Activity Of Different Concentrations Research Articles

Antibacterial Properties of Plant Extracts against the Pathogen of Rosaceae Plants Erwinia amylovora

Erwinia amylovora is a devastating pathogen of plants of the family Rosaceae causing blight on the leaves, shoots, and flowers. Orchard trees suffer the most, however, other plants, like roses, strawberries, raspberries, and hawthorn, can also be affected. Due to the extreme use of chemicals for plant protection, alternatives like plant extracts have been studied recently. Some of the research shows a good potential to control plant diseases, however, only a symbolic number of plant species have been tested, and also, on a restricted number of pathogens. The information on the activity of plant extracts against E. amylovora is scarce. In this study, we prepared plant extracts from fifteen plant species and tested them against the plant pathogenic bacteria E. amylovora. The products were prepared by Soxhlet extraction with methanol and the following concentration according to an established procedure. The finished products were diluted and tested for antibacterial activity in different concentrations in vitro against seven reference strains of E. am¬ylovora, isolated from different hosts, such as pear, apple, quince, aronia, hawthorn, strawberry, and musk strawberry. Extracts from the roots of Geranium macrorrhizum and fruits of Chaenomeles sp. genotypes showed promising potentialities for further experiments on the control of E. amylovora.

2‐DPC Mediated Effective Synthesis of Peptide Conjugates, their Antifungal and Antibacterial Properties

AbstractThe present work demonstrates the effective synthesis of amide derivatives of Nα‐protected amino acids and aryl/heteroaryl amines using di‐2‐pyridyl carbonate (2‐DPC) and cat. DMAP mediated coupling reaction. Several coupling methods were employed for the screening of the amides using EDC, HATU, mixed anhydride, T3P, CDI, COMU, DPTC, and 2‐DPC, where 2‐DPC/cat. DMAP method furnished amides with better yields and purity in shorter durations. Seventeen amide derivatives (3 a–3 q) were successfully synthesized using the present protocol and were characterized by NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy. Further, we performed the in‐silico and in‐vitro studies on the synthesized molecules on antifungal and antibacterial activity. Molecular docking studies reveal the binding affinity of protein‐ligand interactions ranging from −6.2 to −11.0 kcal/mol (Aspergillus Niger Esta), −5.9 to −9.9 kcal/mol (DNA gyrase subunit B) and −6.4 to −13.4 kcal/mol (CYP51B). Compounds like 3 d, 3 e, 3 h, 3 i, 3 j and 3 l exhibit the highest antibacterial and antifungal activity when compared to the standards delafloxacin, ketoconazole, and bifonazole in in‐silico studies. Whereas the in‐vitro studies also unveiled good antimicrobial activity with peptide conjugates. The results of antimicrobial activity exhibits in antifungal species show the good activity concentrations in compounds 3 j is 11.2±3.54 μg/mL and 3 l is 10.3±2.76 μg/mL. The anti‐bacterial species exhibit the compound 3 g showing good activity in different concentrations 12±3.08 μg/mL, 12.2±3.04 μg/mL, 12.6±2.78 μg/mL and 12.5±2.98 μg/mL.

Antibiofilm effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: An exvivo study.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in combination with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. On an E. faecalis biofilm on dentin discs, the following medicaments were applied for 7 days (n = 13/group): 0.005% AgNPs+Ca(OH)2, 0.01% AgNPs+Ca(OH)2, 0.02% AgNPs + Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 and saline/control. Specimens were stained with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ dye and analysed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Proportion of dead bacteria was calculated and analysed. There was a significant reduction in E. faecalis biofilm in all medicament groups (43.5%, 49.1%, 69.1%, 48.7%) respectively, compared with control group (2.54%) (p < 0.001). The 0.02% AgNPs + Ca(OH)2 group demonstrated the most significantly superior antibiofilm effect, with no significant difference between remaining groups. In conclusion, combining 0.02% AgNPs enhanced the antibiofilm effect of Ca(OH)2 on E. faecalis biofilm compared with lower AgNPs concentrations.

In vitro Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark against Trypanosoma bruceibrucei and Trypanosoma congolense

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt The potential of Hymenocardia acida stem bark extracts as an anti-trypanosomal agent was assessed. The results indicate significant in vitro activity of both ethanolic and n-hexane extracts against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, H. acida could be a valuable source for developing new, broad-spectrum trypanocidal drugs. Full Abstract The development of resistance by trypanosomes to existing trypanocidal drugs necessitates the need to search for safer and more effective alternative drugs with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Hymenocardia acida stem bark against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The stem bark of H. acida was collected, identified, dried and then ground into fine powder. The powdered H. acida stem bark was extracted successively using n-hexane and ethanol to obtain n-hexane and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedure. In vitro, anti-trypanosomal activity of different concentrations of the stem bark extracts (2.5 mg/mL to 40.0 mg/mL) were determined using motility assay with diminazeneaceturate (100 µg/mL) and phosphate buffered saline used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins were present in the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts. In vitro, the anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts was observed against T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. Cessation of trypanosome motility was observed after 30 and 50 minutes of exposure to 2.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extract and n-hexane extract, respectively, for both T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. In conclusion, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of H. acida exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, the plant could serve as a source of new trypanocidal drugs.

Synergistic effect of Salvadora persica and chitosan nanoparticles against oropharyngeal microorganisms

Herbal medicine combined with nanoparticles has caught much interest in clinical dental practice, yet the incorporation of chitosan with Salvadora persica (S. persica) extract as an oral care product has not been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effectiveness of Salvadora persica(S. persica) and Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against oropharyngeal microorganisms. Agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimal lethal concentration assays were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of S. persica and ChNPs against selected fungal strains, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria. A mixture of 10% S. persica and 0.5% ChNPs was prepared (SChNPs) and its synergistic effect against the tested microbes was evaluated. Furthermore, the strain that was considered most sensitive was subjected to a 24-h treatment with SChNPs mixture; and examined using SEM, FT-IR and GC–MS analysis. S. persica extract and ChNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial activities against all tested strains. S. persica extract and ChNPs at 10% were most effective against S. pneumoni, K. pneumoni, and C. albicans. SEM images confirmed the synergistic effect of the SChNPs mixture, revealing S. pneumonia cells with increased irregularity and higher cell lysis compared to the individual solutions. GC–MS and FT-IR analysis of SChNPs showed many active antimicrobial phytocompounds and some additional peaks, respectively. The synergy of the mixture of SChNPs in the form of mouth-rinsing solutions can be a promising approach for the control of oropharyngeal microbes that are implicated in viral secondary bacterial infections.

Further preclinical characterization of molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral activity determinants and viral genome alteration patterns

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs to respond promptly to viral emergence. We conducted a preclinical study of molnupiravir (MOV) against SARS-CoV-2 to fully characterise its antiviral properties and mode of action. The antiviral activity of different concentrations of MOV was evaluated ex vivo on human airway epithelium (HAE) and in vivo in a hamster model at three escalating doses (150, 300 and 400 mg/kg/day) according to three different regimens (preventive, pre-emptive and curative). We assessed viral loads and infectious titres at the apical pole of HAE and in hamster lungs, and MOV trough concentration in plasma and lungs. To explore the mode of action of the MOV, the entire genomes of the collected viruses were deep-sequenced. MOV effectively reduced viral titres in HAE and in the lungs of treated animals. Early treatment after infection was a key factor in efficacy, probably associated with high lung concentrations of MOV, suggesting good accumulation in the lung. MOV induced genomic alteration in viral genomes with an increase in the number of minority variants, and predominant G to A transitions. The observed reduction in viral replication and its mechanism of action leading to lethal mutagenesis, supported by clinical trials showing antiviral action in humans, provide a convincing basis for further research as an additional means in the fight against COVID-19 and other RNA viruses.

The effectiveness of local action of nano oxides on wound infection

The treatment of wound-related combat injuries and antibiotic resistance require the search for new approaches to reduce the risk of infectious complications, this will increase the effectiveness of therapy and even save lives. The aim of our study was to establish the mechanism of action and effectiveness of nano oxides applied to wound infection. The antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of solutions of zinc (nZnO), magnesium (nMgO) and silicon (nSiO2) nano oxides was studied by agar diffusion against clinical antibiotic-sensitive strains of opportunistic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), isolated from patients with purulent-septic diseases. It was found that nZnO exhibits extremely high antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. сoli. The ultra-low content of nZnO (1.56 mg/ml) completely destroys S. aureus, unlike nMgO, the effective concentration of which exceeds the minimum by 16 times. It is known that nZnO has the highest antimicrobial properties against S. aureus and E. coli, this effectiveness is achieved due to the features of the structure and the possibility of the formation of oxygen and a number of other radicals. These qualities of nZnO make it possible to integrate it into dressings for wound treatment.

Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Allium sativum Bulb Extracts against Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria

As a result of increasing antibiotics resistance due to multidrug resistance leads to the use of the medicinal plants as alternative antimicrobial agents. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Allium sativum bulb extracts against some selected gram-negative bacteria isolates. Allium sativum oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction procedures; Clinical bacterial isolates were collected from pathology department of General Hospital Potiskum in Yobe state. Isolates were identified using standard methods. Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100) % of oil extract of Allium sativum bulb were investigated against five clinical bacterial isolates including, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii and Klebsiella oxytoca.. The oil extract of the bulbs showed antimicrobial activity against all five clinical isolates. MICs and MBCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the three oil extracts ranged between 0.5 and 1.0%, while the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values ranged between 1.0 and 1.5%. Important bioactive constituents were present in the different oil extraction method; alkaloids (for ethanol extracts, 19.04±0.04, for hexane extracts, 20.04±0.14 and for chloroform extracts, 20.04±0.07) and 0.51±0.01were detected for sterols in all the three oil extraction methods while others such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols were not detected. The yield extracts of the oil extract of the bulbs, for hexane were 12.6%, chloroform, 15.2% and ethanol, 16.2%, indicating that ethanol was the better of the three solvents used. The potential applications of Allium sativum oil extracts as natural antimicrobial agents call for the importance of further investigation into their nutritional potential.

Study of disinfectant activity against bee pathogenic enterobacteria in vitro

Dysbiosis is a pathological condition caused by violating the normal coexistence of bacterial organisms in one or more body systems. This disease arises due to the action of many ethological factors, the mechanisms of which arise from each other. Klebsiellosis of bee colonies is a relatively new disease of Apis mellifera, caused by pathogenic enterobacteria, which leads to the mass death of bees with signs of acute dyspepsia, particularly in the spring and autumn periods. To prevent klebsiellosis in bees, it is necessary to carry out veterinary and sanitary measures in apiaries every year, including disinfection. Modern beekeeping encourages the search for new antibacterial drugs to ensure the production technology of safe and high-quality beekeeping products suitable for sale. Preliminary laboratory assessment (in vitro) of the effectiveness of disinfectants against specific pathogens of specific diseases of bees will ensure an increase in the effectiveness of such agents in apiaries, which is economically effective for practical beekeeping. The purpose of the research was to determine the activity of different concentrations of the disinfectant (0.25 %, 0.5 %, 1.25 %, 2.5 %) with an active substance of an organic nature with covalent weakly polar bonds against pure cultures of pathogenic enterobacteria of bees of the species Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella (Enterobacter) aerogenes in vitro. The modified Kirby-Baur method on Mueller-Hinton agar was used for research. A bactericidal effect against a pure culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae species was registered after 24 hours with lysis zone diameters at 8.6 ± 0.27 mm (0.25 % concentration) – 15.0 ± 0.35 mm (2.5 % concentration). On the 3rd day of research, a bacteriostatic effect was registered with the largest diameter of the zone of growth retardation (24.4 ± 0.27 mm) at 2.5 % disinfectant concentration. Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects were recorded on the culture of enterobacteria of bees of the species Klebsiella (Enterobacter) aerogenes for 24 hours of cultivation with zones of lysis – 6.8 ± 0.42 mm (0.25 %) – 11.8 ± 0.22 mm (2.5 %) and inhibition of bacterial growth at the level of – 21.8 ± 0.42 mm (0.25 %) – 25.8 ± 0.42 mm (2.5 %). At the same time, there was no significant difference between the zones of Klebsiella (Enterobacter) aerogenes growth retardation in concentrations of 0.5 % – 2.5 % on the 3rd day of research. The studied disinfectant has bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on pure cultures of bee enterobacteria of the species Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella (Enterobacter) aerogenes in laboratory conditions, which is promising for further study of the drug.

Exploring the phytoconstituents, antimicrobial potency, and cytotoxic effects of essential oil from Origanum punonense from Palestine

BackgroundOriganum punonense Danin is one of the old traditional medicinal plants Bedouins utilize in the Dead Sea region to treat a variety of illnesses, those caused by infections. The current study aimed to identify the phytochemical components of O. punonense essential oil (EO) and determine its antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects.MethodsGas chromatography and mass spectrometry were employed to detect the phytochemical constituents of O. punonense EO. Broth microdilution assay was utilized to determine the antimicrobial effects against various microbial species, including those causing diabetic foot infections.ResultsThis study revealed that O. punonense EO contains 44 phytochemical compounds, of which 41 compounds were detectable and amounted to 99.78% of the total oil. The main chemical components of the oil were carvacrol (57.4%), p-cymene (6.66%), carvone (5.35%), pinene (4.9%), and terpinene (2.96%). The antiproliferative activity of different concentrations of O. punonense EO was noted in all of the investigated cell lines, with the best activity at the concentration of 500 µg/mL. The greatest antibacterial activity was against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus vulgaris, with MIC values of 1.56 µL/mL. In addition, and the O. punonense EO showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a MIC value of 0.8 µL/mL. In addition, the O. punonense EO showed potent antibacterial activity against all MRSA samples obtained from the diabetic foot with a MIC value of 3.13 µL/mL. The O. punonense EO demonstrated potent activity against Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, Citrobacter freundii, and K. pneumoniae, with MICs value of 6.25 µL/mL.ConclusionThe potent antiproliferative and broad antimicrobial activity of O. punonense EO makes it an effective strategy for treating infections, especially in immunocompromised patients with chronic comorbidities such as cancer and diabetes mellitus.

Antimicrobial Activity of Citrate-Coated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of citrate-stabilized sols of cerium oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations via different microbiological methods and to compare the effect with the peroxidase activity of nanoceria for the subsequent development of a regeneration-stimulating medical and/or veterinary wound-healing product providing new types of antimicrobial action. The object of this study was cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous solutions of cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid (the size of the nanoparticles was 3-5 nm, and their aggregates were 60-130 nm). Nanoceria oxide sols with a wide range of concentrations (10-1-10-6 M) as well as powder (the dry substance) were used. Both bacterial and fungal strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasielensis) were used for the microbiological studies. The antimicrobial activity of nanoceria was investigated across a wide range of concentrations using three methods sequentially; the antimicrobial activity was studied by examining diffusion into agar, the serial dilution method was used to detect the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and, finally, gas chromatography with mass-selective detection was performed to study the inhibition of E. coli's growth. To study the redox activity of different concentrations of nanocerium, we studied the intensity of chemiluminescence in the oxidation reaction of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. As a result of this study's use of the agar diffusion and serial dilution methods followed by sowing, no significant evidence of antimicrobial activity was found. At the same time, in the current study of antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, the ability of nanoceria to significantly inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms after 24 h and, in particular, after 48 h of incubation at a wide range of concentrations, 10-2-10-5 M (48-95% reduction in the number of microbes with a significant dose-dependent effect) was determined as the optimum concentration. A reliable redox activity of nanoceria coated with citrate was established, increasing in proportion to the concentration, confirming the oxidative mechanism of the action of nanoceria. Thus, nanoceria have a dose-dependent bacteriostatic effect, which is most pronounced at concentrations of 10-2-10-3 M. Unlike the effects of classical antiseptics, the effect was manifested from 2 days and increased during the observation. To study the antimicrobial activity of nanomaterials, it is advisable not to use classical qualitative and semi-quantitative methods; rather, the employment of more accurate quantitative methods is advised, in particular, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, during several days of incubation.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Inula viscosa L. Aiton: a promising plant from Turkey

ABSTRACT The methanol extract of Inula viscosa (IVM) was investigated for its antioxidant potential using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging as well as iron chelating assays (ICA). The total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of IVM were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of I. viscosa methanol extract was investigated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution method. The IVM extract was found to be containing TPC (236.78 ± 7.63 mg GAE/g) and TFC (94.36 ± 1.86 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity IC50 values for the DPPH, ABTS and ICA assays were found to be 277.7 ± 3.68, 2.44 ± 0.02, and 222.1 ± 0.71 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC values of the IVM on the tested microorganisms ranged from 0.48 to 7.81 mg/mL. Furthermore, IVM extract was demonstrated 18.32 ± 1.37%, 23.06 ± 1.05%, 4.72 ± 0.13%, 15.13 ± 0.37% and 37.64 ± 4.02% inhibition against tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE and BChE, respectively. In the results of LC-MS/MS analysis, acacetin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid were determined as most dominant compounds. These findings suggested that this plant may be a natural resource for creating novel medicinal compounds.

An in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Experimental Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution Using Agar Diffusion Test

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of three different concentrations of a newly produced CHX powder prepared loc ally in Mosul College of Dentistry in the Department of Dental Basic Sciences( approved by Nineveh Drug Industry (NDI,licence no.2256 in26/9/2002), and to compare it with the same concentrations of commercially available CHX solution against three bacterial isolates commonly isolated from infected root canals, using the agar diffusion test. Astandard agar diffusion test was utilized to investigate the antibacterial activity of different concentrations of experimental chlorhexidine gluconate solution( N DI no.2256)and acommercially available chlorhexidine solution.The diameter of the microbial inhibition zones were measured in millimeter around each paper disk containing the experimental solutions. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (a = 0.05). The results revealed that all tested microorganisms were affected by different concentrations of CHX powder(NDI no.2256) except for the lowest concentration ( 0.1%). Similar results were observed for CHX solution. The new prepared CHX powder(NDI n.2256)can be used aroot canal irrig ant.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite in the Elimination of Enterococcus Faecalis: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Primary teeth are equally important as permanent teeth. Endodontic therapy aids in the preservation and maintenance of extremely carious primary teeth. For root canal therapy to be successful, root canals must be properly prepared and effectively irrigated. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been the gold standard for root canal treatment of primary teeth. However, there are a few drawbacks to using higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, such as toxic reactions from its apical penetration. In addition, an excess of irrigation fluid via the apical region could harm the permanent tooth underneath. Therefore, it is crucial to select the proper concentration to preserve the delicate balance between effectiveness and safety. Aim: The present in-vitro study was conducted in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, between March and June 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of lower concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, such as 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%, against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%) against Enterococcus faecalis was performed using Muller Hinton agar. Three Mueller Hinton agar plates were prepared and sterilised for 15 minutes for each concentration. The volumes used were 25 μL, 50 μL, and 100 μL, respectively. E. faecalis was swabbed and poured into the sterilised plates. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were examined, and their zone of Inhibition was determined. ANOVA test was applied with Post-hoc Tukey’s analysis. Results: One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference with a p-value &lt;0.001 in all three groups. Post-hoc Tukey’s analysis was done, and the test showed that the highest zone of inhibition was seen with 1% sodium hypochlorite at 100 μL, with zone diameter of 39 mm, and the least zone of inhibition was seen with 0.25% sodium hypochlorite solution at 25 μL, with zone diamter of 22 mm. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution can be used to successfully disinfect root canals, indicating its potential as an effective antimicrobial agent in endodontic procedures.

Investigation of Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Echium vulgare L. Seed

Echium vulgare L. is a plant belonging to the Boraginaceae family and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, especially known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of different concentrations of E. vulgare L. seed extracts obtained from methanol and hexane solvents on human breast cancer (MCF7) and human liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidant activity of the extract obtained from methanol and hexane at the same concentrations was determined according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity method. Antimicrobial activity was determined by disk diffusion method and bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium and Candida albicans microorganisms as fungi were used for the study. The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a zone diameter of 16±4 mm. Seed extract of E. vulgare prepared with hexane showed the most effective cytotoxic activity on HepG2 cell line with 20% cytotoxicity rate. In antioxidant activity tests, the methanol extract of E. vulgare exhibited the highest activity with 4.5% reduction. In conclusion, seed extracts of E. vulgare appear to be a potential source for both anticancer and antimicrobial therapies.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Studies of Some Yemeni Medicinal Plants against Selected Common Human Pathogenic Bacteria

In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are often used to treat a wide range of infectious diseases in humans. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals contained in thirteen parts of six Yemeni medicinal plants: Artemisia Judaica, Ficus carica L., Nerium oleander L., Olea europaea, Santolina chamaecyparissus L. and Withania somnifera and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of methanol extracts from the aerial part of the selected plants against S. saprophyticus, Salmonella and E. coli in vitro. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures and the antibacterial activity of different extracts of each plant was studied by agar well diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, essential oils, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. The occurrence of phytochemicals varied from plant to plant. Tannins and phenols were found in all samples, while all other test samples contained at least five of the phytochemicals tested. Almost all extracts were able to inhibit the growth of the bacterial strains, with the exception of the species S. saprophyticus, which was resistant to the methanolic extracts of A. judaica and F. carica L. However, the methanol extract (0.1 g/ml) of S. chamaecyparissus L. and O. europaea showed the largest zone of inhibition (35 mm and 20 mm, respectively) against S. saprophyticus. This is the first report on the antibacterial activity of S. chamaecyparissus L. species against S. saprophyticus. Conclusions: The present screening result shows that the methanol extract of the tested traditional Yemeni medicinal plants exhibits potent antibacterial activity, and the studied plants may represent a new source for the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds for the treatment of drug-resistant human pathogens.

Galanthus elwesii Hook.f.’nin Farklı Ekstraktlarının Serbest Radikal Yakalama ve Metal Şelatlama Aktivitelerinin Tespit Edilmesi

Natural compounds play an important role among antioxidants that protect the human body against oxidative stress. Many plants may have high levels of antioxidant capacity through the compounds they contain. In line with this information, in the current study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. In this context, we tested the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and metal chelating activities of different concentrations (12.5-400 mg/L) of methanol and water extracts obtained from the bulb part of this plant. A concentration-dependent increase in activity was observed for both extracts. DPPH scavenging (87.10%) and metal chelating (72.99%) activities demonstrated by 400 mg/L concentration applications came to the fore. In addition, it was determined that these data were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than the activity rates revealed by other applications. Considering the IC50 values, low values for DPPH scavenging and metal chelating activities (110.88 mg/L and 132.40 mg/L, respectively) were detected in water extracts. As a result, the importance of G. elwesii among plants that have the potential to be a rich source of antioxidants was revealed in this study.

In vitro Study: Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Different Concentrations of Essential Oil against Streptococcus sanguinis Isolated from supragingival Plaque

Several mouth diseases are common health issues, including dental caries and periodontal disease. In the absence of prevention, these conditions result in periodontal pockets. It has been proven that periodontal diseases are associated with supra-gingival plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis. To avoid antibiotic side effects and bacteria becoming increasingly resistant, an alternative to antibacterial agents must be developed to ensure no side effects or increased resistance. As a consequence, natural herbs and Ayurveda drugs have become increasingly important. This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria. An evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of different concentrations of Eucalyptus Globules oil on Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria was conducted using a well-plate approach was also utilized to compare the effects of Eucalyptus Globules oil on bacterial growth in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. It was found that Eucalyptus Globules essential oil was highly antibacterial against Streptococcus sanguinis as the concentration of extract increased, with a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) between all concentrations and chlorhexidine. Thus, this antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis suggests that it could be used as a natural antibacterial component in treating oral infections. Keywords: Essential oil, Eucalyptus Globules, Dental plaque, Antibacterial activity.

In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent

Background/purposeBacteria-associated oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are widespread epidemics that cause oral pain and loss of function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Materials and methodsFive different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of HOCl were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative (A. actinomycetcmcomitans and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans and S. sanguinis) after treatment for 1 and 10 min. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were used as positive controls. In addition, HOCl was examined for L929 cytotoxicity and RAW 264.7 growth. ResultsThe bacteriostatic ratio of NaOCl was comparable to that of CHX and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of all HOCl solutions. Higher HOCl concentration had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibacterial effect, and the bacteriostatic ratio of 10 min treatment was slightly higher than that of 1 min treatment. CHX and NaOCl seeded into L929 cells resulted in low cell viability with only 30–39%, much significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all HOCl groups (greater than 80%). All HOCl solutions met the recommendations of ISO 10993–5 and showed no cytotoxicity, although there was a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. All antimicrobial agents showed the same trend of response to RAW 264.7 as L929. ConclusionWithin the limit of this study, 400 ppm HOCl disinfectant may be a potential antimicrobial candidate for mouthwash, endodontic irrigants, and periodontitis treatment.

Investigating the Anti-fungal Activity of Different Concentrations of Aloe vera in Candida albicans Infection under In Vitro Conditions

Investigating the Anti-fungal Activity of Different Concentrations of <i>Aloe vera</i> in <i>Candida albicans</i> Infection under In Vitro Conditions