Active Part Research Articles

Long-term irradiation study of sMDT drift tubes with an integrated accumulated charge of 60 C per wire using beta-electrons from a 90Sr source

Two ATLAS sMDT drift tubes have been irradiated for almost 1 year using a 90Sr beta-decay source. An integrated charge of 62C has been accumulated on each of both anode wires over an anode-wire region of about 7.5 cm. Taking into account the intensity distribution of the irradiation corresponds to a maximum accumulated line charge density of about 14C/cm. At the innermost position of the ATLAS forward muon spectrometer 10C/cm are expected for 10 years of high-luminosity LHC operation and for this detector type at gas gain 20000. To investigate potential outgassing, the endplug region of the drift-tubes, where no gas amplification occurs, was irradiated additionally using about half the beta-electrons emitted from the source. The other beta-electrons were irradiating an active part of the gas volume for monitoring purpose. During four months the endplugs were irradiated by 5C/cm equivalent. All observed anode currents were very stable over the whole period of irradiation and thus no sign of deterioration in the performance of both drift tubes was observed. This indicates that no ageing effects occurred and that no performance loss due to outgassing of any plastic surfaces has been observed. All components that have potential contact to the detector gas Ar:CO2 with a mixture of 93:7 (percent volume) have been carefully and properly chosen. The required cleanliness of all tube- and gas components has been achieved during construction and operation of these drift tubes.

The role of the UN institutional mechanism in ensuring ecological energy

The UN occupies a key place in the system of international organizations, coordinating international cooperation on a wide range of issues of international life. Accordingly, it is not surprising that its role is also important in the regulation of ecological energy.
 The ecological energy sector has become one of the relatively new spheres of international law development. It covers the aspects of renewable energy sources, alternative fuels, ecologically safe mechanisms of using fossil fuels that do not cause excessive damage to the environment.
 Since the 1950s, the UN Economic and Social Council was the first to raise the issue of «new energy sources» in its documents, among which renewable sources were also distinguished. It also initiated the first scientific conference on RES.
 Later, the General Assembly and the UN Security Council joined the process, the first of which initiated the annual holding of UN international conferences on renewable energy sources, and annually adopted resolutions to support RES in the world. In the future, by creating auxiliary bodies, they promoted ecological energy within the framework of sustainable development, such as the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. The UN Security Council mainly considers energy issues in their connection with aspects of peace and security, for example, in the field of energy security, or bodies responsible for violations.
 Specialized institutions of the UN system also take an active part in the implementation of the concept of ecologically oriented energy. Suffice it to mention that the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 authorized the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and ICAO to establish sectoral requirements for countering greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with their competence. For ten years, UNESCO acted as the head of the World Solar Program, contributing to the implementation of Kharar Declaration on Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of 1996.
 FAO, as an organization dealing with issues of food and agriculture, has focused its attention on such a segment of renewable energy as the implementation of bioenergy programs. UNIDO focused on energy issues as the basis of sustainable industrial development. It prioritizes three aspects of energy: rural energy for production purposes with an emphasis on the use of RES, energy efficiency and climate change.
 Accordingly, within the framework of the UN, a rather extensive system of bodies and organizations has been created, which are engaged in the implementation of the tasks of ecologically oriented energy. Unfortunately, all these bodies do not have the corresponding specialized competences; they solve these tasks only within the limits of their own competence. Also, currently there is no single body for coordinating the tasks of EOE within the framework of the UN system.

The essence of the concept of social inclusion of the city and its significance in ensuring the national security of the state

Ukraine, as a country, is in the process of constant development and transformation, facing a number of important social, economic and security challenges. One of these challenges is ensuring equal opportunities and accessing the social resources for all sections of society. In this context, the concept of social inclusion comes to the fore to become an important tool for promoting the sustainable development of cities and the entire country. Social inclusion involves the creation of conditions under which every person, regardless of their origin, gender, age, physical condition or other personal characteristics, can take an active part in all spheres of society. The implementation of this approach to the development of cities is especially relevant in modern Ukraine, where there are numerous challenges in the form of lack of access to infrastructure, medical care, housing and other services for certain social groups. The implementation of the concept of social inclusion is now widely recognized as important and not just good practice. The recent impact of the global pandemic, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the Russian-Ukrainian war have further emphasized the need to implement the concept of social inclusion in the development of Ukrainian cities. Promoting the development of social inclusion in cities requires a deep understanding of its essence, the factors affecting it, and the mechanisms of public administration involved. The work determined that the theory and methodology of public management of the development of social inclusion in cities in the science of public administration is not sufficiently formed. The existing scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists testify to the existence of different approaches to public management of the development of social inclusion. The essence of social inclusion was highlighted as the creation of a fair and accessible urban environment where all people, regardless of their origin or characteristics, can actively participate in the social, economic and cultural aspects of urban life. Social inclusion emphasizes the need to overcome structural barriers, discrimination and inequality to promote inclusive cities and ensure the social security of the state.

An experimental design for comparing interactive methods based on their desirable properties

In multiobjective optimization problems, Pareto optimal solutions representing different tradeoffs cannot be ordered without incorporating preference information of a decision maker (DM). In interactive methods, the DM takes an active part in the solution process and provides preference information iteratively. Between iterations, the DM can learn how achievable the preferences are, learn about the tradeoffs, and adjust the preferences. Different interactive methods have been proposed in the literature, but the question of how to select the best-suited method for a problem to be solved remains partly open. We propose an experimental design for evaluating interactive methods according to several desirable properties related to the cognitive load experienced by the DM, the method’s ability to capture preferences and its responsiveness to changes in the preferences, the DM’s satisfaction in the overall solution process, and their confidence in the final solution. In the questionnaire designed, we connect each questionnaire item to be asked with a relevant research question characterizing these desirable properties of interactive methods. We also conduct a between-subjects experiment to compare three interactive methods and report interesting findings. In particular, we find out that trade-off-free methods may be more suitable for exploring the whole set of Pareto optimal solutions, while classification-based methods seem to work better for fine-tuning the preferences to find the final solution.

From cookbook lab to PEODE-based lab: redesigning lab activities to foster conceptual understanding

ABSTRACT Background Of many innovative laboratory approaches in the literature, POE (Predict-Explain-Observe) and PDEODE (Predict-Discuss-Explain-Observe-Discuss-Explain) based laboratories approach have been frequently used to enhance laboratory studies during the last ten years. We contend that excluding the discussion phase before the observation stage in PDEODE could be more suitable when applied to science laboratory settings. Consequently, we chose to employ the PEODE (Predict-Explain-Observe-Discuss-Explain) approach in lieu of PDEODE to enhance laboratory-based studies. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness of PEODE-based laboratory activities in promoting prospective science teachers’ (PSTs) conceptual understanding about fundamental concepts. Sample The quasi-experimental study is based on 46 third grade PSTs in the primary science education department. In the study, randomly selected two groups were used, one experimental group (EG; n = 22) and one control group (CG; n = 24). Design and methods To achieve this aim, we selected fundamental science concepts that students have difficulty in sound understanding and often hold alternative conceptions based on the literature. While the CG participated in traditional laboratory activities, the EG took part in PEODE-based laboratory activities. Laboratory activities were carried out in both groups for a total of 18 hours. In order to assess PSTs’ conceptual understanding about fundamental concepts, a concept test (CT) including 22 test items (two-tiers and open-ended) were presented to them as pre- and post-test. The PSTs’ pre- and post-CT scores was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results The study overall demonstrated that PEODE based laboratory activities have a significant impact on enhancing PSTs’ conceptual understanding of the fundamental science concepts. Conclusion The PEODE based laboratory employed in this study, introduced as a novel contribution to the literature, demonstrates its potential to facilitate conceptual change.

The Effects of Blended learning on University Students’ Critical Thinking Dispositions in College English Course

This research aims to introduce and examine the effects of blended learning environment on learners’ critical thinking dispositions for undergraduate students of business major at North China University of Science and Technology (NCSTU) in China. The participants are 28 freshmen from College English Course. The research tools are Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory Chinese Version and Blended Learning Environment Questionnaire. The findings show that blended learning environment is beneficial for improving Chinese students’ critical thinking dispositions (CTD). The students are willing to take part in the learning activities both online and offline. They find out it is most difficult part is to understand the teacher’s English instructions. Majority of students’ CTD is positive after one semester learning in the blended learning environment. Open-mindedness, self- confidence, and inquisitiveness of CTD are significantly correlated with students’ gender, English scores of college entrance exam, and science and liberal arts respectively

Transforming anger into resilience: The Zagreb Pride LGBTIQ NGO and stigmatized youth in Croatia

After an intensive marriage referendum campaign in 2013, organized by the ‘In the Name of Family’ organisation (Cro. U ime obitelji), the definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman was included in the Croatian constitution. At the time of the campaign, the participants in this research were young people, most of whom were in elementary or secondary school. Considering most of them had not come out to their immediate social circle, they were particularly vulnerable because of the visibility that was imposed on them.This article will introduce the results of ethnographic research on the Zagreb Pride LGBTIQ non-governmental organisation, as part of which we conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with former and (at the time) current members of the organisation. We focused on three different issues: 1. How the marriage referendum campaign affected young LGBTQ individuals and their social engagement; 2. Why they saw their identity as an expression of political activism; 3. How they transformed their initial negative feelings into resilience and political activism.The results show that the marriage referendum campaign had a significant impact on young LGBTQ people, transforming their initial feelings of anger and fear into resilience. Considering the political and social context in Croatian society at the time, our participants noted that they thought about their coming out as a political act. Consequently, this inspired them to further mobilise and take part in political activism.

Automatic for the people? Problematising the potential of digital planning

This article contributes to the small but growing corpus of literature which analyses the increasing use of digital technologies as part of spatial planning activities. Much of that existing literature focuses on the opportunities such technology brings or explores the use of specific technology. Instead, the article seeks to problematise digital planning, explicitly questioning some of the optimistic claims made on its behalf. To do so, it makes use of a new conceptual framework to reflect upon the promises and potential pitfalls of greater use of digital technology within and beyond planning practice. The paper concludes that digital planning is no more immune to questions about exclusion and power than any other form of activity affecting the built environment, and that it is essential to question the rationale behind how decisions are made regarding the adoption of new technologies in urban planning systems.

Ensuring firefighter safety and resource preservation from contamination in demolition building fires

Research characteristics and define toxic substances that remain in emergency clothing after fires in abandoned and demolition buildings. As a basic component of the integrated rescue system, members of the Fire and Rescue Service may be primarily or secondarily exposed to the effects of dangerous substances that penetrate the body as part of intervention activities. Personal protective equipment (PPE) used by firefighters can be characterized as a potential source of hazardous exposure to toxic contaminants commonly found and released during fires. The research task was to detect these contaminants in individual samples based on gas chromatography (GC) and subsequently to determine the decontamination methods of firefighters and PPE after an intervention. Based on a real intervention in an abandoned and demolished building where there was a fire, firefighters from individual fire stations intervened, where, as stated in the research, they intervened in the mentioned protective equipment. The amount of dangerous substances was determined based on gas chromatography in the Control and Chemical Laboratory of the Ministry of the Interior in the village of Jasov. The stated procedure was used to determine the amount of residual hazardous substances on emergency clothing and the procedures for possible elimination of the hazard.

Українсько- польські взаємини у завершальний період Української національної революції 1917-1921 рр. у візії Андрія Лівицького

The purpose of the research is to shed light on the Ukrainian-Polish relations during the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1919-1920 in the vision of Andrii Livytskyi. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and systematicity, which, when applying a concrete-historical approach, allows to significantly deepen the knowledge about the foreign policy and diplomacy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, in particular, regarding the regulation of relations with the restored Polish state. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, based on the work of domestic historians, the published documents, and the involvement of new archival sources, an attempt was made to comprehensively investigate the process of implementing the state course of the Ukrainian authorities on the settlement of relations with the Second Polish Republic. Conclusions. The Ukrainian People’s Republic authorities were clearly aware of the need to establish relations with Poland, without which it would not be possible to win Ukrainian statehood. Therefore, one of the directions of the foreign policy of the power structures was the building of relations with the restored Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the origins of this process stood Chief Ataman S. Petliura, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People’s Ministers and head of the diplomatic mission of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in Poland A. Livytskyi, Chief Plenipotentiary of the Government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic I. Ohienko, as well as authoritative public figures and representatives of various Ukrainian political parties. Despite all the difficulties of a military, political, and socio-economic nature, the state leadership tried to comply with the established terms of the agreement to the extent of their limited capabilities. A. Livytskyi’s visions give us the opportunity to reveal the content of the negotiations with the Polish state in 1919-1920 and to trace Ukrainian-Polish relations during the period of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917-1921. In many of his letters, A. Livytskyi emphasized that on the political horizon of Europe, large and important events in which Ukrainians should take an active part and as a result of which major changes should take place in Ukraine. These visions of Livytskyi help us to better understand his views on Ukrainian-Polish relations and the role of Ukraine in the international arena during the revolution of 1917-1921.

Research on the Path of High-Quality Development of Internal Audit in Real Estate Industry

The internal audit of real estate enterprises is a very important part of the business activities of enterprises, is an important means to effectively control the internal management risk of enterprises, improve the efficiency of operation and management, and reduce costs. High-quality internal audit plays a very important role in the development and growth of enterprises. Based on the present situation of the internal audit of real estate industry, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the internal audit of real estate enterprises, and puts forward the corresponding improvement measures.

South Korean Christian Communities Supporting Women in Need

Christianity does not have as long of a history as other monotheistic religions and traditional ideologies in Korea, but—especially from the end of the 19th century—its new concepts have had a huge impact on the basic thoughts of Korean society. This paper focuses on the effects of Christianity and the activity of Christian communities on women’s lives. According to my preliminary findings, in the late 1800s, the Christian missionaries and their newly formed communities offered opportunities for girls and women to get education, a profession, access to better health care, and learn self-care. After the complicated decades between 1910 and 1950, South Korea was experiencing remarkable changes, and Christians were an active part of this rebuilding, helping the lives of those who were struggling with poverty, lack of daily necessities, education, and health care. This paper aims to examine the thoughts and actions of Korean Christian communities towards decisions on childbirth, children out of wedlock, adoption, and single motherhood. This study investigates the approaches of South Korean Christian communities towards women related to the above-mentioned circumstances, focusing on the early examples and the last five to six decades. It is assumed that even though South Korea is now considered a modernized country, the government sometimes fails to cope with current problems, and traditional notions are still strong in familial matters. Therefore, not obeying conventional forms may cause social conflicts, or the decisions are hidden because of taboos and stigmas. This research is based on the publications of Christian communities and involves documentaries and case studies, including the baby box operation and adoption. This paper contributes to the expanding studies on Korean Christian communities, highlighting the social norms and their changes generated by new religious thoughts, while giving an insight into the daily struggles of Korean women’s lives when it comes to decision-making about their motherhood.

Effects of game-based learning integrated with the self-regulated learning strategy on nursing students' entrustable professional activities: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundIn the field of nursing education, the expertise and knowledge required to perform Leopold's Maneuvers are critical, forming an integral part of Entrustable Professional Activities for nursing students. As a result, mastering Leopold's Maneuvers has become a core component of nursing education. Despite this, the prevailing didactic methods in many nursing courses tend to limit interactive and contextual learning experiences, which can hinder students' ability to engage deeply with the subject matter. This lack of engagement may subsequently affect both the effectiveness of students' learning and students' clinical judgment capacity, essential elements in the competencies of Entrustable Professional Activities. MethodsA quasi-experimental design was employed in this study, involving a total of 55 nursing university students, with 28 participants in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. The research incorporated game-based learning integrated with the self-regulated learning strategy, and employed a pretest, posttest, and questionnaires to assess students' learning performance, self-efficacy, and learning motivation. The experimental group participated in game-based learning with the self-regulated learning strategy, whereas the control group experienced game-based learning without the integration of self-regulated learning. Learning performance was analyzed using an independent samples t-test, while Analysis of Covariance was employed to compare the self-efficacy and learning motivation of the two groups. ResultsThe findings showed that the integration of game-based learning with the self-regulated learning strategy can significantly improve students' learning performance, self-efficacy, and learning motivation. ConclusionAs an integral part of Entrustable Professional Activities, Leopold's Maneuvers were integrated into an interactive game-based learning environment, coupled with the self-regulated learning strategy in nursing education. This approach aimed at cultivating core competencies among nursing students. This study has demonstrated its efficacy in engaging students effectively, serving as a dynamic resource for immersive learning in Leopold's Maneuvers, aligning well with the design considerations for promoting Entrustable Professional Activities in nursing education.

«Парадная» сторона общественной жизни купечества Вологодской губернии во второй половине XIX века

Despite the fact that the history of the Russian merchants has been of great interest to researchers for more than two decades, there are still little studied aspects in this area, including the «ceremonial» side of the public life of representatives of the merchant class. This area of research activity seems very promising, as it can significantly complement the sociocultural portrait of the merchant class. The purpose of this paper is to recreate the picture of the participation of the merchants of the Vologda province in festive and solemn events as an important part of public life in the second half of the XIX century. Based on the «Vologda Provincial Gazette» for 1861-1899, using the methods of formalizing and systematizing historical data, such components of the «ceremonial» side of the public life of the local merchants as the celebration of important dates related to the Romanov House; accompanying members of the imperial family who visited the province; participation in official events organized by the Governor; Clubs membership were identified. The published materials indicate that the merchants took an active part in local celebrations dedicated to the events from the life of merchants, as well as provided significant financial support to the related various charitable initiatives. The most important events of the provincial authorities could not do without representatives of the merchant class. Besides, in the second half of the XIX century, the general urban leisure space for a wide range of people, including merchants, began to take shape. These aspects nevertheless allow us to outline the main facets of the «ceremonial» side of the public life of the merchants of the Vologda province in the second half of the XIX century and set directions for further research.

“Thy function was to heal and to restore”: The Sounds and Rhythms of the River Ecosystem in William Wordsworth’s The River Duddon Sonnets

Abstract The writings of William Wordsworth evince a deeply ecological consciousness, a firm belief in the underlying connectedness of all living and non-living entities accounting for their continued existence. Such a consciousness becomes particularly evident in The River Duddon, A Series of Sonnets from 1820 as the poetic account of the river’s flow from its source in the mountains to its estuary between Morecambe Bay and the North Lonsdale coast. For not only does it constitute a core element of the Lake District, which Wordsworth deemed the best example of a region of eco-friendly and hence socially unified communities; it is also depicted, as will be elaborated in this paper, as an ecosystem consisting in a complex web of symbiotic interactions between the fluvial, vegetal, animal and human.Instead of focusing on verbal representations of such more-than-human interrelations through semiotic processes that appropriate their otherness and render them intelligible in solely human terms, however, this paper argues that Wordsworth’s “speaking monument” (Wordsworth 1954: 247, iii, l. 3) rather enacts these ecosystemic interactions on a vocal, aural, and rhythmical level. It thereby foregrounds the materiality and corporeality of poetic speech that precedes as well as grounds meaning and so connects the human to the river ecosystem in a pre-reflexive and somatic way. In this context, it will be pointed out how not only the speaker and other human characters participate in the Duddon’s web of reciprocal relations through rhythmical synchronisation and sonic attunement, but also how the reader becomes an active part in them through their vocal performance of the sonnets. The river’s autopoietic structure illustrated through the metaphor of the hydrological cycle, it will thus be shown, is thereby continued through the sonnet cycle as a direct organic product and hence integral component of the ecosystem that, by repeatedly giving rise to various idiosyncratic readings, will poetically contribute to the Duddon’s continued existence.

PbS quantum dot thin film dry etching

Many consumer products used daily contain sensors and image sensors (smartphones, cars, automated tools, etc.). There is a growing demand to enhance the capabilities of industrial products to probe their environment more efficiently, i.e., under difficult conditions (smoke, darkness, etc.). One solution is to extend the capabilities of image sensors to detect light toward the near-infrared and short-wave infrared (SWIR) regions. Because silicon has weak absorption properties in the infrared, especially in the SWIR region, manufacturers are investigating the use of new materials to build these sensors. To this end, colloidal quantum dot (QD) thin films made from the assembly of PbS nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials. They offer tunable bandgaps, favorable absorption properties, and scalability in production. However, patterning the active parts of photodiodes by plasma etching of this new material presents challenges. The etching chemistry must be selected to volatilize Pb and S without modifying the unetched active part of the PbS QD photodiode, and the etching profile should be anisotropic. In this study, we have screened several plasma operating conditions (power, pressure, and temperature) in various chemistries (H2, Cl2, HBr, and N2). To understand the etch mechanisms and profiles, ToF-SIMS and TEM/energy dispersive x-ray were employed. Our findings reveal that halogen-based plasmas cause QD material deterioration through Cl or Br diffusion deep in the film. While H2 plasmas are efficient to etch PbS QD films, they result in high roughness due to the removal of the carbonated ligands that separate PbS QDs. This ligand etching is followed by QD coalescence leading to significant roughness. However, the addition of N2 to H2 can prevent this phenomenon by forming a diffusion barrier at the surface, resulting in favorable etching characteristics.

Effects of spot size on the operation mode of GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch employing extrinsic photoconductivity

To guide the illuminating design to improve the on-state performances of gallium arsenide (GaAs) photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS), the effect of spot size on the operation mode of GaAs PCSS based on a semi-insulating wafer with a thickness of 1 mm, triggered by a 1064-nm extrinsic laser beam with the rectangular spot, has been investigated experimentally. It is found that the variation of the spot size in length and width can act on the different parts of the output waveform integrating the characteristics of the linear and nonlinear modes, and then significantly boosts the PCSS toward different operation modes. On this basis, a two-channel model containing the active and passive parts is introduced to interpret the relevant influencing mechanisms. Results indicate that the increased spot length can peak the amplitude of static domains in the active part to enhance the development of the nonlinear switching, while the extended spot width can change the distribution of photogenerated carriers on both parts to facilitate the linear switching and weaken the nonlinear switching, which have been proved by comparing the domain evolutions under different spot sizes.

Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator Chip Setup for the Elimination of Interfering Conductivity Responses.

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator chip setup is presented that eliminates interfering signal responses caused by changes in the electrical environment of the surrounding media. When using a two-port resonator, applying electrically shielding layers between the interdigital transducers (IDTs) can be challenging due to the limited dimensions. Therefore, a layered setup consisting of an insulating polymer layer and a conductive gold layer was preferred. The SAW resonators were provided with polycarbonate housings, resulting in SAW resonator chips. This setup enables easy application of a wide range of coatings to the active part of the resonator surface, while ensuring subsequent electrical and fluidic integration of the resonator chips into a microfluidic array for measurements. The signal responses of uncoated SAW resonators and those with polymer coatings with and without a gold layer were tested with aqueous potassium chloride (KCl) solutions up to 3 mol/L, corresponding to conductivities up to 308 mS/cm. The use of a polymer coating at the thickness of the first Love mode resonance and a conductive gold layer completely reduced the electrical impact on the SAW resonator signal response, making small signals resulting from changes in viscosity and density of the KCl solutions visible.

PENYULUHAN TENTANG PENERAPAN GIZI SEIMBANG PADA TATANAN RUMAH TANGGA DI DESA SEI KAMAH I KEC. SEI DADAP KABUPATEN ASAHAN TAHUN 2023

Initial survey data shows that housewives have not implemented a balanced nutrition program in their households, such as consuming a varied diet, reducing salt and sugar, and some even rarely consume vegetables and fruit. This activity was carried out in Sei Kamah I Village, District. Sei Dadap Asahan Regency in September 2023. All participants who attended consisted of various family members from children, mothers, fathers and even grandfathers and grandmothers attended enthusiastically taking part in outreach activities regarding the application of balanced nutrition in the household setting.

Induction of the human CDC45 gene promoter activity by natural compound trans‑resveratrol.

GGAA motifs in the human TP53 and HELB gene promoters play a part in responding to trans‑resveratrol (Rsv) in HeLa S3 cells. This sequence is also present in the 5'‑upstream region of the human CDC45 gene, which encodes a component of CMG DNA helicase protein complex. The cells were treated with Rsv (20 µM), then transcripts and the translated protein were analyzed by quantitative RT‑PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that the CDC45 gene and protein expression levels were induced after the treatment. To examine whether they were due to the activation of transcription, a 5'‑upstream 556‑bp of the CDC45 gene was cloned and inserted into a multi‑cloning site of the Luciferase (Luc) expression vector. In the present study, various deletion/point mutation‑introduced Luc expression plasmids were constructed and they were used for the transient transfection assay. The results showed that the GGAA motif, which is included in a putative RELB protein recognizing sequence, plays a part in the promoter activity with response to Rsv in HeLa S3 cells.