Diplomatic Activity Research Articles

Legal Provisions Regulating Diplomatic Activity Under the Vienna Convention from the Perspective of International Islamic Law

Legal Provisions Regulating Diplomatic Activity Under the Vienna Convention from the Perspective of International Islamic Law

Interpreter’s Subjectivity in Interpreting from The Perspective of Interpretive Theory-- An Example of Zhang Jing's Interpretation in the 2021 China-US High-Level Strategic Dialogue

Interpreters, who are the main actors in interpretation, might even play a decisive role in some negotiations. But in conventional interpretation, they were frequently disregarded or even undervalued to the point where they were once referred to as "translation machines." This essay uses interpretive theory as a guide to analyze the subjectivity of interpreters in political and diplomatic meetings, using the 2021 China-US High-level Strategic Dialogue as the research object. It aims to further explore the factors that influence interpreters' subjectivity in diplomatic activities. According to the study, interpreter acts as a mediator between the two parties as well as a transmitter of information, and is required to have an extensive spectrum of expertise. Based on proper comprehension, he or she should be immune from the linguistic symbols of the source language, allow full display of subjectivity, and flexibly employ methodologies of interpretation to reformulate in a manner that is consistent with the conventions of the targeted language.

Виртуальное посольство: новые технологии представительства и влияния (осмысляя американский опыт)

This article analyzes the American experience of creating and operating a virtual embassy in Iran. We consider theissue through the prism of the development of new information technologies and their applicability in the fields offoreign policy and diplomacy. In the Russian expert environment, this topic has not received due attention and reflection,although it could become an independent direction in academic study. Most importantly, the virtual embassycould offer a quick and relatively inexpensive solution to very specific challenges—both on a temporary and permanentbasis—in the practical part of current foreign policy.For Russia, the experience of implementing and managing such a technological unit could be applied in severaldifferent areas, united by the impossibility or difficulty of carrying out activities through traditional diplomaticchannels in a particular political and geographical area. One of the most suitable locations for the application of suchefforts is the polity of Kosovo, where the work of the Russian diplomatic mission is not being carried out for formalreasons that are understandable but lag behind the rapidly changing conditions of international life. As a result,there is a risk that future work in the region will need to start from scratch or even make up lost ground. But this isjust one, and the most obvious, example of the need to virtualize a diplomatic mission. The current crisis has revealedthe contours of much larger areas that are now inaccessible to Moscowʼs traditional diplomatic activity but requireconstant attention and systematic work. An alternative could be a virtual space—as a launching pad for dialogue andthen transformed into complementary and reinforcing tools of presence and influence. The successful experience ofRussian media abroad speaks for the high potential and good chances of these new directions.

China’s Energy Diplomacy to Coal Imports from Indonesia After Restricting Coal Import from Australia in 2019

Abstract. This study aims to analyze China's energy diplomacy regarding coal imports from Indonesia after restricting coal imports from Australia in 2019. After China limits coal imports from Australia in 2019, the supply of Chinese coal imports will decrease. This makes China need to increase its coal imports from other countries, one of which is Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the largest coal-exporting countries in the world. This can be used by China to meet its coal import needs. The author uses three indicators of Wang & Xu's energy diplomacy, namely dialogue between countries related to energy, government involvement in energy partnerships, and public energy diplomacy activities. The author uses qualitative research methods and internet-based research as data collection techniques. The findings in this study are: First, the dialogue between China and Indonesia, namely the meeting on 10 April 2019, the cooperation agreement on 24 May 2019 and 25 November 2020. Second, the Chinese government was involved in carrying out a cooperation agreement with Indonesia. Third, two Chinese non-state actors, namely CNCA and CCTDA.

Общее и особенное в профессии дипломата глазами студентов: кросскультурное исследование

In the context of turbulence in the system of international relations and the increasing responsibility of profes-sionals in defending state interests, the role of specialized education is increasing. The goals and objectives of national education systems are significant factors in the rapprochement or separation of countries and peoples, which in turn affects the formation of consolidated or separate policies on major issues of international rela-tions. The article analyzes the data of the survey of students of the Lomonosov Moscow State University Branch in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), as well as students of universities of the Russian Federation, preparing specialists in international relations and diplomacy, in order to assess their attitude to the chosen profession, professional and personal qualities necessary for successful career implementation. The comparative analysis of the results of the conducted cross-cultural research allowed to compare the evaluative opinions and perceptions of stu-dents of the two countries about the prestige of the diplomat's profession, as well as about the role, tasks and significance of diplomatic activity in modern realities. Conclusions dwells upon the fact that family continuity plays a role in the formation of a professional in the sphere of diplomacy, along with outlining possible direc-tions for further sociological research.

POLITICAL LEADER AND ODA: EFFECTS OF THE OVERSEAS PRESIDENTIAL VISIT ON BILATERAL OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT AID IN SOUTH KOREA

Overseas presidential visits are an essential diplomatic activity that support official development aid (ODA) for humanitarian and strategic purposes worldwide. This study examines the effects of such visits on bilateral ODA allocation by focusing on South Korea, which achieved economic development through foreign aid, subsequently becoming a donor country. We find that presidential diplomatic visits abroad increase ODA agreements in visiting countries, confirmed through multiple robustness checks. ODA is increased through several aid delivery channels (concessional loans, public institutions and summit meetings in recipient countries) with heterogeneous effects across regions. Thus, political leaders’ diplomatic visits are crucial to ODA allocation.

Some peculiarities of using information and digital technologies when translating diplomatic materials

Digitization is being actively established in all spheres of social activity, transforming traditional ways of creating, distributing and analyzing information. Diplomatic activity has not become an exception in the processes of actualization of the digital space, gradually involving ICT tools in its practice. The study is focused on highlighting the implementation of digital innovations in diplomacy under the conditions of permanent influence of socio-cultural factors. The modern world is dynamic and developing at a high speed; therefore the trends of promotion or hindrance to digitization, which is used directly in the translation of diplomatic texts, change rapidly depending on many factors (socio-political, socio -economic, cultural, etc.). The purpose of the study is to understand the effectiveness of the use of information and digital technologies in the translation of diplomatic texts. The need for new media, translators and means of translation is noted, which will be in demand under the conditions of total globalization and informatization of the current socio-cultural space. Digitization has demonstrated the expediency of its use in diplomatic activity in general, so it is evident that this process will be extended to highly specialized clusters, including the translation of diplomatic texts. The research methodology is based on a combination of the use of general scientific and scientific-linguistic methods, due to which a comprehensive study of digitization algorithms in diplomatic translation was carried out. In addition, a scientific-synergistic approach is actively used, which ensures interaction between digital, linguistic, diplomatic and cultural-historical dimensions, which are actualized in scientific intelligence. Elements of novelty of the research focus on the interpretation of information and digital technologies in the context of their involvement in the process of diplomatic translation. Conclusion. Therefore, the ICT segment is actively gaining positions in diplomatic activity, fully meeting the trends of modern socio-cultural development. In a practice-oriented environment, diplomatic translation activities successfully use online resources to improve the quality and availability of translated materials. However, the digital segment is positioned as an auxiliary element or an alternative to traditional translation models, using a wide range of digital tools: online translators, artificial intelligence, interactive dictionaries, etc

Between international academic relations and diaspora policy: rethinking the role of Polish studies abroad

ABSTRACT Poland has undertaken a number of public diplomacy measures to build its credibility on the European and global stage. Initiating and supporting ‘Polish studies’ (research or teaching on Poland-related topics) at foreign universities is considered an increasingly important tool in the process of creating a positive image and increasing knowledge about Poland in the world. In practice, however, the main addressee of these activities is not necessarily the international audience, but the Polish diaspora. Basing on a mix-method research, this paper discusses Poland’s involvement in the development of Polish studies abroad and shows ambiguities of their use by public diplomacy actors.

Russia in Outer Space: A Shrinking Space Power in the Era of Global Change

Since 2014, the Russian space sector has handled institutional rearrangement and external economic pressure. On the one hand, the establishment of the State Space Corporation Roscosmos intended to renovate a critical segment and save an industry that is one of the jewels of the Soviet legacy. On the other hand, the Russian annexation of Crimea triggered waves of financial and economic sanctions that crippled the country's access to space technologies and broader international cooperation in outer space. As a result of the dynamic, the Russian space program has been in a grey zone in recent years. On the eve of the war in Ukraine, the Russian government made a strategic choice for total decoupling from Western countries. The Russian decision stresses a trajectory already taken where space activities are increasingly becoming an instrument of deterrence. The military dimension increasingly defines the Russian space program, while LEO becomes an area for confrontation. To circumvent complete isolation in the international arena, Russia will attempt to maintain vigorous diplomatic actions to curb the technology desert and maintain vital space activities in the foreseeable future. Hence, this article aims to identify available tools that Russia may use to envision a new strategy in outer space. Considering the rupture between the West and Russia, we describe the long-term effects on the space industry. We finally highlight potential alternative cooperations that may allow Russia to build its space diplomacy around a network of peripheral states while the partnership with China remains restricted.

Characterizing MNCs’ Corporate Diplomatic Activities

Characterizing MNCs’ Corporate Diplomatic Activities

The Influence of Digital Diplomacy on Foreign Policy

The Internet revolution has affected all aspects of life, including international relations. Diplomacy as a tool of foreign policy has also being transformed by this revolution. This paper examines the concept of digital diplomacy, focusing on the use of digital media in the field of diplomacy and how countries are utilizing these tools in the pursuit of their foreign policies. It examines the opportunities and challenges these media offer for diplomatic activities, and argues that countries cannot afford to be left behind in this era of digital diplomacy as they can greatly benefit from these emerging diplomatic trends. Digital diplomacy and Internet activities as a whole can greatly assist in projecting a state’s foreign policy positions to domestic and foreign audiences. digital diplomacy helps to strength relations between North and South, it gives several chances in getting authentic information which enhances economic, political and diplomatic relations in an International arena.

Türk Devletleri Teşkilatının Dijital İletişim ve Dijital Diplomasi Perspektifi

As a result of digitalisation, digital diplomacy is employed to establish and maintain dialogue between publics. Digital diplomacy, a sub-heading of public diplomacy activities, offers a common communication platform for the Organisation of Turkic States and an absolute coordination mechanism in the fight against disinformation, the global security threat of our time. The article discusses the changes and transformations in digital communication and their reflections on the Organisation of Turkic States. The article examines the Organisation of Turkic States’ digital communication and digital diplomacy activities as a case study and discusses the role of the effective use of digital media in the Organisation’s ability to explain itself in the right way. This study provides a descriptive analysis of the digital communication activities and use of social media by political actors in the Organisation of Turkic States. The limitations of the research are the organisation’s digital media activities. The study is the first of its kind to examine the Organisation’s digital communication strategy. In conclusion, the Organisation of Turkic States should combat disinformative content by enhancing its common communication platform with digital diplomacy along the axis of digital image and reputation management at the institutional level.

Le culte de la déesse dardanienne, dea Dard(…), au cœur de la diplomatie divine de l’armée romaine

Abstract Tributes to the enigmatic dea Dard(…) show a typically Roman political and religious intention to show respect for a local deity, within the framework of the control of isolated but strategic areas in the heart of the Illyrian region and the province of Moesia Superior. These acts of piety reflect the desire on the part of the Roman authorities to carry out diplomatic action with the local population, particularly in the vicinity of the stationes, often away from the legions and officia of which they were a detachment. In any case, these dedications cannot be considered irrefutable proof of the resistance of a Dardanian identity to the Roman order. They do, of course, suggest that the cult of these local and enigmatic deities had survived in the heart of the province of Moesia Superior. The paradox lies in the fact that we know more about the existence of these local deities thanks to the tributes of Roman soldiers, even if their names remain unknown.

The State of Social Cohesion in the Post-Settlement of Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Abstract Since the settlement of Rohingya people in Cox’s Bazar, national and international ngo s have undertaken initiatives such as trust-building and community relationships for establishing social cohesion between the Rohingyas and host communities. However, cohabitation between the two communities is far-behind, and social conflict between the two communities has been a reality for the host society. By applying multiple approaches – perception survey among the local people, focus group discussion (fgd) among the Rohingyas and key informant interviews, this article finds that Rohingya settlement has resulted many challenges such as scarcity of resources, competition over livelihood options, price hikes, decaying of the physical environment, and security complexities. These challenges have been a source of generating conflict instead of building social cohesion in Cox’s Bazar. Survey results outline that local people are anxious about population growth, social unrest, illicit business and drugs, and potential political conflict. The fgd among the Rohingyas explores the uncertain future of the refugee, frustration over livelihood, health, and education for their children. Overall results highlight that social, economic, environmental and political changes in the post-settlement phase post-2017 have been a potential source of conflict. Analysis suggests that the conflict potential for the host society stemming from the Rohingya displaced population is significant enough that the host government and international organisations should consider actions, policies, and diplomatic actions to address the social tension and remedy the emergent problems in the area. Such measures include those that strengthen efforts at repatriation initiatives for the refugee population, and those that can ensure livelihood opportunities for them without compromising such opportunities for the host population.

Early modern lighting of a main European Sea route: From private initiative to public control

The sea route between Denmark and Sweden to the Baltic Sea was provided with lighthouses as early as the 1560s, and much later two lighthouses at the southern tip of Norway were added. Like other Norwegian lighthouses these were built and operated by private individuals with privileges giving them the right to levy duties on shipping. Ronald Coase has described the same phenomenon in England challenging the view that lighthouses as collective goods could not be operated as private enterprise. This led to a great debate where the need for various forms of state support for private interests has been underlined. The article shows that for an international sea route, diplomatic activity vis-à-vis other powers can be included. Finally, the article looks at the public takeover of the lighthouses in Denmark and Norway at the end of the eighteenth century, which is compared with the nationalisation in England.

Major Concepts of the Turkey Blue Homeland Strategy

The article analyses the key directions of Turkey’s foreign policy under the presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. It examines concepts such as “ba-lance” in relations with the Middle East and the West, which Turkey is trying to achieve through the development of its economy and international trade. The article also focuses on the concept of “security in the East”, which reflects Turkey’s focus on security concerns from terrorist groups on its border with Syria and Iraq. Researchers on this topic also note the strategy of the “new Ottoman space”, which reflects Turkey’s intentions to increase its influence on the countries of the Balkans and the Caucasus. The article analyses the concept of “active diplomacy”, which consists in establishing diplomatic ties with new states, as well as developing and deepe-ning relations with countries that already have diplomatic ties with Turkey. In addition, the article focuses on the concept of “neighbourhood policy”, which reflects Turkey’s commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the region. The article also examines Turkey’s role in international organisations, such as NATO and the UN, and its “economic diplomacy” strategy, which reflects Turkey’s intention to attract foreign investment and develop trade relations with other countries. The Blue Homeland Strategy encompasses a number of policies and initiatives, including expanding Turkey’s naval capabilities, improving coordination between the various branches of the military, strengthening relations with allied countries, and promoting economic development in the maritime sector. The strategy emphasises the importance of diplomacy and legal initiatives to protect Turkey’s maritime rights in accordance with international law. “The Blue Homeland is seen as a comprehensive approach to addressing Turkey’s maritime security challenges and protecting its national interests. In addition, the Blue Homeland strategy also plays an important role in achie-ving Turkey’s broader foreign policy goals. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the main directions and concepts of Turkey’s foreign policy strategy, which helps to understand the complexity and importance of this country’s foreign policy activities in the modern world.

Upaya Kerja Sama Multilateral Indonesia dalam Menanggapi Kebijakan Red Ii Uni Eropa

Indonesia has the largest palm oil plantation industry and is the world's largest producer of palm oil. Palm oil commodities originating from Indonesia are exported to almost all continents with the highest consumers found in the Asian continent and the European Union region. The European Union as one of the major consumers of Indonesian palm oil in 2018 revised its policy to Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) which reaped negative sentiment towards the Indonesian palm oil industry. Then, the Government of Indonesia responded to these negative issues through several diplomatic efforts, such as multilateral cooperation. This article discusses Indonesia's trade diplomacy activities to the European Union using multilateral cooperation. This research uses qualitative research methods with the concept of economic diplomacy The data used in this study was obtained using several data collection techniques, such as literature studies. These data are analyzed and discussed using the framework of economic diplomacy concepts to explain the economic diplomacy activities carried out by Indonesia to the European Union on its palm oil commodities by joining multilateral cooperation. The result of this study is that Indonesia in making efforts to maintain its palm oil follows several bilateral and multilateral cooperations such as its participation in CPOPC.

Yuan Shikai and the Restoration of Tianjin at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

As one of the most controversial historical figures in modern Chinese history, Yuan Shikai has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent decades. While Yuan’s diplomatic activity during his presidency of the early Republican era has been well studied, his earlier diplomatic activity during the late Qing period has not received much scholarly discussions in the English-language historiography. This article examines how Yuan negotiated with various imperialist powers over the restoration of Tianjin, as well as over the creation of foreign concessions in the city, at the turn of the twentieth century. It reveals Yuan’s distinctive diplomatic strategies while highlighting his way of positioning himself at the intersection of multiple nodes of power. It argues that Yuan Shikai’s diplomatic maneuvering played an indispensable role in the transformation of Tianjin from a city governed by a colonial administration to a Chinese city with multiple foreign concessions.

Exploring Religion as a Tool of Nigeria’s Public Diplomacy

On April 26, 2016, former United States Secretary of State, John Kerr, emphasized the link between religion and foreign policy. He underscored how religion can have either a positive or a destabilizing influence on world affairs. Religion today remains deeply consequential, affecting the values, actions, choices, and worldview of people in every walk of life on every continent. This paper argues that religion, which is often considered a cultural element of soft power, has become an inevitable and important factor in the furtherance of public diplomacy goals in this day and age. It conceptualizes religious institutions as non-state public diplomacy actors. To this end, the influence of religion on Nigeria’s relations with the international community is examined. The study also examined the global engagement efforts of Nigeria’s religious institutions and how they can be better utilized as a constructive instrument for the country’s public diplomacy.

Chinese Provinces as Semi-Autonomous Diplomatic Actors in China’s Investments in Southeast Asia. Evidence from Guangxi Institutions and Individuals in the Mining Sector

Chinese Provinces as Semi-Autonomous Diplomatic Actors in China’s Investments in Southeast Asia. Evidence from Guangxi Institutions and Individuals in the Mining Sector