country’s parliament is an important indicator of the degree of solving gender problems in society. It is emphasized that the initiative to introduce gender equality in the parliament acts not only as a tool of political development, but also as a key element in the formation of new thinking and gender consciousness.
 By popularizing the concept of gender equality, the parliament acts as a catalyst for changes in the perception of the roles of women and men in society. By actively supporting and increasing the participation of women in politics and management, a new view and perception of women is being built in society and the expansion of her opportunities in all spheres of life, including science, economy, culture and primarily the social sphere.
 The article notes that the increase in women’s participation in the country’s political life is influenced by gender quotas provided for in the electoral law, the main purpose of which is to promote changes in the gender balance in society, and not just a temporary increase in the number of women in parliament.

Parliamentary activity of Kyril Trylovskyi in the context of social and political processes in the Ukrainian lands, beginning 20 th century

The article reveals the human rights activities of lawyer Кугуїо Trilovskyi during his first parliamentary term in the Austrian parliament (1907-1911). The advantages and disadvantages of the election law, as well as the consequences of its adoption for the Ukrainian population of the region, are analyzed. It was noted that the reform had a number of significant shortcomings, namely: voting rights did not extend to women and military personnel, the age for elections was set at 24 years, for deputies - 30 years, the residency requirement - one year. The distribution of deputy seats by nationality was also quite uneven. At the same time, the law introduced democratic innovations, in particular, providing for voting on the basis of general direct and secret suffrage.
 K. Trylovskyi’s views on the inclusion of Ukrainian lands in Austria-Hungary, which the researcher considered a more positive phenomenon than their stay in Poland, were revealed. The lawyer believed that the legal status of the Ukrainian population within Austria is more promising.
 The vectors of Кугуїо Trylovsky’s parliamentary activity are characterized. In particular, the priority of the Ukrainian issue was emphasized in the speeches of the human rights defender. It is noted that the lawyer devoted his first speech in the walls of the Austrian Parliament (July 22, 1907) to highlighting issues related to numerous abuses of the position of the Polish nobility in Galicia.
 It is indicated that in his speeches the parliamentarian raised other, no less important issues for the Ukrainian population: state compensation for damages caused by the flood; the right to own and use weapons by shepherds to protect domestic animals; mandatory use in courts when writing protocols and indictments in the Ukrainian language; establishment of a clear list of items that cannot be taken away in case of tax collection; the right and opportunity of Ukrainian military personnel to celebrate Ukrainian holidays, etc.

Competing ‘Clear and Unambiguous’ Constructions: Darwall v Dartmoor National Park Authority [2023] EWCA Civ 927 and the Interpretation of Private Acts of Parliament

Competing ‘Clear and Unambiguous’ Constructions: Darwall v Dartmoor National Park Authority [2023] EWCA Civ 927 and the Interpretation of Private Acts of Parliament

The Moderating Role of Technology on the Link between Strategic Training and Performance of State Ministries: Perspectives from Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of technology on the link between strategic training and performance of State ministries in Kenya. Human capital theory was utilized to inform this study.
 Methodology: Cross-sectional research design was adopted in the collection and analysis of data. The study's target population was the 13 Kenyan government Ministries. The target population of the study consisted of 344 employees from 13 government ministries in Kenya. 185 respondents made up the study's sample size. To choose respondents, a stratified sample strategy was utilized. Structured questionnaires with both open and closed-ended questions were used to gather primary data. Acts of Parliament, service delivery charters, Vision 2030, session papers on public service delivery, and yearly performance reports were used to gather secondary data. Using experts in human resource management, the validity of the study instrument was assessed. The Cronbach Alpha formula, which adopted reliability coefficients of 0.7 as advised in literature, was used to assess reliability. Using the content analysis method, major themes from both written and spoken word were examined, and deductive arguments were produced based on the fundamental assumptions of the theories. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24 was used to perform the descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses on the quantitative data. At a 95% confidence level and a 5% significance level, mean scores, standard deviations, percentages, and frequencies were utilized to define the components of each variable. Tables and graphics were used to present the examined data.
 Findings: The findings of this study disclosed that strategic training had a significant positive effect on performance of government ministries in Kenya (r=.674, p-value=.000) while technology positively moderated the relationship between strategic training and performance of Kenyan government ministries (r=.672, p-value=.000). The study concluded that, if properly adopted, strategic training combined with technology can effectively explain performance of government ministries in Kenya.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study recommends that for effective performance of government ministries in Kenya, embracing strategic training and technology is key. This study adds to theory by disclosing that managers can make decisions anchored on human capital theory as well as inform policies formulated and implemented.

Improving Municipal Billing System and Revenue Generating Strategy : Chivi Rural District Council Case Study

Municipalities, in general, experience difficulties in own revenue generation. However, this problem is most severe among rural district councils as they tend to have relatively smaller revenue bases, a culture of non-payment on the part of ratepayers, poor service delivery, inefficient billing systems, poor planning and poor debtor’s management. As a result, rural district councils in Zimbabwe including the Chivi Rural District Council (CRDC) are facing self-sustainability concerns due to financial difficulties. There is overwhelming evidence in research to support the notion that properly planned billing systems have a positive impact on revenue generation among municipalities. On the other hand, poorly planned billing systemswill lead to financial difficulties. A case study approach is designed. Secondary data wasgathered in addition to primary data was collected through questionnaires withCRDC employees and ratepayers. Secondary data was collected through existing CRDC and government reports and documents, and the relevant Acts of Parliament. This found that customers had neutral perceptions of the service quality subconstructs of assurance, reliability, empathy and tangiblesat the CRDC. Further, customers had merely high neutrality almost negative perception of the service quality construct of responsiveness. A statistically significant neutral relationship was found between assurance, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, and tangibles with overall customer satisfaction. The reliability had the highest influence on customer satisfaction, followed by tangibles, responsiveness, empathy, and assurance, respectively. In practical perspective, the study recommends better ways of revenue collection to the municipality. Further the study adds to the debate in literature in Pecking Order Theory.

Political Modernization and its Future Effect on Executive and Legislative Authorities in Jordan

Objective: This study aimed at identifying political modernization in Jordan and its future effect on the executive and legislative authorities (the house of representatives) based on the amendments to the constitution as well as the laws of parties and elections passed in 2022 in accordance with the Royal Committee to Modernize the Political System in 2021. Method: the analytical descriptive approach, the legal approach, and content analysis approach. Results: firstly, political modernization will have a significant positive effect on the legislative authority (house of representatives) in terms of structure in the future; and secondly, political modernization hasn't affected the executive authority in terms of the way through which it has been introduced; however, when the parliamentary action is completed in all its forms in the Jordanian political system in the future, the way of its emergence will be addressed in order to identify the titles of partisan governments. Conclusion: the first being the necessity of continuing the political modernization efforts started by the Jordanian state in the legislative authority (house of representatives) and the executive authority; the second being the maintenance of the texts of the elections law without change while taking into consideration the possibility of amending articles as necessary in the future, in accordance with the aspirations that will take place to the legislative authority (house of representatives) and executive authority.

The Role of Gender Equality on Poverty Alleviation: Case of Indonesia

The Gender Development and Empowerment Index of Indonesia, which represents the equality between genders, has consistently fallen below the global average since 1990. This concerning trend gains significance given that half of the country's population is female. Relying on only half of the population for economic and developmental progress is suboptimal. Hence, fostering empowerment for all genders emerges as a potentially more effective strategy to catalyse economic growth and alleviate poverty across the nation. This study investigates how gender equality measures affect poverty at the regional level using dynamic panel data by system-generalised method of moments (system-GMM) technique on 514 districts in Indonesia spanning from 2014 to 2020. The result indicates that the Gender Development Index, characterized by a higher average score and lower standard deviation pronounces a more positive effect on poverty alleviation in comparison to the Gender Empowerment Measure. This can be attributed to the prevailing underrepresentation and limited participation of women in critical spheres such as the economy, higher-level management, parliamentary activities, and decision-making processes. Thus, there is a need to reinforce women's inclusion into formal positions and campaign for the participation of both genders in household chores and childcare to improve gender equality. Even small increases in the opportunities available to women and some release of cultural and political constraints can lead to significant economic and social benefits.

On the question of the electronic parliament essence: the ukrainian dimension

In view of the expediency and demand for the most effective ways to solve the challenges of globalization information processes, the determination of the foreign policy vector of our country's development in the direction of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, the need for high-quality modern tools for solving complex tasks faced by public authorities, Ukraine has determined the strategic development of electronic democracy and state policy of digital transformation of society. The article focuses attention on the main conceptual idea of e-democracy – the involvement of the public in the political processes of state formation, state administration, and local government through the wide application of information and communication technologies in democratic processes. certain topical problems of the implementation of the electronic parliament in Ukraine are clarified. It is emphasized that the e-parliament is among the strategically determined main components of the domestic process of establishing and developing electronic democracy. The relevance of the issue is primarily related to the expediency of a comprehensive constitutional and legal analysis of the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine –the Parliament of Ukraine in the context of the introduction of forms and means of e-democracy, the implementation of digital transformation of state and social life, challenges and threats of today in the conditions of martial law for the development of Ukrainian parliamentarism as a whole. It is emphasized that the concept of e-parliament has become widespread, and the construction of such an institution has become an important trend in the development of modern world parliaments. The international legal principles of the studied phenomenon are analyzed from the point of view of its practical value and definition of the concept, essence. It was concluded that during the entire period of the existence of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as a parliament, the only body of legislative power, the foundations of the development of the "e-parliament" were also laid (introduction and use ofmodern forms of ICT, information content of web resources, information support of various parliamentary activities, etc). After Ukraine's accession to the Declaration of the Open Parliament (2016), the intensity of the relevant processes is increasing. Emphasis is made on the fact that efforts to implement plans for the development of electronic parliamentarism are primarily aimed at improving the quality of the lawmaking process and the effective interaction of all its subjects and participants. Attention is payed to the fact that domestic constitutional and legal science has not yet formed a generally accepted concept of e-parliament as a legal category, a unified approach to understanding its essence, content. Various approaches to defining the concept, essence, content of the electronic parliament in the domestic literature are studied. Determining the essence of the definition, scientists consider it mainly from the point of view of technological aspects,the use of ICT in parliamentary activities. The author's definition of "E-parliament" is provided – it is information and communication, digital technologies for the implementation of parliamentary activities, the electronic infrastructure of the parliament, a condition for ensuring its open, transparent, accountable to voters functioning, expanding the development opportunities and strengthening democratic institutions, citizen participation in political processes. It is emphasized that the electronic parliament cannot be considered as a separate type of traditional democratic parliament, as well as the fact that it cannot be completely identified with the constitutionally defined parliament of Ukraine The conformity of the practical activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with the concept of e-parliament is clarified. Key words: government reform, e-democracy, digital, form, mean, stools,information and communication technologies, e-parliament, e-parliamentarism, Declaration of the Open Parliament, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

Why are the laws approved in congress? Socio-legal analysis of the creation of rules

The proposed thesis maintains that the bills or legislative acts that are processed in the Congress of the Republic of Colombia have a greater chance of being approved, in a way that is quite significant, depending on the status position of the parliamentarian who presents the legislative initiative or work as speaker of the same This implies that the members of parliament, senators and representatives to the chamber, are not equal to each other, since there would be congressmen with greater power and prestige than others, according to their status. The content of a project is important, but in many cases it can lose relevance, if it does not have the support represented in the authority that emanates from the power and prestige of the parliamentarian who postulates it. The research identifies which status systems have decisive influence and seeks to understand their origin and the reasons behind their influence. The investigation was carried out with the help of observing parliamentary activity and conducting in-depth interviews with congressmen and personnel from the UTL Legislative Work Units.