Activity Of Redox Enzymes Research Articles

Current summer heat waves impair rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatogenesis: Implications for future fish farming management practices in South Europe

Freshwater environments provide different ecosystem services for human well-being, and are one of the most important natural sources of healthy animal protein. Climate change and extreme temperature events, among other factors, represent a growing concern for their sustainable use. In contrast to the research effort to elucidate how global warming affects these aquatic environments, few studies pay attention to the potential effects of heat waves, a current phenomenon with direct effects on contemporaneous organisms. Here, the potential effects of a single heat wave event on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) males, mimicking a recorded environmental event, have been evaluated by means of biometric, redox and stress response, plasma testosterone, histopathology and transcriptomic analyses. Environmental monitoring showed how, during the last 4 years, mean water temperature increased (2–4 °C; from April to October), heat wave duration progressively increased (from 15 to 100 days), and mean intensities ranged 1.7–3.8 °C with a maximum of 8.0 °C. An experimentally recreated heat wave lasting only 16 days, with mean and maximum intensities of 2.7 and 6.7 °C, induced a decrease in body weight and total antioxidant status, but increased blood plasma cortisol levels and redox enzyme activity. The induced heat wave decreased testosterone plasma levels and sperm quality, arrested spermatocyte type I and II differentiation and increased spermatozoa apoptosis. These effects were correlated with a differential expression of 1156 genes (116 up- and 1040 down-regulated genes) in exposed fish when compared to Control fish, reflecting an alteration in cell apoptosis and spermatozoa maturation processes. These results not only increase concern about current heat wave events, recreating a real scenario, but also unveil for the first time the particular molecular mechanisms of subsequent spermatogenesis disruption, opening new avenues for designing urgent and necessary strategies to mitigate the effects of extreme climate change conditions on freshwater aquaculture.

Smart biomaterials based on Laponite®: acute toxicity and influence on the redox state and enzyme activity in the organs of the detoxification system of mice

Smart biomaterials based on Laponite®: acute toxicity and influence on the redox state and enzyme activity in the organs of the detoxification system of mice

Genome-wide survey of KT/HAK/KUP genes in the genus Citrullus and analysis of their involvement in K+-deficiency and drought stress responses in between C. lanatus and C. amarus

BackgroundThe KT/HAK/KUP is the largest K+ transporter family in plants, playing crucial roles in K+ absorption, transport, and defense against environmental stress. Sweet watermelon is an economically significant horticultural crop belonging to the genus Citrullus, with a high demand for K+ during its growth process. However, a comprehensive analysis of the KT/HAK/KUP gene family in watermelon has not been reported.Results14 KT/HAK/KUP genes were identified in the genomes of each of seven Citrullus species. These KT/HAK/KUPs in watermelon were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Segmental duplication is the primary driving force behind the expansion of the KT/HAK/KUP family, subjected to purifying selection during domestication (Ka/Ks < 1), and all KT/HAK/KUPs exhibit conserved motifs and could be phylogenetically classified into four groups. The promoters of KT/HAK/KUPs contain numerous cis-regulatory elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormone response, and stress response. Under K+ deficiency, the growth of watermelon seedlings was significantly inhibited, with cultivated watermelon experiencing greater impacts (canopy width, redox enzyme activity) compared to the wild type. All KT/HAK/KUPs in C. lanatus and C. amarus exhibit specific expression responses to K+-deficiency and drought stress by qRT-PCR. Notably, ClG42_07g0120700/CaPI482276_07g014010 were predominantly expressed in roots and were further induced by K+-deficiency and drought stress. Additionally, the K+ transport capacity of ClG42_07g0120700 under low K+ stress was confirmed by yeast functional complementation assay.ConclusionsKT/HAK/KUP genes in watermelon were systematically identified and analyzed at the pangenome level and provide a foundation for understanding the classification and functions of the KT/HAK/KUPs in watermelon plants.

PECULIARITIES OF PATHOGENESIS DUE TO INFECTION OF POTATOES BY PATHOTYPES OF WART SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM (SCHILBERSKY) PERCIVAL

The process of infection of potato varieties with different resistance to wart by zoospores of the causative agent of the disease was studied. Experients carried out in laboratory conditions in artificial infectious background for the damage of the Poliska rozheva potato variety (susceptible to all pathotypes of potato wart) and Slovyanka (resistant to the common pathotype and susceptible to all pathotypes of the causative agent of potato wart existing in Ukraine by summer zoospores of the pathotypes of the causative agent of the disease . Determination of the content of total proteins was carried out according to the Marion Bradford’s method. Determination of peroxidase et polyphenoloxidase activity was determined according to the method of Kabar A. M., ZaikoG. A., Liholat T. Yu. et Tsivinska M. V., Antonyuk V. O., Stoika R.S. As a result of studies conducted to determine the pathogenesis of potato wart in the plant-host-pathogen system, in Poliska rozheva potato variety (susceptible to all wart pathotypes), soruses with zoospores of the wart pathogen observed on the affected sprouts, in potato variety Slovyanka, soruses with zoospores observed for lesions of aggressive pathotypes. When affected by the common pathotype of the causative agent of wart, soruses of the pathogen absent. Cells of the epidermis are necrotic. In the case of damage to susceptible potato varieties by pathotypes of the causative agent of wart, the content of total proteins increased. It varied between 0.221-0.262 mg/ml for the Poliska rozheva variety and 0.225-0.260 for the Slavyanka variety. The activity of peroxidase redox enzymes during affection by pathotypes was 0.046-0.053 μmol per minute, polyphenoloxidase – 0.050-0.057. Thus, in the pathogenesis of the plant-host-pathogen for damage to potatoes by pathotypes of the potato wart pathogen Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival, deviations in the development of structural proteins of the epidermis and different activity of oxidative enzymes were found. Based on these biochemical indicators, biochemical methods of identification of potato cancer pathotypes that exist in Ukraine have been developed and patented. Key words: potato, wart, pathogenesis, protein composition, redox enzymes, activity, identification, pathotypes

Soil and Mineral Nutrients in Plant Health: A Prospective Study of Iron and Phosphorus in the Growth and Development of Plants.

Plants being sessile are exposed to different environmental challenges and consequent stresses associated with them. With the prerequisite of minerals for growth and development, they coordinate their mobilization from the soil through their roots. Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are macro- and micronutrient; P serves as an important component of biological macromolecules, besides driving major cellular processes, including photosynthesis and respiration, and Fe performs the function as a cofactor for enzymes of vital metabolic pathways. These minerals help in maintaining plant vigor via alterations in the pH, nutrient content, release of exudates at the root surface, changing dynamics of root microbial population, and modulation of the activity of redox enzymes. Despite this, their low solubility and relative immobilization in soil make them inaccessible for utilization by plants. Moreover, plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to cope with these stresses and coregulate the levels of minerals (Fe, P, etc.) toward the maintenance of homeostasis. The present study aims at examining the uptake mechanisms of Fe and P, and their translocation, storage, and role in executing different cellular processes in plants. It also summarizes the toxicological aspects of these minerals in terms of their effects on germination, nutrient uptake, plant-water relationship, and overall yield. Considered as an important and indispensable component of sustainable agriculture, a separate section covers the current knowledge on the cross-talk between Fe and P and integrates complete and balanced information of their effect on plant hormone levels.

Transcription Factor McHB7 Improves Ice Plant Drought Tolerance through ABA Signaling Pathway.

As global climate change continues, drought episodes have become increasingly frequent. Studying plant stress tolerance is urgently needed to ensure food security. The common ice plant is one of the model halophyte plants for plant stress biology research. This study aimed to investigate the functions of a newly discovered transcription factor, Homeobox 7 (HB7), from the ice plant in response to drought stress. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was established in the ice plant, where ectopic McHB7 expression may be sustained for four weeks. The McHB7 overexpression (OE) plants displayed drought tolerance, and the activities of redox enzymes and chlorophyll content in the OE plants were higher than the wild type. Quantitative proteomics revealed 1910 and 495 proteins significantly changed in the OE leaves compared to the wild type under the control and drought conditions, respectively. Most increased proteins were involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, photosynthesis, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Some were found to participate in abscisic acid signaling or response. Furthermore, the abscisic acid levels increased in the OE compared with the wild type. McHB7 was revealed to bind to the promoter motifs of Early Responsive to Dehydration genes and abscisic acid-responsive genes, and protein-protein interaction analysis revealed candidate proteins responsive to stresses and hormones (e.g., abscisic acid). To conclude, McHB7 may contribute to enhance plant drought tolerance through abscisic acid signaling.

Abstract 4677: Characterizing resistant and metastatic phenotypes to pharmacological ascorbate in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background and purpose: Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH) is a prooxidant that oxidizes to produce high levels of hydrogen peroxide. It is currently being investigated as an anti-cancer neoadjuvant for pancreatic cancer (PC). In phase I clinical trials, P-AscH has generated encouraging results in terms of efficiency and safety. However, 50% of patients do not respond to P-AscH suggesting that resistance occurs in a subset of patients. We have generated PC cell lines resistant to P-AscH to characterize mechanisms of resistance. Methodology: PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 PC cell lines were treated with a stepwise progression of increasing concentrations of P-AscH until 10-fold IC50 concentration was fully tolerated (AscR, ascorbate resistant) as determined by clonogenic survival. Once resistance was achieved, various redox enzyme protein expression and activity were measured to determine their role in resistance to P-AscH. Proliferation and cell cycle analysis were conducted on resistant and sensitive cells. An RNA sequencing screen was conducted as an unbiased approach to identify potential candidates crucial for resistance. Finally, phenotypes associated to increased metastatic potential, including collagen invasion and in vivo tumor colonization were explored for characterization. Results: PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 AscR cells developed unique mechanisms to tolerate high levels of P-AscH. PANC-1 AscR cells almost exclusively rely on catalase to detoxify H2O2 generated during P-AscH treatments, while MIA PaCa-2 AscR cells do not. It is interesting to note that not every redox enzyme was upregulated in response to P-AscH treatments, including GPx1/4. The AscR cell lines also differed in growth rates. PANC-1 AscR cells developed a faster proliferation rate, whereas MIA PaCa-2 AscR cells significantly decreased their growth. This is consistent with a shortened G1/G0 cell cycle phase and an accumulation in G2/M, respectively. The RNA sequencing screen revealed a metastatic signature in association with resistance to P-AscH, including upregulation of the PI3K/AKT axis. We observed a significant increase in collagen matrix invasion, as well as metastatic colonization in vivo. Additionally, we have observed increased expression of active AKT in both AscR cell lines, indicating a potential mechanism for the increased metastatic phenotype. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate distinct mechanisms for AcsR cells to tolerate high doses of P-AscH. Although catalase has demonstrated to be a key factor in controlling redox flux, it may not be necessary for all cell types. Not only can P-AscH resistance alter redox enzyme expression, but we have also observed substantial increase in metastatic potential to drive invasion and tumor colonization. In summary, our data indicate a potential route for PC to tolerate high levels of P-AscH and may explain how some patients do not respond to this treatment regimen. Citation Format: Amanda N. Pope, Brianne R. O'Leary, Juan Du, Garry R. Buettner, Michael D. Henry, Joseph J. Cullen. Characterizing resistant and metastatic phenotypes to pharmacological ascorbate in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4677.

Quality changes in Chinese high-quality indica rice under different storage temperatures with varying initial moisture contents.

The planting area of high-quality indica rice varieties has been growing rapidly in China. However, the storage characteristics of these varieties remains unclear. In this research, different moisture contents (13.5, 14.5, and 15.5%) of high-quality rice (variety Xiadao No.1) were stored at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) for 360 d, and then evaluated for lipid metabolism, redox enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, and sensory attributes. With the prolongation of storage, rice displayed an upward trend in fatty acid value, malondialdehyde content, and cooked rice hardness and a downward trend in contents of total fat and non-starch lipid, peroxidase and catalase activities, and sensory score of cooked rice. The change trends of these quality parameters were aggravated by elevating storage temperature and moisture content. Linoleic acid content of rice generally decreased with prolonged storage. After 300 d of storage, rice with initial moisture content of 13.5% at 30°C showed a fatty acid value of higher than 30 mg KOH/100 g, while rice of other two initial moisture contents reached similar level at 25°C. After the whole storage period, only rice with initial moisture contents of 13.5 and 14.5% stored at 15°C had a sensory score of higher than 60. These results suggested that the aging process of high-quality rice can be inhibited by decreasing the storage temperature and initial moisture content. These results can provide reference for grain storage enterprises to select proper storage condition to store high-quality rice.

Perioperative treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease in children

The aim of this work: to evaluate the eff ectiveness of the developed methods of perioperative treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease in children. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the 2nd SamMI clinic in the period from 2002 to 2022. The obtained data were compared by correlation analysis with clinical and laboratory indices and with changes in solar activity by Wolf’s numbers of the period of child embryogenesis, data of Murmansk Department of HMP). Results. The results of the study of the activity of redox enzymes have established the following. When comparing the enzyme spectrum of the affected intestine and intact muscle, only a difference in the activity of SDH and LDH is revealed. Taking into account the activity of all enzymes in relation to the activity of SDH, it can be noted that alternative energy sources have a greater specific weight in the intestinal mucosa than in the muscle.

Regulation of redox enzymes by nutraceuticals: a review of the roles of antioxidant polyphenols and peptides.

Redox enzymes are essential components of the cellular defence system against oxidative stress, which is a common factor in various diseases. Therefore, understanding the role of bioactive nutraceuticals in modulating the activity of these enzymes holds immense therapeutic potential. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the regulation of redox enzymes in cell and animal models by food-derived bioactive nutraceuticals, focusing on polyphenols and peptides. Specifically, this paper discusses the regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), NAPDH oxidase, xanthine oxidase (XO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and haem oxygenase (HO) in cell and animal models. Polyphenols, which are abundant in fruits, vegetables, and beverages, have diverse antioxidant properties, including direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species and regulation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which leads to the increased expression of the redoxenzymes SOD, HO, and GPx. Similarly, bioactive peptides from various food proteins can enhance antioxidative enzyme activity by regulating gene expression and directly activating the enzyme CAT. In other cases, an antioxidative response requires the downregulation or inhibition of the redox enzymes XO, MPO, and NAPDH oxidase. This paper highlights the potential of bioactive nutraceuticals in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases and their mechanisms in modulating the redox enzyme expression or activity. Furthermore, the review highlights the need for further research to uncover new therapeutic strategies using nutraceuticals for enhancing cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms and improving health outcomes.

Nanomaterial-based regulation of redox metabolism for enhancing cancer therapy.

Altered redox metabolism is one of the hallmarks of tumor cells, which not only contributes to tumor proliferation, metastasis, and immune evasion, but also has great relevance to therapeutic resistance. Therefore, regulation of redox metabolism of tumor cells has been proposed as an attractive therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumor growth and reverse therapeutic resistance. In this respect, nanomedicines have exhibited significant therapeutic advantages as intensively reported in recent studies. In this review, we would like to summarize the latest advances in nanomaterial-assisted strategies for redox metabolic regulation therapy, with a focus on the regulation of redox metabolism-related metabolite levels, enzyme activity, and signaling pathways. In the end, future expectations and challenges of such emerging strategies have been discussed, hoping to enlighten and promote their further development for meeting the various demands of advanced cancer therapies. It is highly expected that these therapeutic strategies based on redox metabolism regulation will play a more important role in the field of nanomedicine.

Empagliflozin improves mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating ketone body metabolism and oxidative stress

Ketone bodies are considered as an alternative energy source for diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and can improve the energy supply of the heart muscle, suggesting that it may be an important area of research and development as a therapeutic target for DCM. Cumulative cardiovascular trials have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in diabetic populations. Whether SGLT2 inhibitors improve DCM by enhancing ketone body metabolism remains and whether they help prevent oxidative damage remains to be clarified. Here, we present the combined results of nine GSE datasets for diabetic cardiomyopathy (GSE215979, GSE161931, GSE145294, GSE161052, GSE173384, GSE123975, GSE161827, GSE210612, and GSE5606). We found significant up-regulated gene 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthetase 2 (HMGCS2) and down-regulated gene 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) and 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase1 (OXCT1), respectively. Based on the analysis of the constructed protein interaction network, it was found that HMGCS2 was in the core position of the interaction network. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis mainly focused on redox process, acyl-CoA metabolic process, catalytic activity, redox enzyme activity and mitochondria. The activity of HMGCS2 in DCM heart was increased, while the expression of ketolysis enzymes BDH1 and OXCT1 was inhibited. In vivo, Empagliflozin (Emp) treated DCM group significantly decreased ventricular weight, myocardial cell cross-sectional area, and myocardial fibrosis. In addition, Emp further promoted the activity of BDH1 and OXCT1, increased the utilization of ketone bodies, further promoted the activity of HMGCS2 in DCM, and increased the synthesis of ketone bodies, prevented mitochondrial breakage and dysfunction, increased myocardial ATP to provide sufficient energy, inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiac cells ex vivo, and improved the myocardial dysfunction of DCM. Emp can improve mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating ketone body metabolism and oxidative stress. These findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating Emp as a treatment for DCM.

The function role of HIGD1A in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from chronic hepatitis B

Background Accompanied by the growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the coexistence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and NAFLD has increased. In the context of CHB, there is limited understanding of the factors that influence the development of NASH. Methods We enrolled CHB combined NAFLD patients who had liver biopsy and divided them to NASH vs. non-NASH groups. A whole transcriptome chip was used to examine the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNA in biopsied liver tissues. The function analysis of HIGD1A were performed. We knocked down or overexpressed HIGD1A in HepG2.2.15 cells by transient transfection of siRNA-HIGD1A or pcDNA-HIGD1A. In vivo investigations were conducted using hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice. Results In 65 patients with CHB and NAFLD, 28 were patients with NASH, and 37 were those without NASH. After screening 582 differentially expressed mRNAs, GO analysis revealed differentially expressed mRNAs acting on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which influenced redox enzyme activity. KEGG analysis also shown that they were involved in the NAFLD signaling pathway. The function analysis revealed that HIGD1A was associated with the mitochondrion. Then, both in vivo and in vitro CHB model, HIGD1A was significantly higher in the NASH group than in the non-NASH group. HIGD1A knockdown impaired mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced cell apoptosis in HepG2.2.15 cells added oleic acid and palmitate. On the contrary, hepatic HIGD1A overexpression ameliorated free fatty acids-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, HIGD1A reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by increasing glutathione (GSH) expression, but Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway was not involved. Conclusion Both in vivo and in vitro CHB model, an upward trend of HIGD1A was observed in the NASH-related inflammatory response. HIGDIA played a protective role in cells against oxidative stress. Our data suggested that HIGD1A may be a positive regulator of NASH within the CHB context.

Transcriptomic Analysis on Pectoral Muscle of European Meat Pigeons and Shiqi Pigeons during Embryonic Development.

In avian muscle development, embryonic muscle development determines the number of myofibers after birth. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the phenotypic differences and the molecular mechanism of pectoral muscle development of the European meat pigeon Mimas strain (later called European meat pigeon) and Shiqi pigeon on embryonic day 6 (E6), day 10 (E10), day 14 (E14) and day 1 after birth (P1). The results showed that the myofiber density of the Shiqi pigeon was significantly higher than that of the European meat pigeon on E6, and myofibers with a diameter in the range of 50~100 μm of the Shiqi pigeon on P1 were significantly higher than those of European meat pigeon. A total of 204 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from RNA-seq analysis in comparison between pigeon breeds at the same stage. DEGs related to muscle development were found to significantly enrich the cellular amino acid catabolism, carboxylic acid catabolism, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, REDOX enzyme activity, calcium signaling pathway, ECM receptor interaction, PPAR signaling pathway and other pathways. Using Cytoscape software to create mutual mapping, we identified 33 candidate genes. RT-qPCR was performed to verify the 8 DEGs selected-DES, MYOD, MYF6, PTGS1, MYF5, MYH1, MSTN and PPARG-and the results were consistent with RNA-seq. This study provides basic data for revealing the distinct embryonic development mechanism of pectoral muscle between European meat pigeons and Shiqi pigeons.

Effect of alkaloid extract from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. on cognitive related biochemicals in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder linked to cognitive impairment and memory deficit, known as diabetes encephalopathy. This study examined the anti-diabetic and neuroprotective effects of alkaloid extracts from Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) and Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) leaves, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, on carbohydrate-metabolizing (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) enzyme, cholinesterase and purinergic enzyme activities, and antioxidants in the brains of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. MethodsThe alkaloid extraction of A. paniculata and P. amarus was done. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 5) and were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of STZ except Group I, which received saline (normal control). Group II-untreated diabetic rats (diabetic control), Group III-diabetic rats received 5 mg/kg Glibenclamide (standard drug); Group IV and V received 5 and 50 mg/kg P. amarus respectively; and Group VI and VII received 5 and 50 mg/kg A. paniculata, respectively. ResultsThe results showed that the elevated blood glucose and redox makers levels and enzyme activities were significantly increased in the untreated diabetic rats. Reduced antioxidant biomolecules (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant) levels were also observed. However, these were considerably ameliorated upon treatment with the alkaloid extracts in a dose-dependent manner. ConclusionThe study found that the alkaloid extract of P. amarus and A. paniculata leaves can modulate cognitive functioning and antioxidant profile in STZ-induced diabetic rats, suggesting it could be a promising alternative for managing diabetes and its complications, including cognitive impairment, in the treatment of diabetes and diabetes encephalopathy.

Stabilization of glutathione redox dynamics and CYP2E1 by green synthesized Moringa oleifera-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against acrylamide induced hepatotoxicity in rat model: Morphometric and molecular perspectives.

The terrible reality is that acrylamide (AA) is a common food contaminant found in a wide variety of commonly consumed foods. This research involves the advancement of a more dependable technique for the bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) through the green method using Moringa Oleifera extract (MO-ZNPs) as an efficient chelating agent for acrylamide (AA). The effects of AA on glutathione redox dynamics, liver function, lipid profile, and zinc residues in Sprague Dawley rats are investigated. Finally, the microarchitecture and immunohistochemical staining of Caspase-3 and CYP2E1 were determined in the liver tissue of rats. Four separate groups, including control, MO-ZNPs (10mg/kg b. wt), AA (20mg/kg b. wt), and AA+MO-ZNPs for 60 days. The results revealed a suppressed activity of glutathione redox enzymes (GSH, GPX,and GSR) on both molecular and biochemical levels. Also, AA caused elevated liver enzymes, hepatosomatic index, and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 and CYP2E1 expression. MO-ZNPs co-treatment, on the other hand, stabilized glutathione-related enzyme gene expression, normalized hepatocellular enzyme levels, and restored hepatic tissue microarchitectures. It could be assumed that MO-ZNPs is a promising hepatoprotective molecule for alleviating AA-induced hepatotoxicity. We witnessed changes in glutathione redox dynamics to be restorative. Glutathione and cytochrome P450 2E1 play crucial roles in AA detoxification, so maintaining a healthy glutathione redox cycle is necessary for disposing of AA toxicity.

Multimechanism Collaborative Superior Antioxidant CDzymes To Alleviate Salt Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Plant Growth

Salt stress has become one major environmental challenge threatening global crop yield. Targeting salt-induced oxidative stress, nanozymes with high-efficiency antioxidant activity and good biocompatibility represent an effective way to improve plant salt tolerance. In this study, carbon dot nanozymes (CDzymes) derived from glucose and histidine are designed to alleviate salt-induced oxidative stress in plant growth. The CDzymes are comprehensively characterized to exhibit broad-spectrum antioxidant capability, allowing them to efficiently scavenge reactive oxygen species (·OH, O2–·, H2O2), reactive nitrogen species (·NO and ONOO–), and stable free radicals (DPPH·, ABTS·+, PTIO·). Due to their unique structure, CDzymes exhibit multiple antioxidant mechanisms involving electron transfer, H atom transfer, and enzyme-like catalytic behavior. CDzymes have good biocompatibility and can help promote the growth of Pisum sativum Linn and Eucommia under salinity. CDzyme treatment can significantly (p < 0.001) relieve salt stress-induced oxidative damage of biological components (including chlorophyll, proline, carbohydrate, and protein) and redox enzyme activity, which underlies the mechanism of salt-induced plant wilt. This study demonstrates that CDzymes can act as a potential antioxidant to modulate the level of oxidative stress in biological systems, opening up new avenues for agricultural salt stress management in crops.

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Celery Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line and Its Maintainer Line.

Male sterility is a common phenomenon in the plant kingdom and based on the organelles harboring the male-sterility genes, it can be classified into the genic male sterility (GMS) and the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). In every generation, CMS can generate 100% male-sterile population, which is very important for the breeders to take advantage of the heterosis and for the seed producers to guarantee the seed purity. Celery is a cross-pollinated plant with the compound umbel type of inflorescence which carries hundreds of small flowers. These characteristics make CMS the only option to produce the commercial hybrid celery seeds. In this study, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to identify genes and proteins that are associated with celery CMS. A total of 1255 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 89 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the CMS and its maintainer line, then 25 genes were found to differentially expressed at both the transcript and protein levels. Ten DEGs involved in the fleece layer and outer pollen wall development were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, most of which were down-regulated in the sterile line W99A. These DEGs and DEPs were mainly enriched in the pathways of "phenylpropanoid/sporopollenin synthesis/metabolism", "energy metabolism", "redox enzyme activity" and "redox processes". Results obtained in this study laid a foundation for the future investigation of mechanisms of pollen development as well as the reasons for the CMS in celery.

Selenium and Redox Enzyme Activity in Pregnant Women Exposed to Methylmercury.

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient with essential physiological functions achieved through the production of selenoproteins. Adequate Se intake has health benefits and reduces mercury (Hg) toxicity, which is important due to its neurotoxicity. This study determined the Se status and redox enzyme, including selenoproteins', activity in pregnant women highly exposed to Hg (between 1 to 54 µg Hg/L blood) via fish consumption. A cross-sectional study enrolling 513 women between the first and third trimester of pregnancy from Madeira, Portugal was conducted, encompassing collection of blood and plasma samples. Samples were analyzed for total Se and Hg levels in whole blood and plasma, and plasma activity of redox-active proteins, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx). Enzyme activities were related to Se and Hg levels in blood. Se levels in whole blood (65.0 ± 13.1 µg/L) indicated this population had a sub-optimal Se status, which translated to low plasma GPx activity (69.7 ± 28.4 U/L). The activity of TrxR (12.3 ± 5.60 ng/mL) was not affected by the low Se levels. On the other hand, the decrease in Trx activity with an increase in Hg might be a good indicator to prevent fetal susceptibility.

The Effect of Physical Load of Varying Intensity on the Activity of Liver Enzymes and Hepatocytes’ Proliferation

The paper establishes the relationship between enzymatic activity and proliferation of he- patocytes. Low-intensity physical activity is shown not to influence the activity of hepatocytes enzymes and their proliferation. Hard work results in decreased activity of redox enzymes, at the same time, proliferation of hepatocytes is inhibited for a long time. The most favorable is moderate load, which leads to activation of oxidative-reducing enzymes and increases the number of binucleated hepatocytes, which persist for a long time after the end of the experiment.