Activities Of Different Parts Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review on Cannabis sativa Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Molecular Docking and Biological Activities.

For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition to a very interesting chemical composition, characterized by the presence of an atypical family of molecules known as phytocannabinoids. With this emerging interest, it is very important to take stock of what research has been conducted so far on the chemistry and biology of Cannabis sativa. The aim of this review is to describe the traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities of different parts of this plant, as well as the molecular docking studies. Information was collected from electronic databases, namely SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science. Cannabis is mainly popular for its recreational use, but it is also traditionally used as remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. These biological proprieties are mainly due to the presence of bioactive metabolites represented by more than 550 different molecules. Molecular docking simulations proved the presence of affinities between Cannabis compounds and several enzymes responsible for anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiepileptic and anticancer activities. Several biological activities have been evaluated on the metabolites of Cannabis sativa, and these works have shown the presence of antioxidant, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and dermocosmetic activities. This paper presents the up-to-date reported investigations and opens many reflections and further research perspectives.

Use of the speckle imaging sub-pixel correlation analysis in revealing a mechanism of microbial colony growth

The microbial colony growth is driven by the activity of the cells located on the edges of the colony. However, this process is not visible unless specific staining or cross-sectioning of the colony is done. Speckle imaging technology is a non-invasive method that allows visualization of the zones of increased microbial activity within the colony. In this study, the laser speckle imaging technique was used to record the growth of the microbial colonies. This method was tested on three different microorganisms: Vibrio natriegens, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the speckle analysis system is not only able to record the growth of the microbial colony but also to visualize the microbial growth activity in different parts of the colony. The developed speckle imaging technique visualizes the zone of “the highest microbial activity” migrating from the center to the periphery of the colony. The results confirm the accuracy of the previous models of colony growth and provide algorithms for analysis of microbial activity within the colony.

Corrigendum to: Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Different Parts of Dragon Fruit

Corrigendum to: Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Different Parts of Dragon Fruit

FTIR-Based Metabolomics for Characterization of Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Sesbania grandiflora Plant

Sesbania grandiflora, one of the flowering plants with great potential as a source of natural antioxidants because it contains chemicals such as tannin, phenolics, and flavonoids. However, there has been no extensive investigation on the antioxidant activity of isolated from different parts of this plant. This study aims to investigate the correlation between antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites extracted from three different parts (leaves, stem barks, and roots) of S. grandiflora plant using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomics approach. The FTIR is a very useful technique for identifying the functional groups present in the mixtures, while antioxidant assay provides the base to select the part of the plant as the most potential source of antioxidant. The antioxidant properties were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and potassium ferricyanide reduction method. The multivariate data - analyses using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) were conducted to compare the distribution of metabolites extracted from different parts of the S. grandiflora plant investigated. The PLS was performed to evaluate the relationship between the components of the extracts obtained from different parts of the plant and their antioxidant activities. The results exhibited that antioxidant activities of the extract of the stem barks, and roots are higher than that of the extract of the leaves. Also, the PLS model indicated that the functional group absorption data were significantly correlated with the IC50 values of antioxidant activity. Subsequently, based on the results of PLS ​​analysis displayed that C=C, C=O, and along with C-O functional groups are proposed as the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of the extracts tested. The extracts of different parts were grouped using PCA analysis with a total of principal components (PC) of 94%.

The Current State of Knowledge about the Biological Activity of Different Parts of Capers.

The caper, from the Latin capra, meaning goat, is the common name for the salt-fermented floral buds of the perennial shrubs of the Capparis genus (Capparacea family). This genus is represented by about 250 species, including the very popular C. spinosa L. While the whole plant is edible, the aromatic floral buds are most widely consumed, being collected by hand prior to blooming, dried in the sun and pickled. Capers are usually served marinated in vinegar, brine or oil. They have a significant potential as dietary supplements due to their low calorie content and richness in bioactive phytochemicals. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that C. spinosa have various nutritional and biological properties, including antioxidant activity resulting from the presence of phenolic compounds. The present paper reviews the current literature concerning the biological properties of the fruits, buds, seeds, roots and leaves of C. spinosa, including their toxicity.

Efekat transkranijalne stimulacije direktnom strujom na kontrolu napada i prevenciju epilepsije

Introduction. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. It is an uncontrollable neuronal activity of different parts of the brain leading to convulsion and/or fainting. Although epileptic seizure control and therapeutics have significant advances, 20% -30% of individuals still have uncontrolled seizures. Patients under the medication's control are not free from the drug's side effects and complications. Epileptic patients experience many different challenges. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation method applied in drug-resistant seizures and epilepsies. It transmits positive/negative electrical current toward deep brain parts, modulating their electrical activity. Methods. This is a review article. All relevant articles which were accessible were reviewed. The effectiveness of tDCS in preventing epilepsy in patients undergoing seizures was reviewed in this article. Conclusion. According to the studies, this method can probably be an auxiliary method in preventing and treating seizures. As epileptic seizures were induced and confirmed in some studies after the application of tDCS, the method should be cautiously applied.

EFEITO REPARADOR DA CORRIDA MODERADA SOBRE A MUSCULATURA DOS MEMBROS INFERIORES

ABSTRACT Introduction: Jogging can be a great way to improve physical condition, boosting mind and body. Its method of movement is simple, and there are no sporting limitations as to age, gender, or training place. Jogging is believed to help repair muscle and joint injuries in the lower limbs. Objective: To explore the effects of running on recovering lower limb muscles. Methods: We surveyed 60 undergraduate students who took a 400-meter test at the same site. According to the test results, they were divided into low, medium, and high fitness levels. A questionnaire survey was also used with 20 undergraduate students from the Physical Education Department. Four groups of volunteers did some jogging exercises. Physiological, biochemical, and muscle strength measurements were performed after jogging. The data were statistically treated. Results: The magnitude of change in the sagittal angle of the knee and ankle joint did not increase significantly with increasing jogging rate. The changes in the sagittal angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints were the same for the volunteers with different jogging rates. After 60 minutes of exercise, the low-fitness group showed faster breathing, an elevated heart rate, and a higher rate of lactate and creatinine in the blood. After 120 minutes of exercise training, all sedentary volunteers showed an increase in lactate, creatinine, respiratory rate, and heart rate (P<0.05). The test performance started to decrease at 400 meters. Conclusion: The maximal activation of different parts of the locomotor system changed under different rates of movement. Brief, controlled jogging may be beneficial to lower limb muscles. Still, long-term jogging may cause even more damage to the body and deleterious changes to rehabilitation in blood and biochemical parameters. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

In vitro phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Mallotus Philippinensis

Background: Mallotus Philippinensis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae was broadly utilized in traditional medicines especially in the tropical areas. Mostly distributed in the Himalaya from Kashmir East wards besides tropical India. The plant contains high content of steroids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, saponins, alkaloids and carbohydrates. The previous studies demonstrated that plant exerted significant pharmacological effects like anti-helminthics, antifilarial, antiparasitic, antiulcer, antifungal, antibacterial and immuno-regulatory properties, and as an aphrodisiac. Still antimicrobial activities from different solvent extracts of this plant needed to explore.Objective: The goal of the present investigation was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity from the extract of plant Mallotus Philippinensis. Method: The ethanolic crude extract of plant was extracted by using maceration method. The resulting extracts were used to examined the antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method against some clinical strains (Bacillus, E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella, Epidermites, E. facillus, Pseudomonas) and some ATCC strains (Bacillus, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Pseudomonas) and Phytoconstituents was also investigated for the presence or absence of various metabolites like proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids , steroids flavonoids and saponin test. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: The ethanol extract exhibit positive results for the inhibition of Bacillus, E. coli, S.aureus, Salmonella , Epidermites, E. facillus , Pseudomonas and also exhibit positive results for ATCC strains Bacillus , E.coli , S. aureus , K.pneumonia , Pseudomonas. The extract showed the presence of proteins, steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in the phytochemical screening. DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay disclosed the remarkable antioxidant activity of different parts of Mallotus Philippinensis ethanolic crude extracts. Conclusion: The findings of present project indicated that ethanolic extracts of Mallotus Philippinensis are sensitive against test bacteria. They also show antioxidant activity, and they contain rich number of phyto-constituents. In current study only crude extract was investigated for different curative effects against certain standard microbial strain. In future these extracts were considered after purification for development of various therapeutic agents.

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Celtis australis: A review

Celtis australis is a deciduous plant used worldwide in folk medicine to treat various ailments, such as stomach disorders, cough, pimples, joint pain, amenorrhoea, rheumatism, menstrual disorders, and herpes. The present review aims to document and summarize different works regarding the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of different parts (fruits, barks, leaves, and seeds) of this medicinal plant. For data collection, Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus, PubChem, and PubMed databases were used. This study shows that C. australis contains several bioactive compounds, exhibiting various pharmacological activities mainly hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, C. australis is a promising plant that can be exploited in the treatment of various diseases.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Different Parts of Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Free radicals are molecules with reactive unpaired electrons which are produced during cell metabolism and create the oxidative stress inside tissue resulting in tissue damage. The aim of the present study was qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of ethnomedicinally used Rubus ellipticus Sm. plant. Root, stem, and leaves of Rubus ellipticus Sm. were collected from Annapurna Rural Municipality, Kaski, Western Nepal. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the plant parts were obtained by subsequent maceration process. The phytochemical screening of most of the extract showed the presence of phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and glycosides. The ethanolic extract of stem showed the higher phenolic content with the value of 343.75 ± 2.21 µg GAE/mg. Ethanolic extract of stem had the highest amount of flavonoid content (1563.17 ± 10.79 µg QE/mg of extract), whereas all the ethyl acetate extracts of root, leaves and stem showed comparable flavonoid content. Ethanolic extracts of leaves showed potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 5.03µg/ml while ethyl acetate extract of stem showed the maximum free radical scavenging properties. The result depicted that the ethanolic extract of Rubus ellipticus Sm. showed the potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals.

Effects of geographical location and environmental factors on metabolite content and immune activity of Echinacea purpurea in China based on metabolomics analysis

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, a well-known “immunostimulant” in the West, is one of the most popular plants. The quality and activity of plants are often affected by the environment in that they grow, such as geographical location, climate, and soil. This study reports levels of primary and secondary metabolites and immunomodulatory activity in different parts of E. purpurea from the main regions in which these species are cultivated in China. Metabonomics results showed that E. purpurea in different regions were separated into multiple clusters. Furthermore, the contents of 8 metabolites in E. purpurea differed among regions and parts and differences in immune signaling in macrophages were also observed, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO. Correlation analyses and redundancy analyses revealed that these differences of E. purpurea were related to geographical location (latitude and longitude) and environmental variables (climate and soil). Precipitation and soil pH were important factors affecting the difference in metabolite contents and immune activity of E. purpurea . The most critical reason for the high immune activity of E. purpurea in Hunan may be due to the high precipitation and slightly acidic pH. The results showed that the metabonomics approach is a powerful strategy for assessing the quality of medicinal plants . Meanwhile, our study was of great significance in site selection and rational cultivation of E. purpurea . • Identification of metabolites in E. purpurea using NMR metabolomic. • Environmental factors had significant effects on the composition of E. purpurea. • High AP and slightly acidic pH may benefit E. purpurea quality. • AP affects E. purpurea quality by affecting chlorogenic acid, choline, 3,5-o-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and coumaric acid levels. • pH affects E. purpurea quality by regulating chicoric acid, acetate, choline, and 1,3-o-dicaffeoylquinic acid levels.

Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Different Parts of Dragon Fruit

Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Different Parts of Dragon Fruit

Antimicrobial Studies on Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Root, Stem and Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri (Bhumi Amla): Hepatoprotective Medicinal Plant

This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. niruri on three bacterial and three fungal pathogens. Agar well diffusion has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities of different parts of P niruri. The extracts showed antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strains while no inhibitory activity against all three tested fungal strains was observed. The ethanol extract of P. niruri (leaves, stem and root) showed potential antimicrobial activity than corresponding aqueous extracts. Furthermore, the least antimicrobial activity of particularly the aqueous stem extract of P. niruri on S. mutans amongst the other bacteria, was observed. This study showed antibacterial activity of P. niruri extracts which depends on the dose, parts of plant and the type of bacterial strain employed. In conclusion, results obtained here suggest that plant extracts are of significant value as natural antimicrobials can be used as antimicrobial agent.

Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Mulberry Plant

Mulberry is commonly used for silkworm rearing due to the presence of chemo-factors such as morin and sitosterol in the leaves. Mulberries are important in containing free radicals and pro- oxidants produced in the body as a result of metabolism and phagocytosis. Pharmacological uses of mulberry include phytochemical composition, antioxidant and medicinal properties. The pharmacological activity of mulberry plants can be predicted by the identification of phytochemicals. Although various modern techniques are used to determine phytochemicals, qualitative tests are still used for preliminary phytochemical screening of plants. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, quinones, anthraquinones, and other phytochemicals. The purpose of this research was to determine the antioxidant activity of the mulberry plant's fruits, stems, and leaves. The presence of antioxidant properties in the extract of mulberry plant was confirmed using the DPPH method.

Comparative Estimation of the Cytotoxic Activity of Different Parts of Cynara scolymus L.: Crude Extracts versus Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Apoptotic Investigation.

Different parts of Cynara scolymus L. and their green synthesized eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were screened for their cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity. Results showed that flower extract AgNPs exhibited more potent cytotoxicity compared to the normal form against PC-3 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 2.47 μg/mL and 1.35 μg/mL, respectively. The results were compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 5.13 and 6.19 μg/mL, respectively). For apoptosis-induction, AgNPs prepared from the flower extract induced cell death by apoptosis by 41.34-fold change and induced necrotic cell death by 10.2-fold. Additionally, they induced total prostate apoptotic cell death by a 16.18-fold change, and it slightly induced necrotic cell death by 2.7-fold. Hence, green synthesized flower extract AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity in A549 and PC-3 through apoptosis-induction in both cells. Consequently, synthesized AgNPs were further tested for apoptosis and increased gene and protein expression of pro-apoptotic markers while decreasing expression of anti-apoptotic genes. As a result, this formula may serve as a promising source for anti-cancer candidates. Finally, liquid chromatography combined with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis was assessed to identify the common bioactive metabolites in crude extracts of stem, flower, and bract.

Ultra-Stable, Endurable, and Flexible Sb2TexSe3–x Phase Change Devices for Memory Application and Wearable Electronics

Flexible memory and wearable electronics represent an emerging technology, thanks to their reliability, compatibility, and superior performance. Here, an Sb2TexSe3-x (STSe) phase change material was grown on flexible mica, which not only exhibited superior nature in thermal stability for phase change memory application but also revealed novel function performance in wearable electronics, thanks to its excellent mechanical reliability and endurance. The thermal stability of Sb2Te3 was improved obviously with the crystallization temperature elevated 60 K after Se doping, for the enhanced charge localization and stronger bonding energy, which was validated by the Vienna ab initio simulation package calculations. Based on the ultra-stability of STSe, the STSe-based phase change memory shows 65 000 reversible phase change ability. Moreover, the assembled flexible device can show real-time monitoring and recoverability response in sensing human activities in different parts of the body, which proves its effective reusability and potential as wearable electronics. Most importantly, the STSe device presents remarkable working reliability, reflected by excellent endurance over 100 s and long retention over 100 h. These results paved a novel way to utilize STSe phase change materials for flexible memory and wearable electronics with extreme thermal and mechanical stability and brilliant performance.

Antiplasmodial Activity of Phyllanthus amarus and Associated Impact on Surrogate Markers of Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance Indices

ABSTRACT The antimalarial activity of different parts (leaf, fruit, stem, and root) of Phyllanthus amarus and their associated impact on surrogate markers of insulin sensitivity in experimental mice, having ascertained their toxicity (LD50) index were documented. Results showed that the plant parts were nontoxic (LD50 > 5,000 mg kg−1) and were antimalarial in a dose-dependent manner, with the ethanol leaf extract having the highest parasite suppression followed by the fruit, root, and stem extracts. However, the root extract had the most profound impact on insulin sensitivity compared to other parts, although all showed improvement, with insulin sensitivity/resistance indices, with QUICKI vs. HOMA-IR showing a strong positive correlation (r = 0.993), but QUICKI vs. HOMA-IR and HOMA-IR vs. 1/HOMA = IR having strong negative correlation (r = −0.963 and −0.927, respectively). So, QUICKI and 1/HOMA-IR are surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity and HOMA-IR and TyG index, insulin resistance surrogate markers.

Differences in acute phase response to bacterial, fungal and viral antigens in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis)

The acute phase response (APR) is an evolutionarily well-conserved part of the innate immune defense against pathogens. However, recent studies in bats yielded surprisingly diverse results compared to previous APR studies on both vertebrate and invertebrate species. This is especially interesting due to the known role of bats as reservoirs for viruses and other intracellular pathogens, while being susceptible to extracellular microorganisms such as some bacteria and fungi. To better understand these discrepancies and the reservoir-competence of bats, we mimicked bacterial, viral and fungal infections in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) and quantified different aspects of the APR over a two-day period. Individuals reacted most strongly to a viral (PolyI:C) and a bacterial (LPS) antigen, reflected by an increase of haptoglobin levels (LPS) and an increase of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (PolyI:C and LPS). We did not detect fever, leukocytosis, body mass loss, or a change in the overall functioning of the innate immunity upon challenge with any antigen. We add evidence that bats respond selectively with APR to specific pathogens and that the activation of different parts of the immune system is species-specific.

Intestinal aldosterone synthase activity and aldosterone synthesis in mouse.

Aldosterone is the most important mineralocorticoid hormone regulating water and electrolyte absorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Recently, we detected the presence of the whole chain of aldosterone production from the precursor corticosterone, transcription factor liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1), the aldosterone synthase enzyme protein (CYP11B2) as well as the gene to the final product aldosterone in murine large intestine. Here, we decided to correlate the amount of this synthase protein with its enzymatic activity in different parts of gastrointestinal tract and also with the aldosterone concentration in the respective tissue. Considering the physiological behavior of the animals in light and dark environment, we measured these variables at four time points - two in the light, the others during darkness. In vitro activity of CYP11B2 was measured as the amount of aldosterone formed from the precursor deoxycorticosterone using enzyme preparations from homogenized intestinal sections. CYP11B2 enzyme activity was higher in the large than in the small intestine. In ileum and colon, the CYP11B2 activity increased in the dark time. The highest aldosterone concentration was detected in the dark in the large intestine. In summary, enzyme activity of CYP11B2 was present in all parts of intestine; the large intestine formed more aldosterone during the darkness. No difference was seen in any of the variables between the early and late light hours.

Metabolic profiling of phenolics of the extracts from the various parts of blackberry plant (Syzygium cumini L.) and their antioxidant activities

The phenolic metabolites were extracted from the defatted leaves, seeds and pulp of blackberry using 80% ethanol. The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of the extracts so obtained were then evaluated. In addition, metabolic pathway determination was performed by metabo Analyst as well as multivariate analysis to find the relationship between antioxidant activities of different parts of the blackberry plant and individual phenolic metabolites and other phenolic compounds. The result showed that immature leaves contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as FRAP. Meanwhile, tannin and anthocyanin were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the pulp than in other parts of blackberry. The most abundant metabolic phenolic acid in immature leaves was p–coumaric acid (1160 mg/100g), followed by rutin (985.24 mg/100g), epicatechin (817.99 mg/100g), syringic acid (805.68 mg/100g), catechol (316.32 mg/100g), and gallic acid (313.73 mg/100g). Multivariate analysis showed that different parts of the blackberry were correlated with phenolic metabolites. The Pearson correlation between antioxidant activity and certain phenolic metabolites has been found to be both positive and negative. These results suggest that all parts of the blackberry could be used as a potential source of bioactive compounds for potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.