Activity In Boys Research Articles

Paternal involvement and children's internalization of gender roles in early childhood

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigates the effects of paternal involvement on the frequency of gender‐incongruent activities in children's play at age 2.BackgroundRecent research suggests that paternal involvement is associated with more gender egalitarian attitudes in children and a more egalitarian distribution of housework tasks between sons and daughters. Although previous studies have tested the effects of paternal involvement on teenage children, the process of internalization of gender norms and roles in early childhood has not yet been investigated.MethodAnalyses are based on the French Elfe cohort with information at age 2 for 11,564 children born in 2011. Multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regression models were run separately for sons and daughters.ResultsPaternal involvement in early childhood was associated with more frequent gender‐incongruent activities in boys' but not in girls' play at age 2. The effect of paternal involvement further varied depending on the type of involvement: involvement in housework tasks and childcare was associated with more gender‐incongruent activities for sons but paternal participation in children's play increased the frequency of activities gender‐typed as masculine, independently of the child's sex.ConclusionPaternal involvement in housework and childcare in early childhood shapes gender‐typed activities in toddlers' play for sons but not for daughters. It contributes to “undoing gender” in play activities for boys and, in doing so, narrows the gender gap in children's play.

Motor unit firing rates during slow and fast contractions in boys and men.

Motor unit (MU) activation during maximal contractions is lower in children compared with adults. Among adults, discrete MU activation differs, depending on the rate of contraction. We investigated the effect of contraction rate on discrete MU activation in boys and men. Following a habituation session, 14 boys and 20 men completed two experimental sessions for knee extension and wrist flexion, in random order. Maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIC) was determined before completing trapezoidal isometric contractions (70%MVIC) at low (10%MVIC/s) and high (35%MVIC/s) contraction rates. Surface electromyography was captured from the vastus lateralis (VL) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and decomposed into individual MU action potential (MUAP) trains. In both groups and muscles, the initial MU firing rate (MUFR) was greater (p < 0.05) at high compared with low contraction rates. The increase in initial MUFR at the fast contraction in the VL was greater in men than boys (p < 0.05). Mean MUFR was significantly lower during fast contractions only in the FCR (p < 0.05). In both groups and muscles, the rate of decay of MUFR with increasing MUAP amplitude was less steep (p < 0.05) during fast compared with slow contractions. In both groups and muscles, initial MUFRs, as well as MUFRs of large MUs were higher during fast compared with slow contractions. However, in the VL, the increase in initial MUFR was greater in men compared with boys. This suggests that in large muscles, men may rely more on increasing MUFR to generate torque at faster rates compared with boys.

Ecological and comparative analysis of the influence of the weather factor under the combined effect of heliomagnetic storms (HMS) on the vegetative balance of boys of different ages

Despite the extensive scientific data available on the impact of meteorological and heliogeophysical factors on the health and physiological parameters of the organism, the ecological role and biological nature of the mechanisms of their interaction remain unclear. The need to choose an integrated approach to the study of the Space–Earth–Human system is obvious and justified because it is based on the idea of using modern technologies and channels for obtaining and disseminating information about the impact of space weather, variability of the atmosphere, electromagnetic and gravitational fields, anthropogenic pollution and other environmental parameters that requires effective and rapid solution. It has been established that the body’s response to various stressful influences is largely determined by the ratio of the tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. It is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and, above all, its sympathetic division that plays a special role in the formation of adaptive reactions of the body, the development of meteorological reactions, i.e. the autonomic nervous system is the primary site of meteorological influences that cause shifts in its balance. Determination of vegetative status and direction of vegetative activity in boys’ organism was carried out by means of functional and vegetative diagnostics by V. Makats’ method. We examined 151 boys, including 49 boys aged 7–11 years and 102 — aged 12–15 years, FVD was carried out in the morning at 10.00–11.00. Since the state of the autonomic nervous system is decisive in the development of meteotropic reactions, the data of the study of vegetative tone in sunny and cloudy weather under the combined influence of heliomagnetic storms (HMS) were analysed, favourable and unfavourable weather conditions for the body were determined and the state of adaptive health of the examined children was determined. It was found that under the influence of heliometeorological factors on the organism of practically healthy young boys, agerelated peculiarities of meteorological variability are observed. The most sensitive to changes in weather and climatic conditions under the combined influence of HMS was the group of primary school age boys (PSA) aged 7–11 years, who showed maximum deviations in the activity of functional systems from the age norm, and the least sensitive was the group of boys aged 12–15 years. When analysing the influence of changes in weather conditions on the body of boys by the vegetative coefficient (kV), it was found that at the norm of kAv 0.95–1.05, it increased maximally when exposed to sunny weather and amounted to 1.12 in the revealed state of vegetative balance. In a healthy organism, changes in physiological processes and functional activity of systems under the influence of such a factor as changes in boys’ PSA, which indicates a pronounced sympathicotonia, and in boys’ ASA 0.93, respectively, which indicates a slight parasympathicotonia. The effects of cloudy weather on the body in both groups, even with the combined effect of HMB, are easily compensated for, and a special role in this belongs to the autonomic nervous system, whose activity ensures an adequate response of the body to the effects of environmental factors. Knowledge about meteosensitivity and meteorological reactions is necessary for the development of both preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at increasing nonspecific resistance and adaptation mechanisms of the body, normalising the function of organs and systems as a basis for normal reactions to adverse environmental changes. Environmental factors, including meteorological factors, are directly related to human life and health. Each of the meteorological elements has its own biological significance. This raises the question of the impact of solar activity, weather, atmospheric conditions, and, above all, anthropogenic pollution and other environmental parameters on human health, which naturally requires a quantitative approach to risk assessment and the development of necessary management decisions.

Trajectories of child mental health, physical activity and screen-time during the COVID-19 pandemic considering different family situations: results from a longitudinal birth cohort

BackgroundMany authors have described a significant mental health burden on children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly moderated by social disparities. This analysis explores whether pre-pandemic family circumstances might be related to different aspects of child health during the pandemic.MethodsWe analyzed trajectories of health-related outcomes in children aged 5 to 9 years (T7 to T11) using the Ulm SPATZ Health study, a population based birth cohort study (baseline 04/2012–05/2013) conducted in the South of Germany. Outcomes were children’s mental health, quality of life, and lifestyle, such as screen time and physical activity. We conducted descriptive statistics of maternal and child characteristics before and throughout the pandemic. We defined three different groups of pre-pandemic family situations and used adjusted mixed models to estimate differences in means associated with the time during the pandemic vs. before the pandemic in (a) all children and in (b) children belonging to specific pre-pandemic family situations.ResultsWe analyzed data from n = 588 children from whom at least one questionnaire was completed between T7 and T11. When not considering the pre-pandemic family situation, adjusted mixed models showed statistically significant lower mean scores of health-related quality of life among girls during vs. before the COVID-19 pandemic (difference in means (b): − 3.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): − 6.4, − 1.4). There were no substantial differences in mental health, screen time, or physical activity in boys or girls. When considering pre-pandemic family situations, boys with mothers having symptoms of depression or anxiety showed a substantial loss of health-related quality of life on the subscale of friends (b: − 10.5 (95% CI: − 19.7, − 1.4)). Among girls in this group, 60% of the 15 assessed outcomes were negatively associated with a remarkable loss in health-related quality of life (e.g., KINDL-physical well-being difference in means: − 12.2 (95% CI: − 18.9, − 5.4)). Furthermore, a substantial increase in screen time was found (+ 2.9 h (95% CI: 0.3, 5.6)).ConclusionOur results suggest that the health (and behavior) of primary school-aged children is possibly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with adverse consequences differing by gender and very likely by the pre-pandemic family situation. Especially in girls having a mother with depression or anxiety symptoms, the adverse consequences of the pandemic on mental health seem to be aggregated. Boys showed fewer adverse trajectories, and it needs to be further assessed which factors exactly are behind the (socio-economic) factors, such as maternal working habits and limited living space, when analyzing the effect of the pandemic on children’s health.

Estimated prevalence and gender disparity of physical activity among 64,127 in-school adolescents (aged 12-17 years): A multi-country analysis of Global School-based Health Surveys from 23 African countries.

The Africa sub-region currently lacks quantitative normative data to illustrate the extent of burden and gender inequities of physical activity level in order to inform policy and education, towards meeting the WHO's 2030 physical activity milestone. The study aimed to provide insights on the current prevalence of sufficient physical activity and gender disparity, using a nationally representative data from the Global School-based student Health Survey (GSHS) from 23 African countries. The study used the multi-country GSHS data from 23 African countries (2003-2017). Sufficient physical activity was measured through self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of sufficient physical activity among in-school adolescents in each country was estimated by proportion with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Meta-analysis with random effect was employed to pool the prevalence of physical activity level in the 23 African countries. Additionally, sub-group, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were performed. The study included 23 African countries representing 64,127 in-school adolescents aged 12-17 years. Overall, only 20% [95% CI: 18%-22%] of adolescents in Africa engaged in sufficient physical activity. With respect to sex, only 25% [95% CI: 22%-28%] of males and 16% [95% CI: 14%-18%] of females met the WHO recommendation of sufficient physical activity. Sufficient physical activity ranged from 11.6% [9.2%-14.5%] in Sudan to 38.3% [CI:30.2%-47.1%] in Benin. Sufficient physical activity in boys ranged from 7.5% [95% CI: 6.2%-9.0%] in Zambia to 29.2% [95% CI: 22.5%-36.8%] in Benin, and ranged from 2.5% [95% CI: 1.6%-4.0%] in Senegal to 12.2% [95% CI:10.6%-14.1%] in Tanzania for girls. Only 20% of in-school adolescents met the WHO's recommended physical activity level. Generally, adolescent girls in Africa are less active than adolescent boys. Addressing the rising burden of insufficient physical activity in adolescents and narrowing the gender gap could ultimately increase the overall physical activity engagement and achieve the WHO's global physical activity target by 2030.

P192 Early adrenal activation in boys with cystic fibrosis may explain impaired final height

P192 Early adrenal activation in boys with cystic fibrosis may explain impaired final height

Organization of recreational and health handball classes for boys of primary school age in the conditions of children's sports

The article is devoted to the construction of a program of recreational and health activities for boys of primary school age based on the use of handball. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate and develop a program of classes based on the use of handball for boys of primary school age, aimed at organizing active leisure, increasing the level of physical activity of children. Methods and organization of research - analysis and generalization of special scientific and methodological literature, documentary materials, sociological (questionnaires, expert surveys), pedagogical research methods (pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment), methods of mathematical statistics.&#x0D; The proposed program of classes includes 3 main parts: theoretical, practical and cognitive and covers a number of activities that affect the involvement of children in recreational and health activities, different from the existing degree of development, structure and content. The duration of classes was 30-45 minutes. The frequency of classes was 2 times a week. Among the funds used a series of fun handball exercises: tennis and soccer ball relays, mobile games, competitions, sports quizzes, entertainment events, holidays, story-based role-playing games. The variety of means of the program, namely special exercises aimed at getting acquainted with the technique of handball, allowed to attract boys of primary school age to recreational and health activities, to promote a positive attitude to a healthy lifestyle and physical activity.

Personal And Social Responsibility And Physical Activity Participation In Students

The aim of this paper was to analyse the levels of personal and social responsibility and physical activity participation according to students’ gender and Education Stage, and to know the relationship between these two variables. The sample consisted on 344 students (152 boys y 192 girls), between 11 and 17 years old (M = 14.03; SD= 2.15), corresponding to Primary Education Stage (N = 174) and Secondary Education Stage (N = 170), who were administered the Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire and the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise. The results showed significantly higher values of personal responsibility and physical activity in boys. Thus, primary stage students showed significant higher values on personal responsibility, helping others, and physical activity than secondary stage students. Finally, the practice of physical activity was positively and significantly associated with the personal and social responsibility of the students. These data can help teachers and coaches to promote values through physical activity.

Extracurricular activities and peer relational victimization: Role of gender and school social norms

ABSTRACT Participation in extracurricular activities is associated with positive developmental indicators and wellbeing. However, involvement in some activities may place adolescents at-risk for peer victimization. This study focuses on the effect of participating in sports and academic/arts extracurricular activities on relational victimization, focusing on the role that gender (stereotypical activities for boys and girls) and school norms (proportion of participation) might have in this association. The study uses data from the Chilean National Survey on Violence in the School Context (ENVAE, 2014), considering a national representative sample of 38,286 7th to 12th graders. Results indicate that for boys breaking school social norms is associated with experiencing victimization, whereas for girls breaking gender norms increases their likelihood of being victimized. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.

Victimization in bullying and cyberbullying and organized physical activity: The mediating effect of physical self-concept in adolescents

ABSTRACT Being a victim of bullying or cyberbullying can be linked to participating less in physical activity. Considering that physical self-concept can play an important role in the relationship between both constructs, this study aims to analyse the mediating effect of physical self-concept between victimization/cybervictimization and physical activity, considering the moderating effect of gender. A total of 870 schoolchildren aged 12 to 19 from southern Spain participated in this explanatory cross-sectional study. We studied the variables of victimization, cyber-victimization, physical self-concept and organized physical activity through self-reports, and analysed the moderated mediation using the Process macro. Negative relationship was found between physical activity and both victimization and cybervictimization, and this association was mediated by physical self-concept. In turn, moderating analyses showed that physical self-concept had a stronger relationship on physical activity in boys. In conclusion, a positive physical self-concept can mediate in victims of bullying or cyberbullying opting not to participate in physical activities, especially in boys.

Get Moving and Get Snoozing: Physical Activity and Sleep in Young Boys With DMD During a Clinical Trial

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. This research presentation provides information on daytime and nighttime activity of boys with DMD in their everyday lives and while enrolled in a 12-month clinical trial. This research addresses the gap in knowledge regarding community-based outcomes in DMD, such as daily activity and sleep, and how therapeutic interventions may affect these outcomes. Primary Author and Speaker: Roxanna Bendixen Additional Authors and Speakers: Sarah McKendry, Natalie Silverman Contributing Authors: Amy Gore Hartman

INFLUENCE OF NITRIC OXIDE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, MARKERS OF ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS AND BONE METABOLISM OF ORAL FLUID ON THE DENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN WITH MILD IODINE DEFICIENCY, LATENT IRON DEFICIENCY AND ASSOCIATED MICROELEMENTOSIS

The article analyzes the metabolism of nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), markers of antioxidant protection, bone metabolism of oral fluid and features of dental status in children with mild iodine deficiency (МІD), latent iron deficiency and combined (LID); a combination of trace elements was examined.&#x0D; As a result of the study (age group from 6 to 11 years) under the conditions of МІD in boys there was an increase in the level of NO2, NO2- + NO3-, and in girls - peroxynitrite in the oral fluid. In schoolchildren with LІD changes in the studied parameters were less pronounced (in the oral fluid increased NO2 concentration regardless of gender and increased peroxynitrite content only in girls). Under conditions of combined micronutrient imbalance in the oral fluid levels of NO2 increased, the amount of NO2- and NO3-, peroxynitrite, regardless of gender, and girls, in addition, levels of arginase decreased. Such changes were observed against the background of weakening of antioxidant protection of oral fluid. In particular, acid phosphatase (АсР) was activated under the conditions of LD in boys against the background of alkaline phosphatase (АР) inhibition and reduction of total calcium levels in oral fluid. The same tendency was observed in girls of this group, in addition, they found inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of oral fluid. Under the conditions of LІD, regardless of gender, KF activation was observed against the background of АсР suppression (in boys), decrease in SOD activity (in girls). The most pronounced changes were observed in the oral fluid of children with combined iodine and iron deficiency: increased activity of АР regardless of gender, glutathione peroxidase (GP), LF in girls, inhibition of АсР activity in boys, decreased total calcium regardless of gender. The level of ionized calcium in the oral fluid increased only in girls.&#x0D; In children aged 12 to 18 years under the conditions of МІD, an increase in the concentration of peroxynitrite in the oral fluid regardless of gender and a decrease in arginase levels were found only in girls. In the oral fluid of boys with LІD found a decrease in L-arginine, in girls - and an increase in L-arginine, NO2 concentration on the background of a decrease in arginase and peroxynitrite. In high school students with combined microelements, regardless of gender, the content of peroxynitrite in the oral fluid and a decrease in the level of L-arginine in boys and an increase in arginase in girls. In this group, a significant increase in the concentration of H2S in schoolgirls, which can perform a protective function in oxidative stress or impaired blood supply, attracts attention. The results of the level of total, ionized calcium and phosphatase activity indicate an increase in the resorptive process in periodontal tissues in all experimental groups.&#x0D; During the dental examination, a high level of caries prevalence, a decrease in the level of hygiene, and a higher PMA index were found in older schoolchildren with a combination of microelements. The poorer level of dental health among boys concerning girls attracts attention, which can be explained by the better level of care and daily rehabilitation of the oral cavity in girls.&#x0D; Thus, under the conditions of preclinical microelements the indicators of NO metabolism change, the antioxidant reserve of oral fluid decreases, and markers of bone metabolism are disturbed. Such biochemical changes in the composition of oral fluid are compared with indicators of dental status.

Are There Differences in Video Gaming and Use of Social Media among Boys and Girls?-A Mixed Methods Approach.

Gaming is widespread among adolescents and has typically been viewed as an activity for boys. There are however a growing number of female gamers and we need to learn more about how gender affects gaming. The aim of this study is to both quantify gaming among Norwegian adolescents and explore how gender differences are perceived. A mixed method approach was used to capture gaming experiences among boys and girls. Survey data (N = 5607) was analyzed descriptively, and five focus groups were conducted, applying thematic analysis. Statistics showed that boys from the age of 14 use video games up to 5 times more than girls, while girls are much more on social media. From the focus groups, we found that boys did not view social media as socially significant as gaming and that there is a greater social acceptance of gaming among boys than among girls. Gender differences in video gaming are not necessarily a problem per se, as they may reflect gender-specific motivations and interests. However, the study also finds that girls feel less encouraged than boys to play video games due to different gender-related experiences of video gaming. Therefore, gendered barriers in video gaming must be explored in future research.

Barriers to physical activity in adolescents: A systematic review

The aim of the research was to determine, based on a systematic review of published studies that dealt with barriers to physical activity in adolescents, which are the most common barriers that stop adolescents from engaging in physical activity. Within the research original scientific studies are included, the ones that had male and female adolescents as a sample of respondents, studies related to the analysis of barriers that occur in adolescents, in which assessments were made on the basis of a questionnaire related to barriers. The research included studies from January 1, 2003, to July 2020. The final analysis, based on the set criteria, included 11 studies that were processed and presented. Most studies have shown that more internal barriers than external ones occur in girls comparing to boys, while external barriers are more common causes of not engaging in physical activity in boys. The three most common barriers among boys were: lack of company, lack of time and school obligations. Among girls, the most commonly reported barrier was "I'd rather do some other activities" and reporting a lack of time. The significance of this research is that it provides information on barriers in respondents who are adolescents, ie the reasons why their physical activity is reduced or they do not engage in physical activity at all. The significance of this research is that it provides information on barriers in respondents who are adolescents, ie the reasons why their physical activity is reduced or they do not engage in physical activity at all.

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: DATA ON BRAZILIAN ADOLESCENTS

ABSTRACT Introduction Although the benefits of regular physical activity (PA) for adolescents are well-described in the literature, there is little evidence of the role of psychosocial aspects on levels of PA in this population. Objective To investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with enjoyment of PA and preference for leisure-time activities in boys and girls. Methods A cross-sectional study, with 6529 adolescents (aged 15 to 19 years) enrolled in secondary education in public schools in the South of Brazil. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and the variables of interest, with data collection using a standardized questionnaire. Results Boys enjoyed (87.1%) and preferred (44.4%) PA more than girls (enjoyment: 79.2%; preference: 29.5%). Among the boys, enjoyment was associated with family income(OR3-5 wages=1.53; OR≥6 wages=1.62) and, among the girls, it was associated with age (OR19 years=0.28), occupational status (ORworkers=1.45), and income (OR3-5 wages=1.35). Preference was associated with age (OR19 years=2.48) and income (OR≥6 wages=0.70) among the boys and, among girls, it was associated with area of residence (ORrural=1.47) and occupation (ORworkers=1.31). Conclusion Boys (enjoyment: 87.1%; preference: 44.4%) had more positive attitudes toward PA than girls (enjoyment: 79.2%; preference: 29.5%), and some sociodemographic variables appear to be more closely associated with these attitudes than others. Enjoyment was associated with family income for boys, and with age, occupation and income for girls. Preference, in turn, was associated with age and family income for boys, and area of residence and occupational status for girls. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.

IS PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES RELATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY TIME IN ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS?

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between adolescents’ frequency of participation in physical education and physical activity and their amount of screen time. The study included 1,502 girls and 1,379 boys aged 14–16 years. We measured the participants’ frequency of participation in physical education classes, physical activity, and sedentary behavior by means of a questionnaire-based survey. We found that participation in physical education classes was associated with higher levels of physical activity in boys and girls, less time spent on electronic devices in both genders, and less time devoted to watching TV in girls. Girls participated in physical education classes more often, had lower levels of physical activity, and spent less time on sedentary activities than boys. In conclusion, increasing the frequency of participation in physical education classes may be an effective strategy for reducing physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles in adolescents.

Current physical activity and sports history of children 11 to 19 years old at high schools in Prague

Objectives. Objective of this study/thesis/work was to analyse the level of free time physical activity and its specifics on a sample of the adolescent population. To goal was to analyze the historical factor in each proband and its effect on the activity development. The analysis included information spanning from the initial experience with organized physical activity. The results of the survey are further compared with the conclusions of previous studies on the issue. Methods. A total of 563 respondents (235 boys and 328 girls) from grammar schools in Prague participated in the research. Data were obtained using a questionnaire survey (computer assisted web interviewing – CAWI) based on preliminary research and evaluated using MS Excel, GraphPad Prism and mathematical software R. Results. The preference of just one sport (63.8%) was found in the examined population. Predominant frequency of trainings was 2 to 4 per week (61.2%). The vast majority (93.6%) stated that they participated in fundamental movement training at a younger school age. More than half (61%) experienced pain or injury during physical activity, especially in the lower limbs (61.9%). The main factor in the termination of physical activity were psychosocial reasons (76.9%). Increasing age has not been shown as a factor leading to reduction of physical activity in children. On the contrary, the frequency of activity increased as the children aged (p = 0.02). There was no significant dependence of the current activity on the completion of fundamental movement training (p = 0.08), nor was the confirmation of a general trend of higher activity of boys compared to girls (p = 0.64).

The risk of sexual-erotic online behavior in adolescents – Which personality factors predict sexting and grooming victimization?

Information and communication technologies provide new opportunities for adolescents to establish and maintain intimate relationships, as well as exploring their sexuality. However, the young population is particularly vulnerable to becoming victims of violence or online abuse. The aim of this study was to understand to which extent the personality factors (extraversion, narcissism, lack of empathy and disinhibition) are related to sexting and online grooming victimization. The participants were 1763 adolescents between 12 and 16 years (M = 14.56, SD = 1.16, 50.99% girls). A cross-sectional design with self-report data was used, analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that boys are more frequently involved in sexting and online grooming activities than girls. Personality profiles differ between sexual-erotic online behaviors, with different patterns for boys and girls. While the combination of a variety of personal characteristics such as narcissism, lack of empathy, disinhibition and extraversion predicts erotic online activities in boys, the personality factors that best predict such online risk behavior in girls are narcissism and disinhibition. When parents or educators perceive that children are showing narcissistic and uninhibited behaviors on social media and the internet, it may be beneficial to assess their sexual-erotic online activities in order to intervene and protect them from becoming victims of online harassment.

Increased Temporal Lobe Beta Activity in Boys With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by LORETA Analysis.

Aim: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 6.1 million US children. The mechanism of ADHD is currently unclear. Differences in ADHD presentations between boys and girls are well-established. In the present study, we used quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the brain area and EEG bands of boys with ADHD.Methods: This study enrolled 40 boys with ADHD and 40 age-matched controls without ADHD. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and instantaneous frequency were used to analyze EEG data to reveal the mechanisms underlying ADHD in boys.Results: We found that the instantaneous frequencies in the T3 and T4 EEG channels in boys with ADHD were significantly higher than those in the controls. The beta band showed significant difference in current density between the ADHD and control groups. In the entire brain area, the bilateral inferior and middle temporal gyrus exhibited the most significant difference between the ADHD and control groups in the EEG beta band. Connectivity analysis revealed an increase in connectivity between the left middle frontal gyrus and fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe in boys with ADHD.Conclusions: LORETA is a promising tool for analyzing EEG signals and can be used to investigate the mechanism of ADHD. Our results reveal that the inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD in boys. In comparison with other imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging, EEG is easy to perform, fast, and low cost. Our study presents a new approach for investigating the pathogenesis of ADHD in boys.

Exploring the relationship between adolescent biological maturation, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

Context Across adolescence, there is a notable decline in physical activity in boys and girls. Maturational timing may be a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours during adolescence. Objective This systematic review aimed to summarise literature that examined the relationship between maturational timing, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. Methods Six electronic databases were searched for articles that assessed biological maturation and physical activity (including sports participation and active transportation) or sedentary behaviours in adolescents. Two reviewers conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening, reference and forward citation searches. Included articles were evaluated for quality using a standardised tool. A narrative synthesis was used to analyse the findings due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Results Searches yielded 78 articles (64 unique studies) that met the inclusion criteria, representing 242,316 participants (153,179 unique). Studies ranged from 30.0% (low) to 91.7% (high) in quality. An inverse relationship between maturational timing and physical activity (in 50 and 60% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) and a positive relationship between maturational timing and sedentary behaviour (in 100% and 53% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) was most commonly reported. Evidence supporting an association between maturational timing, sports participation, and active transportation was inconsistent. Conclusions While this review demonstrates some evidence for early maturational timing as a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increase in sedentary behaviours, the reviewed literaturealso demonstrates that this relationship is complex. Future research that tracks maturity-related variations in physical activity and sedentary behaviours over adolescence is warranted.