Activity Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaf extract

The study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. belonging to family Moringaceae. Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. Ethanol and Distilled water were used as a solvent to extract and to detect the phytochemical constituent’s and to screen its antibacterial activity from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. The phytochemical constituents were screened by qualitative analysis method. The phytochemical screening finds out the presence of terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, etc. in leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera was examined against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Antibacterial Activity were carried out with ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera using agar well diffusion method. The present study showed that ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera showed more potent antibacterial activity against S. Aureus and E. coli.

Assessment of ethanol leaf extract from urtica dioica for in vitro Anti-Helminthic properties

Helminthic infections continue to be a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare. With the increasing prevalence of drug resistance among helminths, there is a pressing need for alternative treatments derived from natural sources. Urtica dioica, commonly known as stinging nettle, has been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes, including its purported anthelmintic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-helminthic activity of ethanol leaf extract of Urtica dioica against helminth parasites. Fresh leaves of Urtica dioica were collected, dried, and powdered. The ethanol leaf extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. Various concentrations of the extract were tested against helminth parasites using established in vitro assays. The efficacy of the extract was determined by assessing parameters such as paralysis and mortality of the parasites. Preliminary findings indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of urtica dioica possesses significant anti-helminthic activity against the tested parasites. The extract exhibited dose-dependent paralysis and mortality of the helminths, with higher concentrations demonstrating greater efficacy. These results suggest the potential of Urtica dioica as a natural source of anthelmintic agents. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed anti-helminthic activity and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Urtica dioica extract in vivo. Additionally, investigations into the underlying mechanisms of action and potential synergistic effects with conventional anthelmintic drugs may provide valuable insights for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against helminthic infections. The study results when compared to standard drug of fenbendazole, ethanolic extract of Urtica dioica possess a good significant anti-helmentic activity compared to standard drug of fenbendazole.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and gastric histopathology activities of ethanol leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium in diclofenac induced albino rat models

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and gastric histopathology activities of ethanol leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium in diclofenac induced albino rat models

Evaluation of Synergistic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Tephrosia Purpurea and Bacopa Monnieri in Ulcer Induced Rats.

To evaluate synergistic antiulcer activity of ethanolic extracts of Tephrosia purpurea and Bacopa monnieri in ulcer induced rats. Ethanolic leaf extracts of both the plants were administered individually and in combination at a dose of 200mg/kg to ulcer induced male albino rats. Omeprazole 10mg/kg was used as standard. Pylorus ligation method, ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models were the different gastric ulcer models selected for the induction of ulcer in rats. Ulcer index, ulcer score, total acidity, pH, percentage protection, volume of gastric juice were the parameters evaluated and compared in different groups in all the models. Decrease in the ulcer score, ulcer index, total acidity was observed and percentage protection was significant(*p<0.05 and p<0.01) with the combination extract compared to group received individual plant extracts. Our results suggested that combination of two medicinal plants showed synergistic anti ulcer activity and decreased the formation of ulcer lesions in rats.

Phytochemical screening, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase inhibition of ethanolic leaf extracts from 37 cultivars of Antidesma puncticulatum Miq.

Introduction: Antidesma puncticulatum Miq., commonly known as Mao-Luang in Thailand, is a medicinal plant widely renowned for its abundance of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. This study investigated the phytochemical components, antioxidant potentials, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanolic leaf extracts from 37 cultivars of A. puncticulatum. Methods: The leaves of 37 different varieties of A. puncticulatum were dried, finely ground, and then extracted using ethanol. The phytochemical screening, total amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins of the extracts were assessed. To evaluate their antioxidant potential, the extracts were subjected to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) Assays. In addition, standard in vitro methods were used to determine the α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of the extracts. Results: Five phytochemical classes were detected in high concentrations in all of the extracts. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents were in the range of 9.86-26.75 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract, 8.10-16.18 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry extract, and 14.83-33.67 mg CE/g dry extract, respectively. According to DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay results, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were 5.10-9.07, 0.73-2.12, and 2.06- 4.01 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidative capacity (AEAC)/g crude extract, respectively. Interestingly, the crude extracts from A. puncticulatum were more effective as α-glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose, with IC50 values ranging from 1.26 to 25.07 µg/mL. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaf extracts of A. puncticulatum were potent sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, more research is needed to substantiate their potential applications as therapeutic remedies for diabetes.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Arthropteris Orientalis in Wistar Albino Rat

The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis in wistar albino rat. The plant extract was obtained with the procedure as described by Khalifa et al. [1] and both acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties was assessed. Five groups of five animals each were utilized for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was evaluated on egg albumin induced paw edema in albino rats and edema induced by formalin in the wistar albino rats’ paw for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The extract had 26.665% tannin while flavonoid, saponin, phenol, and glycoside had 0.784%, 0.631%, 0.183% and 0.057% respectively. The result revealed that the extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant inhibition (p&lt;0.05) of systemic acute paw edema at the 4th hour of the second phase of edema in comparison with the standard drug. The results reveal that intraperitoneal administration of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis on formalin-Induced paw edema in wistar albino rats at (100 and 500mg/kg) and (100mg/kg) exhibited significant inhibition (p&lt;0.05) in mean paw volumes on day 1 and 2 respectively. The extract did not produce any significant hematological change. These results show that Arthropteris orientalis has potential anti-inflammatory properties.

Synergistic Nootropic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ziziphus Jujuba and Tinospora Cordifolia against Stress Induced Rats

Aim: The present investigation deals with the preliminary phytochemical analysis, synergistic nootropic activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced rats.&#x0D; Methods: Nootropic activity was observed in Albino Wistar rats of either sex using behavior paradigms such as elevated plus maze, staircase and morris water maze.&#x0D; Results: In elevated plus maze and morris water maze, the rats were treated with extracts at doses (100 and 200 mg/kg-po) for 9 days and were observed on 9th day of treatment. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for comparison. In the elevated plus maze, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the transfer latency when compared to 100 mg/kg. In the staircase, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the number of climbings and the number of rearings when compared to 100 mg/kg. In the morris water maze, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the escape latency when compared to 100 mg/kg and control.&#x0D; Conclusion: The combination of these two medicinal plants Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia possessed significant synergistic nootropic activity and further research attempts can be made so as to isolate the novel moiety molecules which can be elucidated and can be evaluated for their therapeutic potential.

Hypoglycemic activity of ethanol leaf extract of Grona trifloral in alloxan induced diabetic mice

Diabetes is metabolic disease characterized by elevated level of blood glucose, which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2 or gestational. Attention is now being diverted to natural remedies such as herbs. This study investigated the anti-diabetic properties of Grona trifloral ethanol extract using mice diabetic model. Ethanol extract of the leaf of Grona trifloral was prepared by cold maceration and analyzed for its phytochemical components. The acute toxicity of the extract was determined. Diabetes was induced by intraperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). A total of 25 mice with evidence of diabetes were randomized into 5 groups of five rats each and treated as follows: Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (diabetic control), group 3 (metformin, 100 mg/kg) and groups 4 and 5 (1/5 and 1/20 of leaf extracts LD50) respectively. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using Glucometer on stipulated days. At the end of the experiments, LD50 ˃ 5,000 mg/kg body weight and the phytochemicals present in Grona trifloral were alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, proteins, tannins, triterpenoids and glycosides. There were significant (p ˂ 0.05) dose dependent percentage decreases in glucose levels in the groups treated with Grona trifloral leaf extract. In conclusion, Grona trifloral ethanol leaf extract had dose dependent increase in anti-hyperglycemic effects and at the highest tested dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, Grona trifloral hypoglycemic activities surpassed that of metformin (a standard anti-diabetic drug).

Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum in pentylenetetrazole and strychnine induced seizure in mice.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition affecting around 50 million people worldwide. This study evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of Panicium maxmium in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and strychnine (STN) induced convulsions in mice. For each model, 25 mice were divided into five groups; group 1 received 10 ml/kg distilled water, groups 2-4 received 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of extract p.o respectively. Group 5 received 3 mg/kg of diazepam p.o. Convulsion was induced intraperitoneally using PTZ and STN, thirty minutes after the extract was administered. The onset of myoclonic, tonic-clonic seizure, time of death within 60 minutes of PTZ and STN administration were monitored. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s comparison tests. In STN-induced seizure model, 100 mg/kg of P. maximum exhibited a significant (p &lt; 0.001) anticonvulsant activity by delaying myoclonic seizure onset in mice when compared to the control. Significant (p &lt; 0.001) activity was also observed in the onset of tonic clonic seizure at same dose when compared to control. In PTZ-induced seizure model, 200 mg/kg exhibited more significant (p &lt; 0.001) activity followed by 100 mg/kg (p &lt; 0.05) by delaying myoclonic seizure onset in mice when compared to the control. Significant (p &lt; 0.001) activity were observed in tonic clonic phase at same doses respectively. The different doses administered couldn’t protect the mice from death. Diazepam, standard drug used, protected all the animals without any signs of convulsions. The results provide evidence that the extract possesses anticonvulsant activity.

Pharmacological Investigation of In-vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Diospyros malabarica

Aims: This study was designed to investigate the effects of leaf extracts of Diospyros malabarica plant (EEDML) on a number of in vitro activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic activities, as well as in vivo analgesic activities.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology at the Department of Pharmacy and the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, conducted this investigation from January 2022 to June 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: The study employed the Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of various doses. The Disk Diffusion Method was employed for conducting an antimicrobial assay. Different tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of thrombolytic and cytotoxic substances. These tests included the Clot Lysis assay and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. In-vivo analgesic testing was conducted using the hot plate method and the acetic acid-induced writhing test.&#x0D; Results: The experimental tests showed significant pain-relieving effects, with inhibition percentages of 46.2% and 66.61% observed at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory test showed a significant inhibition of EEDML at a concentration of 1000μg/mL, with an inhibition rate of 85.45%. The antimicrobial test showed a moderate antimicrobial effect, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 07-15, depending on the microorganism and dosage. The thrombolytic test showed a clot lysis rate of 85.37%, while the cytotoxic test indicated an LC50 value of 1.47.&#x0D; Conclusion: EEDML's phytochemical displays strong pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential for drug discovery in diverse areas.

Evaluation of anti-snake venom activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, Ageratum conyzoide and Anogeisus leiocarpus on West African Carpet Viper (Echis ocellatus) in envenomed Sprague Dawley rats.

Evaluation of anti-snake venom activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, Ageratum conyzoide and Anogeisus leiocarpus on West African Carpet Viper (Echis ocellatus) in envenomed Sprague Dawley rats.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Ficus sycomorus and Hyphaene theibaica leaf Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans

The effective use of Ficus sycomorus and Hyphaene theibaica traditionally in treatment of variety of illnesses has been widely reported. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Ficus sycomorus and Hyphaene theibaica on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Fresh leaves of Ficus sycomorus and Hyphaene theibaica were collected, dried and subjected to ethanolic extraction, and screened for phytochemicals. Five different concentrations of each extract was prepared viz: 200, 160, 120, 80 and 40 mg/mL using distilled water as solvent and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that F. sycomorus contained phenol saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids while H. theibaica contains Saponin, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenol and steroids. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Ficus sycomorus was observed only against Escherichia coli at 200 mg/mL. While no zones of inhibition were observed against any of the test isolates for ethanolic leaf extracts of Hyphaene theibaica. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of F. sycomorus extracts on E. coli was 100 mg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 200 mg/mL. The activity of F. sycomorus leaf extract on E. coli being an enteric bacteria, could justify the traditional claims of its use in effective treatment of diarrhea and other stomach complications.

Assessment of biological activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Zaleya decandra L.

Assessment of biological activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Zaleya decandra L.

Determination of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus

Abstract. Okoli EC, Umaru IJ, Olawale O. 2023. Determination of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus. Biodiversitas 24: 2272-2277. Many people in Nigeria and West Africa have long used the leaves, stem bark, and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. as a medicine to treat ailments such as malaria, ulcers, coughs, and fevers. The antioxidant, antimalarial, antiulcer, and antibacterial activities of stem bark, leaves, and roots of P. erinaceus have been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of the P. erinaceus leaf. Phytochemical compounds in ethanolic leaf extracts of P. erinaceus were analyzed and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The antibacterial test was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH scavenging activity. Phytochemicals content in the extract include flavonoids (44.71%), alkaloids (19.47%), steroids (6.01%), tannins (1.73%), saponins (4.70%), glycosides (7.00%), tannins (2.60%), anti-nutrient (12.77%). Ethanol extracts of P. erinaceus leaves were effective against all selected bacterial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa). DPPH scavenging activity of the ethanol extract of P.erinaceus at a concentration of 1000 ?g/mL was 49.51% and 27.20% at 40 ?g/mL, categorized as moderate antioxidant activity. This study showed that crude ethanol extracts of P. erinaceus leaf contained pharmacologically active compounds and exhibited significant antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner.

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of the Plant Andographis Paniculata on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The search for compounds with antimicrobial activity has gained increasing importance in recent times, due to growing worldwide concern about the alarming increase in rate of infection by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was studied. The fresh leaves of Andographis paniculata were collected randomly from a local farm in Alulu Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State Nigeria. The leaf samples were morphologically identified, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. Thirty-nine grams of the powder total weight of the extract, was macerated using ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves extract was carried out and the results showed that Saponins (++), Tannins (++), Flavonoids (+++), Phenols (+++), Steroids (++) were present while Terpenoids (-), Alkaloids (-) and Glycosides (-) were absent. The extract was concentrated by evaporation at various concentrations (100mg/ml, 300mg/ml, and 500mg/ml) prepared using 5% DMSO. Antibacterial activity was determined using agar well diffusion method, and results showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli while there was inhibition zones of 20 mm, 17 mm and15 mm against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined and the results showed that at 12.5mg/ml concentration, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined and the results showed that at 12.5mg/ml concentration, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This study therefore showed that ethanolic extracts of Andographis paniculata has activity against the Staphylococcus aureus since they exhibited comparable activity with the positive control ciprofloxacin.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Andographis paniculata on Isolates of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from Locally Processed Beverages in Umueze Nkanu West Local Government Area Enugu State Nigeria

The microbial contamination of locally processed beverages has been familiar among microbiological researchers who have repeatedly implicated them as the major cause of endemics due to poor processing. However, due to antimicrobial resistance and the need to discover new antimicrobial plants, Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against isolates of Salmonella spp. and Esherichia coli from zobo and soya milk was studied. Andographis paniculata leaves were collected randomly from a local farm in Emene Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State. The leaves samples were identified morphologically, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. 39.7 g of the powder was macerated with ethanol during the extraction process. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and result showed that Saponins, Tanins, Flavanoids, Phenols, Steriods were present with Flavanoids and Saponins being in higher concentration, while Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides were absent. The zobo and soya milk samples were diluted using 10-fold serial dilution method and introduced into the already prepared MacConkey and Salmonella Shigella Agar for incubation. Isolates from zobo and soya milk were characterized, biochemically and morphologically and were identified as E. coli and Salmonella spp. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. was determined using agar well diffusion method, and result showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. However, absence of Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides exhibited non-comparable activity with the positive control (ciprofloxacin).

Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Annona muricata L.: An in vivo and an in silico Approach.

In Nigeria, Annona muricata L. has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The mechanism of the antimalarial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata (EEAML) was investigated using both an in vivo and an in silico approach. The experimental mice were divided into five groups: A-F. The mice in groups B-F were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei NK-65 and treated accordingly. Groups A and B are the negative and positive controls (infected and untreated), respectively. Group C received 10 mg/kg chloroquine (standard drug), whereas groups D-F received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight of the extract orally respectively. The mice were euthanized eight days after infection, and their liver and blood were collected and used in biochemical tests. Molecular docking was performed using the extract's HPLC compounds and Plasmodium falciparum proteins. In the suppressive, prophylactic, and curative tests, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in parasitemia levels in groups treated with the extract compared to the positive control and standard drug. When compared to the positive control, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in liver MDA, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride levels. The binding energies of luteolin and apigenin-pfprotein complexes were significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to their respective references. The anti-plasmodial activity of the extract may result from its hypolipidemic effect, which deprives the parasite of essential lipid molecules needed for parasite growth, as well as from the inhibitory effects of apigenin and luteolin on specific proteins required for the Plasmodium metabolic pathway.

Phytochemical Screening, Anti-obesity and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Jatropha tanjorensis in Wistar Rats

Aim: The objective of this study is to assess Jatropha tanjorensis's phytochemical components, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective properties.&#x0D; Methods: 35 albino Wistar rats were placed into five groups of seven rats each. Each group received the following treatment: Group A served as the control group, and extract doses of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg were given to groups B and C, respectively. Doses of 200 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of J. tanjorensis extract were given to groups D and E. Using accepted methods, the phytochemical components, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective properties of J. tanjorensis were identified.&#x0D; Results: J. tanjorensis was found to include biochemical building blocks like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins after undergoing a qualitative phytochemical screening. With the exception of group C, the results showed a substantial (P&lt; 0.05) drop in cholesterol levels when compared to the control group. Group A's HDL concentration levels increased significantly (P&lt; 0.05) when compared to the other groups.In treated group D (8.70±6.54) after extract administrations, ALP levels were significantly (p 0.05) lower than in the normal control group (15.00±8.00). Although there was a considerable decline in other groups, the ALT activity was found to be significantly lower in treatment group E (5.33±1.33). Treatment groups B (14.003.61) and E (14.003.61) saw a minor but significant decline in AST activity, but treatment groups C (24.33±3.53) and D (36.67±17.34) saw a more significant increase.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concludes that plant extracts may be used to treat metabolic disorders like obesity and cardiovascular diseases because they have the potential to lower cholesterol and have hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, phytochemicals may be used as drug precursors, templates for synthetic modification, and pharmacological probes.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Sida acuta Against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Persistent evolution of multidrug resistance bacteria due to inappropriate use of conventional antibiotics is undermining treatment intervention for infectious diseases, thus constituting substantial proportion of the global public health problem. This, necessitated the search and development of new drugs particularly from plant origin that are effective against such superbugs. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the phytochemical constituents in Sida acuta and their antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacterial species of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The phytochemical components of the extract were identified using standard methods. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the leaf extract against the bacterial pathogens were assessed using agar well diffusion and broth dilution method, at varying concentrations of the extract (37.50, 75, 150 and 300 mg/ml), and using Commercially obtained ciprofloxacin as control. Preliminary screening revealed that ethanolic leaf extract possesses many secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and cardiac glycosides. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects at (p