Α-amylase Activity Research Articles

Whole wheat flour replaced by sprouted wheat improves phenolic compounds profile, rheological and bread-making properties

This study investigated the effect of whole wheat flour partially replaced by sprouted whole wheat flour on phenolic profile, dough rheological properties and bread characteristics. A 3 × 3 factorial design was used to evaluate three sprouting times (24, 48 and 72 h) and three replacement percentages (5, 15 and 25%) compared to the control sample (whole wheat flour). Total amylolytic activity (+43%), α-amylase (+73%) and antioxidant activity (+3.8 times higher) of flours progressively increased with sprouting times. However, it did not change the total phenolic content. The progressive increase of sprouting time and replacement levels can negatively impact the dough and bread-making due to a weakened gluten network and reduced dough strength caused by the increased enzymatic action. Moreover, bread firmness and chewiness were significantly increased. Eighty-eight phenolic compounds were annotated by metabolomics tools. Phenolic acids had the highest ion abundance due to the isomers of ferulic acid. Principal Components Analysis showed great variability of phenolic compounds abundance in sprouting time (99%) and replaced flours (87%). These results suggest that sprouted wheat flours can be incorporated into baked products, although improving the bread characteristics is highly dependent on the sprouting time and its replacement levels.

In-vitro and ex-vivo antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of Box-Behnken design optimized Solanum xanthocarpum extract loaded niosomes

One of the most prevalent lifestyle diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by an endocrine issue. DM is frequently accompanied by hyperglycemia, a disease that typically results in an excess of free radicals that stress tissues. The medical community is currently concentrating on creating therapeutic medications with roots in nature to lessen the damage associated with hyperglycemia. Solanum xanthocarpum has a number of medicinal benefits. The investigation aimed to produce and analyze niosomal formulations containing S. xanthocarpum extract (SXE). Niosomes were made by implementing the solvent evaporation process, which was further optimized using Box-Behnken design. Drug release, DPPH assessments, α-amylase inhibition assay, α-glucosidase inhibition assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) investigation were all performed on the developed formulation (SXE-Ns-Opt). SXE-Ns-Opt displayed a 253.6 nm vesicle size, a PDI of 0.108, 62.4% entrapment efficiency, and 84.01% drug release in 24 h. The rat's intestinal CLSM image indicated that the rhodamine red B-loaded SXE-Ns-Opts had more intestinal penetration than the control. Additionally, the antioxidant effect of the obtained formulation was demonstrated as 89.46% as compared to SXE (78.10%). Additionally, acarbose, SXE, and SXE-Ns-Opt each inhibited the activity of α-amylase by 95.11%, 85.88%, and 89.87%, and also suppressed the enzyme of α-glucosidase by 88.47%, 81.07%, and 85.78%, respectively. To summarise, the establishment of the SXE-Ns-Opt formulation and its characterization demonstrated the legitimacy of the foundation. A promising candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus has been shown as in vitro studies, antioxidant against oxidative stress, CLSM of rat's intestine and a high degree of penetration of formulation.

Dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate enhances lactation performance by promoting nutrient digestion and mammary gland development in dairy cows

This experiment was to evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate (SB) addition on milk production, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and the development and metabolism regulation of the mammary gland in dairy cows. Forty Holstein dairy cows averaging 710 ± 18.5 kg body weight, 72.8 ± 3.66 d in milk (DIM), and 41.4 ± 1.42 kg/d milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk production. Treatments were control group, low SB, medium SB, and high SB with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/d of SB addition per cow, respectively. The study lasted for 105 d. Production of milk, milk protein and lactose quadratically increased (P < 0.05), while fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk and milk fat yields linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SB addition. The digestibility of dietary dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein linearly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre quadratically increased (P < 0.05). Ruminal pH quadratically decreased (P = 0.04), while total volatile fatty acids (VFA) quadratically increased (P = 0.03) with increasing SB addition. The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio increased (P = 0.03) linearly due to the unaltered acetic acid molar percentage and a linear decrease in propionic acid molar percentage. Ruminal enzymatic activity of carboxymethyl-cellulase and α-amylase, populations of total bacteria, total anaerobic fungi, total protozoa, Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Ruminobacter amylophilus linearly increased (P < 0.05). Blood glucose, urea nitrogen, and non-esterified fatty acids linearly decreased (P < 0.05), while total protein concentration linearly increased (P = 0.04). Moreover, the addition of SB at 200 g/d promoted (P < 0.05) mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, SREBF1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, CCNA2, CCND1, PCNA, Bcl-2, GPR41, and the ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR, but decreased (P < 0.05) mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9. The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased with SB addition by stimulating rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.

The probiotic roles of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2 as a dietary supplement in growth promotion and disease resistance of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Bacterial diseases are the most important limiting factors for the development of large yellow croaker aquaculture. Probiotics are considered to be a promising alternative approach for the control of bacterial diseases in aquaculture. However, the studies on probiotics used in farmed large yellow croakers were very limited. In this study, we isolated and identified a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2 from the intestinal tract of large yellow croaker. L. plantarum E2 showed significant antibacterial activities against several aquaculture pathogenic bacteria, intestinal environmental tolerance, and biosafety. After 7 weeks of feeding, the E2 supplementation of dietary significantly improved the growth and the survival rates of large yellow croakers after Pseudomonas plecoglossicida PQLYC4 challenge. Further analysis showed that E2 effectively improved the intestinal integrity, and increased the intestinal α-amylase, trypsin and lipase activities. Moreover, the E2 supplementation also significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-10 and increased the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-12α, IL-17D, IFN-γ, and TNF-α-R. Gut microbiota analysis showed that E2 significantly affected gut microbial community composition by decreasing the relative abundance of Sphingomonas and increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas. Finally, E2 could improve resistance of large yellow croaker against P. plecoglossicida PQLYC4 infection. Therefore, our findings showed that L. plantarum E2 has potential application as a probiotic in large yellow croaker, which may provide a new strategy of preventing and controlling bacterial diseases in this species.

In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea (Linn)

INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia due to defect insulin release from pancreas and insulin resistance. The present study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituent present in leaf extract and evaluate α- amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea leaf. Calotropis gigantea also known as crown flower is rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is used for asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia, dried whole plant is a good tonic. MATERIAL AND METHODS About 58.45g coarse powder of Calotropis gigantea leaves was extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract was done. Different concentration (0.1mg/ml to 1mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of leaves, acarbose, sitagliptin and metformin was prepared, and all the concentration were evaluated for α- amylase inhibitory activity through spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Maximum inhibition of α- amylase was shown by acarbose at concentration of 1mg/ml and found to be 78.787 ± 0.00240 % whereas plant extract at concentration of 1mg/ml showed inhibition of α- amylase activity 54.6296 ± 0.00282 %. Percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity by plant extract was found to be dose dependent. CONCLUSION It was concluded that Calotropis gigantea leaves possess some bioactive compounds which were responsible for controlling blood glucose level by inhibiting α-amylase and its identification, isolation and characterization may lead to development of newer drugs with lesser side effects.

Effect of Wild Strawberry Tree and Hawthorn Extracts Fortification on Functional, Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties of Yogurt.

The composition analyses and health-promoting properties (antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties) of wild fruit extracts and the effect of the incorporation of strawberry tree (STE) and hawthorn (HTE) extracts on the physicochemical, instrumental textural, microbiological, and sensory parameters of yogurts were evaluated. The incorporation of wild fruit extracts in yogurt increased antioxidant and antidiabetic properties (inhibition of digestive α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase enzymatic activities) compared to the control, without decreasing their sensory quality or acceptance by consumers. The hawthorn yogurt (YHTE) showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and ORAC methods). Yogurts containing wild fruit extracts and dietary fiber achieved high overall acceptance scores (6.16-7.04) and showed stable physicochemical, textural, and microbiological properties. Therefore, the use of wild fruit extracts and inulin-type fructans as ingredients in yogurt manufacture stands as a first step towards the development of non-added sugar dairy foods for sustainable health.

Safety and antidiabetic activity of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. juice in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDiabetes and its complications have overwhelmed India's healthcare system. Current therapies are expensive and have adverse side effects, thus dietary changes and alternative treatments are needed. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Juice is used mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values, however toxicity of the juice and antidiabetic effects have been poorly characterized. Aim of the studyTo investigate the toxicity, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (LS) juice. Materials and methodsIn vitro antidiabetic (α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPP-4 inhibitory) activities were screened using standard procedures. The glucose uptake test was carried out by using L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line. In vivo sub-acute toxicity of LS juice was assessed on Wistar rats. Wistar rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control, untreated diabetic control, diabetic rats. Different dose of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight of LS juice were administered, one group of diabetic rats were administered with 2 IU/mL insulin. The rats were sacrificed on the 31st day of the experiment and various in vivo biochemical parameters were evaluated in the serum and tissue homogenates of diabetic rats. ResultsSignificant dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase (22.6%), α-glucosidase (50.13%), and DPP-4 (61.50%) activity was observed by LS juice. LS juice (10 μg/mL) increased insulin-mediated 2NBDG (2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose) absorption in L6 cells. Animals treated with LS juice showed no toxicity or unfavorable pharmacological effects. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Juice improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats with reduced fasting blood glucose. Lipopolysaccharide induced NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β production was also decreased in rats fed with LS juice. ConclusionLagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Juice has demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory properties as well as the capacity to inhibit the digestion enzymes glucosidase and amylase. Our findings thus open new avenues for further research into the antidiabetic potential of LS juice.

Adaptation of the Method of Analytical Control of the Content of α-Amylase in Triticale Grain

Triticale grain crop is promising for cultivation in various regions of central Russia. Stable yield, high resistance to adverse conditions, allow us to consider this cereal plant as a reliable source of food production. The purpose of this study was to quantify the content of active α-amylase in triticale grain to provide a forecast of agrotechnical measures. The analysis of the quantitative content of α-amylase was carried out on a laboratory spectrofluorimeter using standard bioassays conducted on the basis of a set of reagents for determining the activity of α-amylase in blood serum and urine; the conversion factor for calculating enzyme activity was calculated using a multiparametric calibrator of biochemical analyzers. To improve the methodology for the determination of α-amylase in real samples of plant raw materials, flour of winter triticale varieties grown in the field was used. Based on the results of measuring the activity of α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the enzyme content in the flour of grain crops of 2020 and 2021 was carried out; the dependence of pre-harvest seed germination on the content of α-amylase in grain of various varieties, lines and hybrids was shown. Based on the data obtained on the content of α-amylase in triticale grain, a comparative assessment of the characteristics of pre-harvest seed germination was carried out. The indicator of the quantitative content of α-amylase can be recommended for use in the diagnosis of pre-harvest germination of grain, as well as in breeding work when creating new varieties of grain crops.

Antihyperglycemic potential of the Lavandula stoechas aqueous extract via inhibition of digestive enzymes and reduction of intestinal glucose absorption

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a widespread metabolic disorder affecting global populations. Lavandula stoechas from Moroccan traditional medicine is used for its potential anti-diabetic effects. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic impact of the aqueous extract of L. stoechas (AqLs) and explore its mechanisms. MethodsThe study employed a glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on normal and diabetic Wistar rats, administering AqLs at 150 mg/kg. In vitro, AqLs was tested against α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, confirmed in vivo using normal and Allx-diabetic rats. The extract’s impact on intestinal d-glucose absorption was assessed using the jejunum segment perfusion technique at 250 mg/kg in situ. Albino mice were used to assess toxicity. ResultsAqLs significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia (P < 0.001) due to glucose overload. It inhibited pancreatic α-amylase (IC50: 0.485 mg/mL) and intestinal α-glucosidase (IC50: 168 µg/mL) in vitro. Oral AqLs at 150 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia induced by sucrose and starch in normal and diabetic rats. It also lowered (P < 0.001) intestinal glucose absorption in situ at 250 mg/kg. Oral acute toxicity tests on Albino mice indicated no adverse effects at different doses. Conclusionto summarize, L. stoechas has evident antihyperglycemic effects attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and key monosaccharide digestion enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

Partial characterization of digestive proteases in the river prawn Macrobrachium americanum () (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in Mexico

Abstract We characterized the digestive enzymes in adults of Macrobrachium americanum (Spence Bate, 1868) in southeastern Mexico. The digestive enzyme extracts were made from the specimens’ hepatopancreas. Alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, leucine aminopeptidase, lipases, α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities were determined, as well as the percentage of inhibition, pH, and temperature stabilities through biochemical and electrophoretic techniques. The maximum digestive activity of proteases was at 35 °C and pH 11. Alkaline digestive proteases were highly stable at pHs 4, 9 and 11 at 55 °C after 30 min pre-incubation. PMSF inhibited two bands with proteolytic activity (35.1 and 23.2 kDa), and SBT1 inhibited all bands, including the one with the highest molecular weight (64.2 kDa). We concluded that enzymes in M. americanum coincide with those of omnivorous decapods with a tendency to carnivory.

Correlated trophic and bioactive activities in the parasite-host relationship – Phelipanche purpurea vs. Achillea arabica case study

Plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses was presented in a peculiar and relatively unknown symbiotic system, which is the relationship between the soil, obligate parasite and its host used as a medicinal and aromatic herb. This study has determined the bioaccumulation and translocation of micro/macro-nutrients and toxic substances from the soil into and within defined plant organs of a parasite (Phelipanche purpurea) and its host (Achillea arabica). There were 55 polyphenols identified; 38 compounds (average content of 2638.93 mg/100 g d.w.) - host plant and 17 compounds (average content of 3049.35 mg/100 g d.w.) - parasite plant. Some P. purpurea parasite polyphenols had been identified in its fractions for the first time. The profile of host polyphenols differed qualitatively and quantitatively from that of the P. purpurea parasite, only polyumoside and 2'-O-acetylpolyumoside were qualitatively identical in both. The phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs’) were the most important compounds in the parasite and accounted for an average of 99% of all polyphenols (average content of 2996.85 mg/100 g d.w.) whilst flavonols and flavones (F&F) were most important in the host and accounted for an average of 55% of all polyphenols (average content of 1382.37 mg/100 g d.w.). The roots of the host, presented the highest antioxidant activity (178.4 umol Trolox (T)/g d.w. for ABTS assay, 318.9 umol T/g d.w. for DPPH, and 51.3 umol T/g d.w. for FRAP), whilst flowers of parasite noted the higher inhibition activity of α-glucosidase, but stems with tuber – higher inhibition activity of α-amylase. In turn, the host, presented the highest amount of Zn and Ca (average 28.0 and 5.3 mg/1000 g), whilst the parasite noted the higher amount of K (average 16.4 mg/1000 g). Holoparasites of A. arabica are promising sources for generating novel products with advantageous effects and high prospects to develop in the food and/or pharmacy industry.

Chemical alterations of grain surface by cold plasma technology: Comparison of buckwheat and wheat grain responses to oxygen low-pressure plasma

Cold plasma (CP) has a great potential for decontamination or improvement of grain germination. However, disputing results have been reported, as plasma treatment can affect species and varieties of grains in different ways. The differences may be due to the chemical composition of grain pericarps, the structure of the grains and metabolic response mechanisms. CP treatment decreased grain germination rate, speed and activity of α-amylase of buckwheat grains. Such effects on both varieties of wheat grains were present after longer exposure to plasma. Lipid peroxidation was highest in buckwheat grains, whereas wheat grains were less affected. Plasma-treated Gorolka variety exhibited a low level of lipid peroxidation, no different to untreated grains, compared to Primorka grains, where longer treatment triggered higher levels of lipid peroxidation. The response of grains to CP treatment depends on the chemical and structural properties of grains pericarp, as well as plant tolerance to certain abiotic conditions.

Larvicidal activity, enzyme inhibitory effect, and molecular docking by essential oil, hydrolate, aqueous extract, and major compounds from the leaves of Eugenia uniflora against Aedes aegypti

Eugenia uniflora is a plant native to Brazil that has a wide geographical distribution and produces a high content of essential oils. The aim of the present study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of the hydrolate (Eu-HYD), aqueous extract (Eu-AE), essential oil (Eu-EO), and major compounds obtained from E. uniflora leaves against Aedes aegypti as well as assess the effects on the digestive enzymes of the larvae. Eu-HYD and Eu-AE were obtained from the leaves as byproducts of the EO isolation by hydrodistillation. Selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (1, 57.55 %) and oxidoselina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (2, 21.18 %) were the major chemical compounds in the EO, as determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Eu-EO exhibited the most promising larvicidal activity (LC50 = 35.9 ± 1.02 mg/L), followed by Eu-AE (LC50 = 12.205 ± 1.04 mg/L) and Eu-HYD (LC50 = 42.4 ± 1.02 mg/L), whereas compounds 1 and 2 had an LC50 of 77.8 ± 1.06 and 41.2 ± 1.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, Eu-EO, Eu-AE, and Eu-HYD inhibited α-amylase activity in the Ae. aegypti larvae. Docking studies on the altered enzymes indicated that the affinity of compound 2 for Ae. aegypti α-amylase is slightly higher than that of compound 1. These results suggest notable larvicidal activity for all products of Eugenia uniflora leaves, making such products bioactive candidates for interrupting the reproduction cycle of Ae. aegypti, which is the main vector of arboviruses.

Ewes fed high-concentrate diets containing flint corn and increasing levels of exogenous amylolytic enzyme: effects on nutrient intake and digestibility

The aim was to evaluate if the inclusion of exogenous amylolytic enzyme affect the nutrient intake and digestibility in ewes fed high-concentrate diets containing flint corn. Five Santa Inês × Dorper crossbred ewes (54.04 ± 4.5 kg and aged 8 months) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. All animals were housed in individual metabolic cages for 60 days. The treatments consisted of a control diet (without amylolytic enzyme) and four inclusion levels of an amylolytic enzyme (3,000, 6,000, 9,000, and 12,000 α-amylase dextrinizing units [DU] kg-1 dry matter [DM]). The enzyme was mixed into the feed at the time of supply to the animals. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used. Nutrient intake was not influenced by amylolytic enzyme inclusion. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and gross energy showed a quadratic increase with enzyme inclusion (P&lt;0.05), with maximum values at levels of 7,600, 7,500, 6,300, 7,500, 7,400, and 7,800 DU kg-1 DM, respectively. Total digestible nutrients of diets also showed a quadratic increase, with a maximum value of 894 g kg-1 at a level of α-amylase activity of 7,786 DU kg-1 DM. The inclusion of the exogenous amylolytic enzyme from 6,300 to 7,800 DU kg-1 DM doesn’t alter nutrient intake and improves the digestibility in ewes fed high-concentrate diets.

Design, synthesis and evaluation the bioactivities of novel 8‑methoxy-1-azacoumarin-3-carboxamide derivatives as anti-diabetic agents

In this study, a novel series of 8‑methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and N-substituted 8‑methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives 2–10 were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-4 enzymes resulting in effective anti-diabetic agents. The research results showed that these compounds had significant inhibitory effects on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Specifically, compound 4 demonstrated the most potency with IC50 of 30.50±2.67 and 19.98±3.24µM for α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities respectively, which was significantly more powerful than the drug Acarbose (IC50 = 48.97±3.42µM and 16.59±3.78µM). Also, compound 4 Exhibits strong inhibitory activity against DPP-4 with an IC50 value of 0.035±6.65nM as compared to the positive control sitagliptin (IC50 =0.014±6.91nM).Also, we had performed the kinetic study for the most potent compound 4 on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes to study the type of inhibition of enzymes. The results showed that compound 4 was non-competitive inhibitor that can bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, known as the allosteric site. Investigating the potential of compound 4 to treat diabetes, we evaluated its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. Our results indicated that it had a highly effective scavenging ability for DPPH with an IC50 value of 15.45±3.83µM, outperforming ascorbic acid (IC50 =7.24±8.01µM), the positive control. Exhilarated by these promising findings, we continue to explore the varied possibilities for these compounds.

Variation of bioactive potentials during the production of enzyme-modified cheese

Milk proteins are a known source of bioactive peptides released through proteolysis. Enzyme-modified cheese (EMC), produced with high proteolysis levels, has the potential to provide such peptides. This study aimed to explore the bioactive potentials (antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative potentials) of EMC during production stages and after in vitro digestion. Results showed remarkable increases in antioxidant activities and sustained ACE inhibition activity values with each production stage. The samples inhibited α-amylase activity before in vitro digestion, while significant inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was observed after digestion. Furthermore, antimicrobial effects on Staphylococcus aureus were observed after digestion, with limited antiproliferative effects on various cancer cells. The study demonstrates the potential of EMC to positively impact body functions through its bioactive properties. Further research is needed to investigate the components formed during the production stages in detail.

Effects of degree of milling on nutritional quality, functional characteristics and volatile compounds of brown rice tea.

This study investigated the effects of rice preparation using different degrees of milling (DOM) from 0% to 13% on the nutritional composition, functional properties, major volatile compounds and safety of brown rice tea (BRT). We found that 2% DOM reduced 52.33% of acrylamide and 31.88% of fluorescent AGEs. When DOM was increased from 0% to 13%, the total phenolic content (TPC) of brown rice tea decreased by 48.12%, and the total flavonoid content (TFC) and condensed tannin content (CTC) also decreased significantly, with the smallest decrease at 2% DOM. In addition, the inhibitory activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase as well as the antioxidant activity also decreased gradually. Analysis by electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that alkanes, furans, aldehydes, pyrazines and alcohols were the major volatiles in BRT, with 2% DOM having the greatest retention of aroma compounds. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and VIP score (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) analysis were used to screen 25 flavor substances that contributed to the differences in BRT aroma of different DOMs. These results suggest that 2% milled BRT can improve safety and palatability while maximizing the retention of flavor compounds and nutrients. The findings of this study contribute to an enhanced understanding of the dynamics of changes and preservation of aroma compounds and nutrients present during the processing of BRT.

Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties of Pistacia lentiscus from Boulemane as a Natural Nutraceutical Preservative.

Pistacia lentiscus L. has traditionally been employed as a diuretic and stimulant in the treatment of hypertension. Our interest centered on analyzing the chemical profile of the plant's leaves and its in vitro, in vivo, and in silico antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects in order to valorize this species and prepare new high-value products that can be used in the agro-food and pharmaceutical industries. When this species' essential oil was hydrodistilled and subjected to GC-MS analysis, the results showed that the principal components were germacrene D (17.54%), spathulenol (17.38%), bicyclogermacrene (12.52%), and terpinen-4-ol (9.95%). The extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out by decoction and Soxhlet. The determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins of aqueous and organic extracts by spectrophotometric methods demonstrated the richness of this species in phenolic compounds. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC/UV-ESI-MS of the aqueous extract of P. lentiscus revealed the presence of 3,5-di-O-galloyl quinic acid, gallic acid, and 3,4,5-tri-O-galloyl quinic acid specific to this species. The study of antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) revealed that P. lentiscus is a very promising source of natural antioxidants. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and aqueous extract (E0) was studied by microdilution on the microplate. The results revealed the effectiveness of the aqueous extract compared to the essential oil against Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, P. fluorescence, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and Y. enterolitica) and candidoses (C. krusei and C. albicans). The measurements of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of the aqueous extract (E0) can significantly prolong these tests from concentrations of 2.875 and 5.750 mg/mL, respectively. The antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract (E0) showed a strong in vitro inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to acarbose. Thus, it significantly inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia in Wistar albino rats. The in-silico study of the major compounds of the essential oil and extract (E0) carried out using PASS, SwissADME, pkCSM, and molecular docking tools confirmed our in vitro and in vivo results. The studied compounds showed a strong ability to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and to passively diffuse through the blood-brain barrier, a similarity to drugs, and water solubility. Molecular docking experiments deduced the probable mode of action of the identified compounds on their respective target proteins, such as NADPH oxidase, thrombin, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, given the demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic effects, we can affirm the richness of P. lentiscus in bioactive molecules and its use in traditional medicine as a source of preservative agent.

Genome-Wide and 16S rRNA Sequencing-Based Analysis on the Health Effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XLK401 on Chicks.

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, serves as a growth promoter used in the poultry industry, contributeing to broiler development. However, practical studies are needed to determine the probiotic potential and growth-promoting effects of specific L. paracasei strains. This study aims to determine whether L. paracasei XLK401 influences broiler chicken growth and the mechanisms involved. Notably, we identified several bile salt and acid tolerance-related genes (Asp23, atpD, atpA, atpH, and atpF) in L. paracasei XLK401. This bacterium demonstrates robust probiotic properties under acidic conditions (pH 2.0) and 0.3% bile salt conditions. It also contains a variety of antioxidant-related genes (trxA, trxB, and tpx), carbohydrate-related genes, gene-encoding glycosidases (e.g., GH and GT), and three clusters of genes associated with antimicrobial compounds. Supplementation with L. paracasei XLK401 significantly increased the body weight of the chicks. In addition, it significantly increased hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities (GSH-Px, SOD, and T-AOC) while significantly decreasing the levels of oxidative damage factors and inflammatory factors (MDA and IL-6), resulting in improved chick health. Improvements in body weight and health status were associated with significant increases in α-amylase activity and the remodeling of the host gut microbiota by L. paracasei XLK401. Among them, actinobacteria abundance in chicken intestines after feeding them L. paracasei XLK401 was significantly decreased, Bifidobacterium sp. abundance was also significantly decreased, and Subdoligranulum sp. abundance was significantly increased. This suggests that L. paracasei XLK401 can regulate the abundance of certain bacteria without changing the overall microbial structure. In addition, in the correlation analysis, Subdoligranulums sp. were positively correlated with SOD and negatively correlated with IL-1β and MDA. Overall, our study demonstrates that L. paracasei XLK401 effectively promotes healthy chick growth. This is made possible by the modulation of gut microbe abundance and the underlying probiotic effect of L. paracasei XLK401. Based on these findings, we postulate L. paracasei XLK401 as a potential efficient growth promoter in broiler farming.

Relationship between the behavioral type of American mink males and the activity of digestive enzymes

The domestication of the American mink (Neovison vison) leads to the manifestation of such a trait as “tame” behavior. The selection of animals on this basis seems to be very attractive from the standpoint of commodity production. Since work with predators is rather complicated, selection for the “tame” behavior of animals seems relevant. Assuming that the genes that control behavior, due to their pleiotropic action, can be involved in the synthesis of digestive enzymes, which can lead to a decrease in productivity characteristics. In this respect, experiments were carried out to determine the enzymatic activity of proteases, lipases, and α-amylases in aggressive and tame animals. It has been established that the activity of proteases and lipases is higher in aggressive lines of American mink males than in the tame ones, while the amylolytic activity in tame animals is higher than in theaggressive ones.