Catalase Enzyme Activity Research Articles

Impact of Biochar and Hydroretentive Polymers on the Biochemical and Physiological Traits of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad Under Water Deficit Stress

Satureja rechingeri is a valuable medicinal plant, but its growth can be significantly impacted by water deficit stress. To investigate the effects of biochar (BC) and hydroretentive polymers (HPs) on various eco-physiological traits of savory under a water deficit, an experiment was conducted over two consecutive cropping seasons (2017–2019). A randomized complete block design with a split-plot factorial arrangement and three replications was used. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (95 ± 5, 75 ± 5, and 55 ± 5% FC), which were applied to the main plots, and combinations of two levels of biochar and two levels of HPs, which were applied to subplots. The results show that a water deficit reduced the relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and dry matter yield of the shoots. Furthermore, the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in two-year-old plants. The MDA content significantly decreased by 15.6% in the second year compared to in the first year under a water deficit. The application of HPs caused a decrease of 26.4%, 32.5%, and 27.5% in POD, CAT, and APX enzyme activities, respectively, compared to their control levels. In the biochar treatment, there was a significant reduction in the activity of POD, APX, and CAT in the leaves.

A herbal approach to diabetic cardiomyopathy: moringa, ginger, and garlic unveiled

Objective Chronic inflammation contributes to myocardial complications in diabetes, marked by tissue fibrosis, necrosis, and apoptosis. Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera have individually demonstrated efficacy in diabetes management. In this study, it is hypothesised that a combination of these herbs in a polyherbal formulation would protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy. Materials and Methods Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using strepetozotocin at a single dose of (55 mg/kg of body weight, i.p) in citrate buffer. Polyherbal formulation was administred as a treatment for 8 weeks. Results Rats receiving treatment with polyherbal formulation showed decreased blood glucose, plasma creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatine kinase- myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, Troponin-I, NADPH oxidase 4, and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate-1. In contrast, Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione enzyme activities were increased. Conclusion Thus, a polyherbal formulation containing herbs was able to attenuate the progression of diabetes mellitus and diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Effects of Silibinin on Delaying Aging in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is an inevitable physiological process, but delaying aging has always been an enduring human pursuit. Silibinin (SIL), derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant, exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor effects, liver protection, inhibition of apoptosis, and alleviation of inflammation. However, whether it has anti-aging effects remains unclear. The SIL dietary supplement to Drosophila melanogaster prolonged lifespan, improved climbing ability, ameliorated age-associated intestinal barrier disruption, enhanced the resistance to oxidative stress, and increased the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, RNA-seq results showed that SIL addition significantly upregulated 74 genes and downregulated 50 genes compared with the control. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis demonstrated that these differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in the Toll signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum proteins processing, six among which, including IM2, IM3, Drsl3, CG7556, GCS1, and TRAM, were particularly involved in the regulation by SIL supplementation. The results indicate that SIL exhibits anti-aging effects by enhancing antioxidant capacity and regulating aging-related signaling pathways. Therefore, SIL shows a potential application in anti-aging dietary regimens.

Investigating the effect of marigold flower extract on bioactive compounds, antioxidants and postharvest quality and shelf life of peach during storage

Abstract Peaches are a climacteric and highly perishable fruit with a short shelf life under ambient storage conditions which hampers further marketing and leads often to economic losses. Consequently, searching for pre-storage treatments to maintain shelf life and preserve the quality of peach fruit is an important task. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the efficiency of marigold flower extract (MFE) application on the shelf life and some quality attributes of peach fruit under ambient storage conditions. Peach fruit of cv. Early grand was treated with different concentrations of MFE (control, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and stored at 25 ± 2 °C for 8 days. The results revealed that at the end of the storage period, MFE (30%) suppressed the decrease of weight loss (21.51%), decay incidence (10.74%), solid-acid ratio (20.91%), pH (4.57), MDA (2.23 nmol/g FW) and H2O2 (3.01 nmol/g FW) compared to the control. Moreover, MFE (30%) increased the fruit firmness (93.93 N), soluble solid content (11.97 Brix), titratable acidity (0.57%), total sugar (10.01%), reducing sugars (5.15%), ascorbic acid (29.53 mg/100 mL), the total phenolic content (130.26 mg GAE/100 g FW) as well as the superoxide dismutase (309.79 U/mg), peroxidase (42.65 U/mg) and catalase (56.30 U/mg) enzyme activity compared to the untreated peach fruits. The results of our study suggested that the application of MFE particularly at 30% might be employed commercially as an environment-friendly approach to delay postharvest senescence and maintain quality attributes of peach fruit under ambient conditions.

Effect of Exogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) on the Growth, Photosynthetic Pigment, Antioxidant and GABA Metabolism of Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescues) Under Cadmium Stress

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), an endogenous amino acid widely found in living organisms, has important functions in plants such as regulating growth and development, maintaining carbon and nitrogen nutrient balance, and coping with adversity. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA on the growth, antioxidant metabolism, and GABA shunt metabolism of tall fescue under 20 μmol/L Cd stress, using tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions. The results showed that (1) applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stress inhibited Cd transport from roots to leaves and promoted plant height, alleviating the effects of Cd stress on plant growth. (2) Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA had an interesting regulatory effect on the activation of the antioxidant enzyme system induced by stress at different stages, which was accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and alleviated the degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation under cadmium stress. Specifically, peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity reactions initially responded on the 3rd and 7th days of stress, and the changes in catalase (CAT) enzyme activities concentrated on the 11th and 15th days of the later stage. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was active throughout the whole stress period in the roots. Multiple factorial analyses further proved that the antioxidant pathway strongly influenced the survival and growth of tall fescue under stress in the presence of GABA. (3) Application of exogenous GABA activated the branching pathway for GABA synthesis from Glu decarboxylation (GABA shunt) with a higher contribution in the leaves, which induced changes in glutamate content, and plants maintained a higher endogenous GABA content and signal to regulate the plant antioxidant system and reduce cell membrane damage, thus improving the tolerance of plants to Cd stress.

Laminated Layer Extract from Echinococcus Granulosus cyst Attenuates Ocular Damages and Inflammatory Responses in an Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis Model.

Since extract of the laminated layer (LL) from E. granulosus showed immuno-modulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, we sought to determine its effect on the onset, development, and evolution of experimental auto-immune uveitis (EAU). The latter is a model of some human diseases with ocular inflammation that can cause blindness. E. granulosus LL extract was either injected before EAU induction for the pretreated group or later for treated group. Ocular exploration was made by retinal histological and immunohistological (CD86, CD4, CD8) analysis. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase enzymatic activities (CAT), and Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO), Urea, and TNF-α levels were measured in plasma. LL injection attenuated retinal histological damage and reduced cells infiltration. Also, LL decreased systemic inflammatory and oxidative markers as well as TNF-α production and increased antioxidant parameters. Interestingly, we observed a protective effect of E. granulosus LL extract during EAU. LL appears to ameliorate retinal damage by down-regulating inflammatory responses. Our results support LL immunomodulatory effects during autoimmune diseases and offer a promising prospect for helminthic therapy during autoimmune uveitis.

Exogenous dopamine application ameliorates chilling injury and preserves quality of kiwifruit during cold storage

This study investigated the mechanisms employed by exogenous dopamine application in alleviating chilling injury in kiwifruits during storage at 1 °C for 120 days. Our results indicated that dopamine treatment at 150 µM alleviated chilling injury in kiwifruits during storage at 1 °C for 120 days. By 150 µM dopamine application, higher SUMO E3 ligase (SIZ1) and target of rapamycin (TOR) genes expression accompanied by lower poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and sucrose non-fermenting 1-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) genes expression was associated with higher salicylic acid, ATP, NADPH and proline accumulation in kiwifruits during storage at 1 °C for 120 days. In addition, higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity arising from higher phenols and flavonoids accumulation in kiwifruits treated with 150 µM dopamine could be ascribed to higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. Additionally, lower endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation along with higher ascorbic acid accumulation in kiwifruits treated with 150 µM dopamine could be attributed to lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) along with higher catalase (CAT) enzymes activity. Moreover, lower phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes expression in kiwifruits treated with 150 µM dopamine was accompanied with membrane integrity preservation as evidenced by lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Therefore, exogenous dopamine could be employed as a potential technique for alleviating chilling injury in kiwifruits during cold storage.

Strategies of physiological, morpho-anatomical and biochemical adaptation in seedlings of native species exposed to mining waste.

Seeds of four native species of trees and shrubs (Larrea cuneifolia, Bulnesia retama, Plectrocarpa tetracantha and Prosopis flexuosa) were exposed to soil contaminated with As, Cu, Cd, and Zn from an abandoned gold mine to identify adaptation strategies. Several physiological, morpho-anatomical, and biochemical parameters were determined. The seed germination of L. cuneifolia, B. retama, and P. tetracantha was fully inhibited in 100 % contaminated soil. Toxicological endpoints as NOEC, LOEC and IC50 ranged from 10 % to 25 % of soil contaminated with mining waste. Radicle elongation was the most sensitive variable to high metal(loid) concentrations, except for L. cuneifolia that hypocotyl elongation was the most affected parameter. P. flexuosa was selected to evaluate biochemical biomarkers and morpho-anatomical parameters. It showed an increase in radicle diameter and central radicle cylinder. A concentration-dependent increase in the O2·- production was observed in radicle and cotyledon. A peak of the enzymatic activity of guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzymes in P. flexuosa seedlings showed a negative relationship between metal(loid) concentration and exposure time. After a drop in the enzymatic activity, an increase in the malondialdehyde content (lipid peroxidation) was observed. The tested native species could be useful for phytoremediation of soils with a very high degree of metal contamination. A further investigation should focus on strategies to improve soil physicochemical characteristics for plant survival at highest contamination levels.

Ascorbic acid and resveratrol improve the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix and enhance follicular survival in cultured bovine ovarian tissue.

This study aimed to investigate the changes induced by the culture system and the effect of ascorbic acid and resveratrol on collagen fibers, stromal cells, follicle growth and survival, as well as antioxidant enzyme activity in cultured bovine ovarian tissues. In experiment 1, bovine ovarian fragments were cultured in α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM+) for 6 days. Before and after culturing, the fragments were fixed and processed to assess follicular morphology and diameters, stromal cell survival, collagen fibers, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Uncultured and cultured tissues were also used to measure mRNA expression for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and peroxiredoxin (PRDX). Thiol levels and activity of CAT, SOD, and GPX enzymes were also investigated. In experiment 2, bovine ovarian fragments were cultured in α-MEM+ alone or supplemented with 50μg/mL ascorbic acid or both 50μg/mL ascorbic acid and 20μM resveratrol for 6 days. In experiment 1, cultured tissues had higher percentages of growing follicles, but higher percentage of degenerated follicles than uncultured slices (P<0.05). Additionally, the collagen and GAGs network became disorganized, with reduced deposition around primordial and primary follicles (P<0.05). The number of stromal and granulosa cells, as well as follicular and oocyte diameters were reduced in both follicular categories compared to uncultured tissue (P<0.05). Expression of mRNA for CAT, SOD, GPX, and PRDX was downregulated in 6-day cultured tissues (P<0.05). Similarly, thiol levels and CAT activity were also reduced (P<0.05). In experiment 2, ascorbic acid or both ascorbic acid and resveratrol increased the rate of follicular diameters and survival, and the number of granulosa and stromal cells compared to tissues cultured in the control medium (P<0.05). Both ascorbic acid and resveratrol improved collagen density and preserved the GAG network, as well as increased thiol levels and CAT activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, in vitro culture of ovarian tissue favored follicular activation, but reduced the proportion of normal follicles, collagen, GAG network, stromal cell numbers, and tissue antioxidant protection. Ascorbic acid alone or in association with resveratrol improved the preservation of extracellular matrix components and enhanced follicular survival.

Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Growth, Development and Antioxidant Enzymes of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)

Ultraviolet radiation serves as a significant abiotic stressor for numerous organisms, particularly impacting insects in various ways. Tuta absoluta, a highly destructive pest infesting of the Solanaceae species, was investigated to elucidate its growth, development, and enzymatic defense mechanisms of insects in response to UV exposure. This study investigates the effects of three types of UV radiation on the lifespan, egg laying behavior, and antioxidant enzyme activities of T. absoluta. Our study revealed a significant reduction in the lifespan of T. absoluta upon exposure to both UV-A and UV-B radiation, whereas extended exposure to UV-C radiation for 120 min and 180 min resulted in a decline in its egg laying capacity. Exposure to all three types of radiation (UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C) led to an irreversible decrease in catalase (CAT) enzyme activity. Upon exposure to UV-A, there was a gradual increase in peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity; however, at 120 min post-exposure, a subsequent decrease was observed. A notable elevation in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed following exposures of both 60 min and 120 min durations under the rays of UV-A. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the effects of UV exposure on T. absoluta as well as its potential application as a control measure, warranting further investigation.

Study on the Optimal Harvesting Age of Astragalus Mongholicus Under Wild-Simulated Cultivation in Inner Mongolia

The harvesting age is a critical factor influencing the quality of medicinal crops, as it significantly affects the content of active compounds and clinical efficacy, which vary across different cultivation years. This study aims to clarify the growth and development patterns of wild-simulated and cultivated Astragalus mongholicus at different ages and provide theoretical and practical guidance for determining its optimal harvesting age. The morphological indicators, photosynthetic performance, stress resistance enzyme activities, medicinal compounds, and yields of Astragalus mongholicus cultivated and wild-simulated for one, two, three, and four years were analyzed. Results showed that the harvesting age influenced the various measurement indicators of wild-simulated Astragalus mongholicus. The underground growth of the two-year-old plants was the most vigorous, with a stronger photosynthetic capacity and the highest content of calycosin-7-O-glucoside. Both two-year-old and three-year-old plants exhibited higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. The three-year-old plants had the highest astragaloside IV content and the greatest economic benefit. Considering both the quality of the medicinal material and the economic returns, this study suggests that the optimal harvesting age for wild-simulated cultivated Astragalus mongholicus in Inner Mongolia is three years, though harvesting at two years may also be feasible under practical conditions.

Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Some Indian Spices and Herbs

Background: Spices and herbs have been a natural source of antioxidants for many years. Spices and herbs have been shown to have medicinal properties that are at-tributed to the phytochemicals present in them. Thus, a comparative study on phenolic con-tent and antioxidants in some common Indian spices/ herbs like ginger, garlic, onion, bay leaf, cumin, and coriander was undertaken in the present study. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics and total antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scav-enging) were estimated in water as well as methanolic extracts of the spices/herbs. Catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity was estimated spectrophotometrically in the aqueous ex-tracts of spices/herbs. Results: The highest catalase and peroxidase activity was estimated in ginger. Phenolic and antioxidant content were also highest in the ginger methanolic extract. The antioxidant con-tent in the methanolic extracts of ginger, bay leaves, onion, and garlic was significantly higher than that in the water extract (p-value &lt;0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that the selected Indian spices and herbs are rich in phenolic constituents and demonstrate good antioxidant activity. Although much of the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts has been shown to be contributed by phenolic compounds, the present study did not show any significant correlation between the two. This indicated that compounds other than phenolics can serve as good sources of natural plant-based antioxi-dants. Therefore, they need to be studied and explored further. Moreover, solvents used for extraction significantly affect the results, and therefore, they need to be considered while interpreting results.

Exogenous diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate alleviates the damage caused by low-temperature stress in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings through photosynthetic and antioxidant systems

BackgroundPhaseolus vulgaris is a warm-season crop sensitive to low temperatures, which can adversely affect its growth, yield, and market value. Exogenous growth regulators, such as diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6), have shown potential in alleviating stress caused by adverse environmental conditions. However, the effects that DA-6 has on P. vulgaris plants subjected to low-temperature stress are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact DA-6 has on the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, and gene expression in cold-tolerant (YJ009763) and cold-sensitive (Baibulao) P. vulgaris seedlings under low-temperature stress.ResultsTo simulate low-temperature stress, P. vulgaris seedlings were exposed to 5 °C, and 25 mg/L DA-6 solution applied to their leaves. This study revealed that DA-6 significantly enhanced the growth and photosynthetic performance of P. vulgaris seedlings under low-temperature stress. Specifically, DA-6 increased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates, reducing stomatal limitation and enhancing carbon assimilation. It also improved the photosynthetic efficiency by boosting electron transport in the reaction center. The antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were markedly increased following DA-6 treatment. After 24 h of low-temperature stress, the cold-tolerant seedlings showed a 68.95% increase in POD activity, whereas the cold-sensitive seedlings displayed a 160.63% increase in SOD activity and an 85.56% increase in CAT activity. In addition, DA-6 significantly reduced the production rate of superoxide anion radical generation, with a 25.24% reduction in cold-tolerant seedlings and a 49.38% reduction in cold-sensitive seedlings. Under low-temperature stress, exogenous DA-6 could upregulate the relative expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes, such as PvSOD and PvAPX. DA-6 also promoted the expression of key antioxidant genes, including PvMDHAR and PvDHAR2, which accelerated the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and mitigated oxidative stress.ConclusionExogenous application of DA-6 effectively alleviates low-temperature stress in P. vulgaris by enhancing photosynthetic capacity and regulating the antioxidant defense system. Cold-tolerant varieties exhibited a stronger response to DA-6, demonstrating a greater ability to withstand cold stress. These findings suggest that DA-6 treatment could serve as a promising approach for improving the resilience of P. vulgaris to low temperatures.

Effect of Nano silicon particles spraying on carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) plants grown in soilless culture and irrigated with saline water

ABSTRACT The study examined the impact of salt stress on carnation plants and the efficacy of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs). Two trials manipulated salinity levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 mm) and SiO2-NPs concentrations (0, 25, and 50 mg L−1). Elevated salinity resulted in decreased growth, root development, and flowering traits while accelerating flowering time and increasing Na+ and Cl− content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. Conversely, SiO2-NPs application improved growth parameters, root development, and flowering traits, enhanced leaf chemical composition and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and mitigated negative effects compared to the control. The 25 mg L−1 SiO2-NPs treatment proved most effective in alleviating salt stress. These findings indicate SiO2-NPs could be valuable in mitigating salt stress impacts on carnation plants.

Emodin Improves Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Liver Health Through Nrf2/NF-κB Pathway and Fat Metabolism: Growth Performance, Immune Response and Resistance Against Aeromonas veronii Infection.

The experiment was aimed at examining the influence of adding emodin to feeds on the growth performance, liver immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas veronii infection among juvenile largemouth basses and other potential mechanisms. A total of 540 fish (45 ± 0.3 g) were randomly divided into 6 diets, including EM-0, EM-250, EM-500, EM-1000, EM-2000, and EM-4000 diets, in which 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg kg-1 emodin was added. Following a 60-day feeding test, it demonstrated that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juveniles within the EM-500 and EM-1000 groups remarkably exceeded that of the EM-0 group. Subsequently, unlike those in EM-0 group, the fish in the EM-1000 group showed heightened hepatocyte count, induced hepatic lipolysis-associated expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) and acyl-coenzyme an oxidase (ACO), and reduced the hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels. Additionally, EM-1000 could up-regulate the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in livers compared with controls and boost antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), along with a lower content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, the EM-1000 group increased anti-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-10 (IL-10) while suppressing the interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in livers by contrast to controls. In the end, juvenile largemouth bass in the EM-1000 group showed a comparatively highest survival rate, whereas fish in the EM-2000 and EM-4000 groups exhibited a little higher mortality than that of the EM-0 group. To sum up, our study exposed that supplementing emodin with 1000 mg kg-1 in diet could enhance the hepatic antioxidant status and unspecific immunity to reinforce the protective effect on disease resistance, resulting in improving the growth performance in juvenile largemouth bass.

Biochar-based Bacillus subtilis inoculants promote plant growth: regulating microbial community to improve soil properties.

Numerous studies support the synergistic use of biochar (BC) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to enhance plant growth. Despite this, the complex and dynamic nature of soil environments necessitates further exploration of the interactions between soil microorganisms and soil properties under BC-based inoculants. This study investigated their combined effects using a BC-based inoculant, Bacillus subtilis SL-44 (BC@SL), to explore the relationship between microorganisms and soil properties. Additionally, differentiating the effects of exogenous auxiliaries BC, SL-44, and BC@SL, which can promote plant growth, enhance plant and soil enzyme activities, regulate microbial communities, and increase soil nutrient content. Compared to BC alone, SL-44 enhances plant superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase enzyme activities, while BC increases soil cellulase and urease activities. SL-44 elevates Bacillus content, whereas BC boosts overall microbial abundance. Although initial values of most soil properties remain stable under exogenous auxiliaries, by the fourth week, soil pH and organic matter decrease, while electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen increase significantly across treatments. BC@SL, integrating the advantages of both BC and SL-44, exhibits superior performance. Under BC@SL treatment, Bacillus content rises from 4.36% to 14.96%, and available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen increase by 81.97% and 53.16%, respectively. Additionally, plant dry weight increases by 51.95%. These results highlight the effectiveness of BC@SL in microbial regulation, soil nutrient enhancement, and plant growth promotion. In summary, BC@SL proves to be a stable and efficient solid soil additive, supporting the advancement of green fertilizer practices.

The state of lipid metabolism on the background of the use of ω -3 fatty acids in high-altitude conditions

A study of the effect of high altitude (Tuya-Ashu Pass, 3200 m above sea level and Bishkek, 720 m above sea level) on rat metabolism demonstrated significant changes in the lipid profile and oxidative stress levels after three days of exposure to low oxygen availability. There was a significant increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, indicating disturbances in lipid metabolism and may be indicative of hyperlipidemia. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels increased significantly, while high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels decreased significantly, which is likely associated with worsening cardiovascular health and an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased, indicating increased oxidative stress as a result of adaptation to high altitude conditions. Increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes confirms that the rats’ bodies are trying to adapt to increased oxidative stress by activating free radical defense mechanisms. Oral administration of ω-3 fatty acids at a dose of 300 mg/kg of animal body weight once a day for 30 days leads to a decrease in the levels of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins, malondialdehyde, increase the level of anti-atherogenic high-density lipoproteins and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Cardiotoxicity caused by acrylamide in rats can be alleviated as a result of suppression of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by morin treatment.

The present study investigated whether morin has a protective effect against ACR-induced cardiac toxicity. In this study, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis markers in heart tissues were analyzed by different methods after ACR (38.27 mg/kg) and morin (50 or 100 mg/kg) oral administration for ten days to Sprague Dawley rats. The data obtained showed that ACR induced lipid peroxidation by decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities, glutathione (GSH) levels and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) gene expressions. On the other hand, these markers approached the control group levels after morin treatment. Moreover, morin suppressed ACR-induced inflammatory genes. Morin down-regulated the related genes by reducing the ERS, exacerbated after ACR administration. In addition, it was observed that B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, and apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (apaf-1) expressions, elevated by ACR in the heart tissue, were suppressed after morin administration. Moreover, Bcl-2 expression was triggered by morin treatment. Thus, morin suppressed ACR-induced apoptosis. Taken together, morin may protect against ACR-induced cardiac injury by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, ERS, and apoptosis.

Enhancing the Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Trigonella persica Seed through Optimized Light Conditions during Germination

Trigonella persica sprouts have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic and restorative properties. This study investigated the effects of blue, red, and blue-red LED light, and darkness on seed germination and the production of bioactive compounds in the resulting sprouts. Although the different light conditions did not significantly affect the germination rate, a notable decrease in the fresh weight of the sprouts was observed compared with the control group (darkness). Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that blue light significantly enhanced total protein content during the early stages of germination. However, this exposure also led to increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed distinct morphological changes in palisade and spongy cells under blue light compared to other light treatments. Following germination, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis indicated a significant increase in the relative abundance of bioactive compounds, particularly fatty acids, including octadecanoic acids. Blue light treatment resulted in the highest concentration of bioactive compounds, comprising 84.78% of the total extract. These findings indicate that optimizing light conditions during a short germination period could enhance the nutritional value and medicinal properties of T. persica sprouts.

Copper nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and tissue integrity in gills and brain of Cyprinus carpio

Copper nanoparticles are widely used in various commercial and industrial products and have potential toxicity. This study assessed the effects of copper nanoparticles on gills and the brain of Cyprinus carpio. This study investigated the sub-lethal effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles by involving Cyprinus carpio (n=120) of 40±5g weight distributed into four groups with 3 replicates having 10 fish in each group. For this purpose Cyprinus carpio were exposed to either 0.6 or 1.04 or 1.6 mg/L of waterborne copper nanoparticles for 14 days. Histopathological and enzymatic studies were carried out. Control fish showed normal histology while in treated groups; gill tissues showed alterations such as necrosis, filament fusion, congestion, the curvature of filaments, gills edema and thickening of the primary and secondary lamella. Enlarged primordial cells, necrosis, and hemorrhage were the changes reported in the brain. These changes were dose-dependent and increased with increasing dose. In this study activity of catalase enzymes decreased as compared to control while activities of lipid peroxide and reduced glutathione increased significantly when compared with control group activities. Study revealed that Copper nanoparticles exposure induced significant toxicological impacts on gills and brain