Activity Of Ethyl Acetate Extracts Research Articles

Standardization of Cassia spectabilis DC leaves and antimalarial activities of ethyl acetate extract

Cassia spectabilis is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants traditionally used to treat different diseases, including malaria. Quality of a drug derived from plants is also influenced by the quality of its raw materials. Thus, in order to assure the quality of products made from plants, it is necessary to standardize the raw materials and following with the antimalarial activity test. The aim of this study was to standardize the quality of C. spectabilis leaves and to evaluate its antimalarial activities of ethyl acetate extract. The fresh material of C. spectabilis leaves were observed its specific and non-specific parameters. In vitro test was done by using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. In vivo test was done using 4-day suppressive test method against mice infected with P. berghei for four consecutive days. Heme detoxification inhibitory activity test was carried out using the modified Basilico method. The leaves of C. spectabilis meet the quality requirement for raw material of traditional medicine. The ethyl acetate extract showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei infection with IC 50 value of 27.28 μg/mL and ED 50 value of 1.74 mg/kg, respectively. The extract also showed heme detoxification inhibitory activity with IC 50 value of 0.33±0.01 mg/mL. The leaves of C. spectabilis leaves meet the quality requirement and the ethyl acetate extract from standardized C. spectabilis leaves possessed a potential an antimalarial activity which deserves to be further developed.

Biological activities of extract-loaded nanocarriers: A comparison of aerial part, seed, and rhizome of Phlomoides labiosa

Phlomoides species have long been used in ethnomedicine for various purposes, such as stomach disorders and wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate some phytochemical and biological features of one species, Phlomoides labiosa. The aerial part, rhizome, and the seed of P. labiosa were extracted using various solvents with increasing polarity. Essential oil and fatty acid contents were analyzed via GC/MS method. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties were evaluated in all samples. After that, extract nanoliposomes were created to improve the biological effects by increasing the solubility. Obtained results indicated that oleic acid is assumed as the major component of seed oil with a total fatty acid content of 37.62 (w/w %). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts indicated the antioxidant activity was in line with the phenol contents. The most potent antibacterial effects were associated with the ethyl acetate extracts of aerial part and seed. The dichloromethane extract of the aerial part showed the highest cytotoxicity among all tested samples (IC50=40.88±16.05 µg/mL). Despite the hypothesis of the encapsulated extracts having better effects, nanoparticles indicated lower biological activities than free forms. Because of the high amount of oleic acid and overall yield, the seed oil may be suitable for nutritional reasons. The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract and the considerable cytotoxicity of dichloromethane extract make them potential candidates for future assessments. Limited extract release from the membranes of nanoliposomes may be the main reason for biological activity reduction.

Diversity and communities of culturable endophytic fungi from the root holoparasite Balanophora polyandra Griff. and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

PurposeBalanophora polyandra Griff. is a holoparasitic medicinal plant that produces compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Plant endophytic fungi are an abundant reservoir of bioactive metabolites for medicinal exploitation, and an increasing number of novel bioactive compounds are being isolated from endophytic fungi. The present study investigated the diversity of culturable endophytic fungi from the roots of holoparasite B. polyandra to explore active strains and metabolites. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of 22 strains cultured from B. polyandra were also evaluated.MethodsThe endophytic fungi were identified according to their colony morphology and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing. TLC-MTT-Bioautography assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays were employed to assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic fungi.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-five endophytic strains were isolated from the roots of B. polyandra, including 70 from female samples and 55 from male samples. Of them, twenty-two distinct isolates representing 15 genera and 22 species based on their ITS-rDNA genomic sequence were successfully identified from female and male samples of B. polyandra. The genus Calonectria was the most prevalent genus, with a CF% of 18.3, followed by the genera Clonostachys and Botryosphaeria, with CF% values of 13.4 and 10.0, respectively. Interestingly, the fungal extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as potential antioxidant activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.45 to 6.90 mg/mL. Among them, endophytes Bpf-10 (Diaporthe sp.) and Bpf-11 (Botryosphaeria sp.) showed the strongest biological activities and more abundant secondary metabolites.ConclusionsThis study reported the diversity of endophytic fungi from the roots of B. polyandra and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the crude extracts for the first time. The results revealed that B. polyandra contains diverse culturable endophytic fungi that potentially produce natural antibacterial and antioxidant compounds with great value to the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. and ALLIUM CEPA L.

Objective: The aims of this study were to identify the endophytic fungi from Capsicum annuum L. and Allium cepa L., to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from C. annuum and A. cepa. Methods: Endophytic fungi was isolated with potato dextrose agar (PDA) from fruits of C. annuumand bulbs of A. cepa. Isolate of endophytic fungi was molecular identified to know the species or genus. Cultivation was carried out on rice media, 4 weeks on room temperature and the extraction by maceration using ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity were tested by DPPH method. While antibacterial activity was tested by disk diffusion methods and microdilution methods. Results: Five isolates of endophytic fungi from red and green fruits of C. annuum and bulb of A. cepa have been isolated and the species or the genus have been confirmed. KCM 1 and KCM 2 isolates endophytic fungi from the red fruits of C. annuum were confirmed as Diaporthe sp and Chaetomium globosum. The KCH 1 isolate from green fruits of the C. annuum was confirmed as Trametes hirsuta. The KBM 1 and KBM 2 isolates from A. cepa were confirmed as Schizophyllum commune and Phlebia sp. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity was exposed by ethyl acetate extract of S. commune. Conclusion: Five isolates endophytic fungi from C. annuum and A. cepa were Diaporthe sp, C. globosum, T. hirsuta, S. commune and Phlebia sp. Ethyl acetate extract of S.commune gave highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ethyl Acetate Extract of Urtica diocia Leaves; Characterizations and Emerging Antimicrobial Activity.

The current work reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of Urtica diocia (UD) leaves as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized UD-AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The UD-AgNPs were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and their size, shape, and distribution were recorded. The average size of an NP was 19.401 nm. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) for 75 µL of UD-AgNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was 21 ± 0.4 mm more than that of the control drug Ciprofloxacin (16 ± 10 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was the lowest against Escherichia coli (E. coli) (36 ± 3 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (38 ± 3 µg/mL). Moreover, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was the lowest against E. coli (75 ± 00 µg/mL) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis (83 ± 16 µg/mL). Thus, the UD-AgNPs synthesized using the ethyl acetate extract of UD can be used as a new antimicrobial drug.

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antifungi Ekstrak Etil Asetat dengan N-Heksan Daun Nyirih ( Xylocarpus granatum)

Medicinal plants are very popular among Indonesian people as ingredients for traditional medicine. One of the medicinal plants is Nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) from the Meliaceae family which is empirically used as a diarrhea medicine and wound cleanser. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of Nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sthapylococcus aureus bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The method used is the paper disc diffusion method with a concentration of Nyirih leaves at 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results of antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Nyirih leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sthapylococcus aureus bacteria resulted in a DDH value (diameter of the inhibition zone) 9.83 mm - 21.28 mm, but for n-hexane extract did not produce a DDH value. The test results for antifungal activity of extract ethyl acetate and n-heksan of Nyirih leaves against Candida albicans did not produce a DDH value (diameter of the inhibition zone). Ethyl acetate extract of Nyirih leaves has potential as an antibacterial.

Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal endophytes isolated from leaf gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb)

Gambir (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb) is a Sumatran medicinal plant that has various bioactivities, including antibacterial. This study aims to isolate endophytic fungi from gambier leaves and test the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fungal endophytes from gambir leaves. The fungal endophytes were isolated by inoculating the fungus obtained from gambir leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The fungal endophytes were identified microscopically and macroscopically. Furthermore, the fungal endophytes were cultivated using rice media : aquades (100 : 110). The cultivated fungus was macerated using ethyl acetate solvent and tested using a screening test. The antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi was conducted using the agar diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). This study has revealed five fungal isolates from gambir leaves and identified the isolates as Penicillium sp 1 (0.39 g), Penicillium sp 2 (0.26 g), Neopestalotiopsis sp (0.97 g), Colletotrichum capsici (0.46 g), and Aspergillus sp (0.25 g). The ethyl acetate extracts of each fungal endophyte show the presence of phenolic compounds and have inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity is shown by ethyl acetate extracts of the fungal endophytes of Neopestalotiopsis sp at a concentration of 7.5% on P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 23±3.9 mm and S. aureus ATCC 25923 14±2.5 mm. Tests on B. subtilis ATCC 6633 and E. coli ATCC 25922 with the highest inhibition zones were indicated by the ethyl acetate extracts of the fungus Aspergillus sp of 15.3±4 mm and 14±1.9 mm, respectively.

Non-targeted screening with LC-HRMS and In-Silico Study on Diabetic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Sanrego (Lunasia amara Blanco)

Indonesian have long empirical use of the Sanrego plant (Lunasia amara Blanco) as antidiabetic, but the active compounds of Sanrego that acts as antidiabetic is not yet known. This study aimed to know the active compound from the ethyl acetate extract (EEA) of Sanrego stems and leaves and predict its ability as an anti- diabetic by in-silico. The dried leaves and stems of Sanrego were grounded into powder and extracted using ethyl acetate. The active compounds were detected using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Anti-diabetic activity was predicted by molecular docking approach compared to acarbose and vildagliptin. The TLC results showed that Sanrego EEA contained alkaloid and flavonoid compounds include scopoletin. The LC-HRMS results showed 11 active compounds in EEA and all of them had anti-diabetic activity. The detected main compounds were hesperidin, scopoletin, tangeritin, and trigonelline. Based on the results of molecular docking, the four compounds showed anti-diabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition and dipeptidyl peptides- 4 (DPP-4) inhibition. Hesperidin has the highest energy affinity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor (-7.4) and DPP4 inhibitor (-9.8), followed by tangeritin, scopoletin, and trigonelline. This study concluded that the EEA of Sanrego contains hesperidin, tangeritin, scopoletin, and trigonelline which has anti-diabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition and DPP4 inhibition.

Streptomyces filamentosus strain KS17 isolated from microbiologically unexplored marine ecosystems exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against human pathogens

The continuous development of antimicrobial resistance and appearance of new diseases necessitate use of novel and effective antimicrobial molecules. This research work was planned to determine the antimicrobial and metabolite profiling of Streptomyces filamentosus strain KS17 from unexplored regions of Devbag beach, India. The Streptomyces filamentosus strain KS17 was screened and was subjected to various characterization techniques. Antagonistic activity of ethyl acetate extract was carried out and finally spectral and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was done. The Streptomyces filamentosus strain KS17 displayed a strong antimicrobial activity on cross streak method. The organism produced greyish and light yellow mycelia and optimal growth was observed at 30–35 ℃ and expressed an evolutionary relationship with Streptomyces filamentosus strain Act74 (KT996121). The UV spectrum exhibited active peak at 213 nm. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts, such as S. flexneri, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. aureus, E. faecalis, B. subtilis, C. albicans and C. glabrata. The gram negative bacteria P. aeruginosa was unsusceptible. The metabolite profiling through GC-MS acquainted the presence of 30 bioactive compounds having antibacterial, anticancer properties. Pentane, 2,4-dimethyl- (40.75%), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleate (17.09%), 2-methylhexacosane (4.52%), 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (E,E,E)- (3.85%) and Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester (2.82%) were the leading compounds available in extract. These compounds are known to have strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, the results clearly suggest the possibility of Streptomyces filamentosus strain KS17 as optimistic candidate for the development of potential antimicrobial drugs after structure elucidation and detail characterizations of bioactive metabolite.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Isolated Compounds from Prosopis africana Leaves.

Prosopis africana (G. &Perr.) Taub (Mimosaceae) is a large tree native to dry tropical Africa and characteristic of dry leguminous forests. Different parts of this plant are used to treat wounds, skin infection, and to fight against cancer. Literature review indicated various pharmacological properties. Despite these medicinal properties, the chemical composition studies remain limited. This study aims to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from P. africana leaves and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Air-dried powdered leaves of P. africana were macerated in methanol at room temperature and partitioned with ethyl acetate. The EtOAc extract was subjected successively to flash and column chromatographies in order to isolate compounds. The structure of the isolates was determined with help of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and comparison with literature data. The antibacterial activities were evaluated via determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antioxidant activities were evaluated via gallic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (GEAC) and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract led to the isolation of seven compounds: (2E, 6E) farnesylamine (1), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (2), bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (3), lupeol (4), ß-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol glycoside (6), and a mixture of bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (3) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (7) in ratio 1 : 2. Compound 1 is described here for the first time as a natural product with complete 1H and 13C assignments. Compounds 3 and 7 were identified as artefacts from dichloromethane. Sesquiterpene amine (1) is reported in Prosopis genus for the first time. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of isolated compounds were investigated. Among the tested samples, the EtOAc extract and compound 2 exhibited the highest antioxidant (EC50 = 5.67–77.56 μg/mL; GEAC = 36.58–89.28 μg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC = 8–64 μg/mL) activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The EtOAc extract and compound 2 from P. africana exhibited antibacterial activity through bacteriolytic effects and reduction of the antioxidant defenses in the bacterial cells. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of isolated compounds was discussed. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract and compound 2 can justify the traditional uses of P. africana leaves for the treatment of diseases related to bacterial infections. The presence of compounds 1, 2, and 4 in this plant should also be considered as valuable chemotaxonomic features.

IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF CENTAUREA BEHEN LINN

This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethyl acetate extracts of Centaurea Behen Linn (C. Behen) on some microorganisms. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella bongori and Escherichia coli), and two fungus (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms using standard ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole (10-30μg/ml). The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in term of millimeter (mm). To analyze the antimicrobial activity, ethyl acetate extract of C. Behen was tested by well diffusion method against six selected strain and which shows significant inhibitory action against all the tested strain. The antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of root against all microorganisms was concentration dependent but less than standard drug. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant is due to the presence of phytochemicals. For future studies, phytochemcials responsible for these activities can be isolated and modified for pharmacological purpose.

Isolation of Estuary Soil Fungi and Screening Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus

Infectious disease is one of the causes of death in the world. Antibiotics are often used in the treatment of bacterial infections but are currently experiencing resistance. Based on this, the search for alternative antibiotics from natural sources needs to be done, one of which is from fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic microbes which have been an eminent sources for many currently available antibiotics including penicillin. This study was conducted to determine the potential antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of estuarine fungi isolates against gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Phytochemical screening of the extract using the TLC method while antibacterial testing was carried through a standard microdilution protocol. Antibacterial activity was reported in percent inhibition. The antibacterial test resulted in seven extracts possessed significant activity, with the highest percent inhibition of the IS-IB-T2 isolate code is 66.5 ± 1.1% and the lowest of the IS-IB-B2 isolate code is 12.2 ± 0.7% at concentration of 100 µg/mL. Majority compounds detected in each extract was terpenoids which suggested the contribution of antibacterial mechanisms. Therefore, estuary soil fungi have the potential to be further explored by antibiotic compounds.Keywords: antibacterial, estuarine fungi, staphylococcus aureus

The potency of endophytic fungi isolated from Hippobroma longiflora (L) G. Don as an antioxidant sources

Endophytic fungi are friendly microbes colonizing in plants and play an effective role in plant-environment interactions. They produce valuable secondary metabolites that both plants and human beings can benefit from such products. In this study, an antioxidant-producing endophytic fungi were screened and identified from the leaves of Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don which is one of the traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts of 6 endophytic fungi isolated from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don. The qualitative and quantitative antioxidant activity was screened by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Qualitatively 6 extracts from the endophytic fungi isolates (AOL1, AOL2, AOL3, AOL4, AOL5, and AOL6) from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don showed antioxidant activity, but quantitatively the extracts that showed very strong activity was extracts from AOL1 isolate with IC50 values of 28.50 μg/mL. Based on phenotypic and molecular identification AOL1 isolate identified as Phyllosticta sp and produce alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid.

Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Ipomoea staphylina

The study aimed to estimate phenolic and iflavonoid content and to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Ipomoea staphylina. The total phenolic content of the extract was estimated via Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminium chloride colorimetric procedure was used to guess the total flavonoid content. DPPH and superoxide scavenging assays were performed to determine in vitro antioxidant activity of I. staphylina extract. The study demonstrated that the scavenging properties of I. staphylina extract against DPPH and superoxide radicals were in a dose depending manner. The extract at 100 μg/ml concentrations has shown maximum DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging effect and the obtained values were comparable with the istandard drug ascorbic acid. The IC50 value of the extract was found to be 35.84 and 30.30 μg/ml in DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assay, respectively. The extract also contains a moderate quantity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are probably responsible for the antioxidant activity. Based on the results found it can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of I. staphylina exhibits antioxidant properties probably because of the occurrence of a moderate quantity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Evaluation of in vivo antidiabetic activity of Notonia grandiflora Wall.

The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo hypoglycaemic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Notonia grandiflora (EANG) in albino wistar rats. EANG was orally administrated to STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p, b.w) induced diabetic rats at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w for 21 days. The effect of EANG on blood glucose, body weight, plasma insulin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, Hb, HbA1C, liver glycogen content, bilirubin level, liver enzymes (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, alkaline phosphatase) were measured in the diabetic rats. Treatment of EANG significantly lowered the levels of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. It also restored body weight, liver glycogen content, and serum insulin level in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. A significant reduction in the activity of liver function enzymes associated with diabetes and serum levels of renal parameters after treatment with EANG was observed, signifying the protective effects of EANG in diabetes-associated complications. Hence, it could be used as a safer complementary drug in the management of diabetes and associated complications.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Martynia annua Fruit

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Martynia annua fruits. Martynia annua (M. annua) commonly used in traditional medicines for cure of inflammation, tuberculosis, skin infection, epilepsy, burns, itching and sore throat. The fruit of M. annua was extracted with ethyl acetate by soxhlet method. The fruit extract (EAE) was subjected to phytochemical analysis,thin layer chromatography and determination of antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography of EAE confirmed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, fat, volatile oil, tannin and phenolic compound. The EAE showed dose dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH, hydrogen peroxide assay and nitric oxide assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be about 70- 90%. It is concluded that antioxidant activity of EAE of Martynia annua fruit produced dose related effect.

Antimicrobial Activity of Fomitopsis Officinalis (Vill.) Bondartsev & Singer in Pure Culture

Background. According to the World Health Organization antibiotic resistance is among the top ten threats to human health, food safety and development. Today antibiotic resistance has reached alarmingly high levels all over the world. Meanwhile, the increase in the synthetic drugs' production has led to the pathogenic mycobiota's rapid adaptation to the created chemicals, which have a narrow focus of application. That is why in modern biotechnology and pharmacology much attention is paid to natural producers of biologically active compounds, in particular – to xylotrophic fungi. It has been experimentally proven that the xylotrophic macromycete Fomitopsis officinalis or tinder fungus can be considered to be a promising producer of pharmacological substances with a broad spectrum of action. Studies of active metabolites, contained in the mycelial mass, culture fluid of the medicinal xylotrophic macromycete F. officinalis, and determination of their biological action remain relevant. Objective. The objective was to determine the antimicrobial activity of culture fluid and mycelial mass of F. officinalis different strains from the mushrooms collection (IBK Mushroom Culture Collection of the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine) against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species. Methods. An in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of culture fluid and aqueous-ethyl extracts of mycelial mass for F. officinalis strains IBK-5004, IBK-2497, IBK-2498 against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (B-918), Bacillus subtilis (В-901) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (B-906), Bacillus subtilis (B-900), Klebsiella pneumoniae (M-123) bacteria by disc-diffusion method was conducted. Results. High antimicrobial activity of tinder fungus culture fluid and mycelial mass extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was established after the 21st day of cultivation, while on the 28th day the zone of growth retardation was maximal (15–25 mm). The highest indices were recorded in F. officinalis IBK-5004 (20–25 mm) and IBK-2498 (20–24 mm) strains. Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae in culture fluid extracts was manifested on the 21st and 28th days of cultivation. The highest antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed in the culture fluid of the strain F. officinalis IBK-5004, the diameter of the growth retardation zone was 18 mm on the 28th day of cultivation. Mycelial mass's extracts showed moderate activity on the 14th day of cultivation (7-8 mm); maximal activity was recorded on the 28th day (12–22 mm). The most active strain was Fomitopsis officinalis IBK-2498. No antimicrobial activity against test organisms was detected in the following studied strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis. Conclusions. It has been established that the mycelial mass and culture fluid extracts of F. officinalis IBK-5004, IBK-2497, IBK-2498 strains have high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and moderate antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae on the 21st and 28th day of cultivation.

Ultrastructural effects of ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 on foodborne bacterium

The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 isolated from the leaf of Ocimum sanctum Linn. was studied and tested against foodborne bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica. The extract exhibited favourable antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition as 20.1±0.6 mm. On the other hand, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL respectively. The extract exerted bactericidal effect against the test bacterium since the MBC/MIC ratio is less than 4. The time-kill study of the extract against the test bacterium suggested that the extract possessed antibacterial properties at higher concentrations and eradicated the growth of bacterial cells. The SEM and TEM observations revealed that several abnormalities occurred on the treated cells including irregular shape, cell’s leakage, shrunken and crumpled cells which resulted in cell death. Therefore, the present study suggested that the ethyl acetate extract of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 could be an effective antibacterial agent to combat foodborne pathogens.

Studying on cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate extracts and isolated substances from cultured Isaria cicadae F0004 in Vietnam against the MCF-7 cell lines and Jurkat cell lines

Isaria cicadae species of the Isaria genus have been isolated in many Asian countries, including China, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. Furthermore, Isaria cicadae content potential medicinal source in the prevention and treatment of cancer, strengthening the immune system. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Jurkat T cell lines of the extract and isolated potential compounds from Isaria cicadae in Vietnam. The results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract from the fruit body of the Isaria cicadae F0004 strain had high cytotoxic activity against both MCF-7 and Jurkat cell lines at the concentration of 100 μg/mL with the IC50 value was reached 17.15 ± 1.68 and 10.37 ± 0.61 μg/mL respectively. The constituents of the EA extract from the fungus Isaria cicadae F0004 were isolated by column chromatography and preparative chromatography. Then, the structures were determined by spectroscopy 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR. It was obtained 5 compounds including uracil, 1-0-ethyl-ß-D-ribofuranose, ergosterol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid. Protocatechuic acid isolated from Isaria cicadae F0004 that showed cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and Jurkat cell lines with IC50 values of 5.97 ± 0.36 and 3.15 ± 0.64 (mM) respectively. This study is the basis for further research on the cytotoxic activity of the fungus Isaria cicadae F0004 in vitro.

Bioprospection and secondary metabolites profiling of marine Streptomyces levis strain KS46

The quest for novel broad spectrum bioactive compounds is needed continuously because of the rapid advent of pathogenic multi drug resistant organisms. Actinomycetes, isolated from unexplored habitats can be a solution of this problem. The motive of this research work was isolation of actinomycetes having potential antimicrobial activities from unexplored regions of Devbag and Tilmati beach. The isolated actinomycetes were screened against pathogenic microbes for antimicrobial activities through cross streak method. Enzyme production activity was checked for these actinomycetes for amylase, protease, cellulase and lipase enzymes. Further antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of the potent strain KS46 was performed. The strain KS46 was identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and secondary structure was analysed. Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling was conducted to ascertain the presence of bioactive metabolites in the ethyl acetate extract. The collected samples were pre-treated and 70 actinomycetes were isolated. The Streptomyces sp. strain KS46 showed the best antimicrobial activity in primary screening. Ethyl acetate extract of the strain KS46 revealed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. flexneri, C. albicans and C. glabrata. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strain KS46 as Streptomyces levis strain KS46. The GC–MS metabolite profiling of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the availability of 42 compounds including fatty acid esters, fatty acid anhydrides, alkanes, steroids, esters, alcohols, carboxylic ester, etc. having antibacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative, antioxidant activities. This study indicated that Devbag and Tilmati beaches being untapped habitats have enormous diversity of promising antimicrobial metabolite producing actinomycetes. Therefore, further exploration should be carried out to characterize the potential actinomycetes, which can be optimistic candidates for generation of novel antimicrobial drugs.