Activity Of Various Solvent Extracts Research Articles

Evaluation of antioxidant activity in different Egyptian barley cultivars: an in vitro and in silico study

BackgroundCereals have historically played a crucial role in the human diet, serving as a significant natural source of energy and offering various health benefits. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been given significant attention in recent years due to its exceptional nutritional value, surpassing that of other cereals. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts obtained from three different barley cultivars.ResultsThe G.136 variety's acetone extract exhibited the highest level of antioxidant activity in both the DPPH assay, with an IC50 of 55.62 µg/ml, and the FRAP assay, with 447 μM trolox/mg extract. The dominant compounds identified before in the acetone fraction were subjected to an evaluation of their docking scores, along with an assessment of ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) and TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) studies. Notably, hordatine A1, prodelphinidin B3, hordatine B1, procyanidin B2, and isovitexin 7-O-glucoside were the major compounds with the highest LipDock scores compared to trolox the reference drug with polyphenol oxidase.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that the acetone extract from all three cultivars demonstrates noteworthy results, surpassing the efficacy of other solvent extracts against the antioxidant activity.

The Antibacterial Activity of Various Solvent Extracts of Leaves of Raphunus sativus

Raphinus sativus extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method using various solvents such as ethyl acetate (polar solvent) water and ethanol (nonpolar). The chemical test was performed to identify the presence of flavonoid content. Among them ethyl acetate extract shows a high flavonoid content.So it was used for further studies. By using the in vitro agar well diffusion method, antibacterial activity was measured in all extracts. 2 strains of bacteria were chosen for testing, including gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC25923) and gram-negative (E. coli, ATCC25922) bacteria. The diameter of the zone of inhibition were measured and compared to the amoxicillin reference standard.Compared to gram-positive bacteria, the extract exhibits higher potential activity against gram-negative bacteria. Concentration directly relates to how much action is taken.

Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of two varieties of ginger and garlic

There is limited information on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of ginger and garlic consumed in Uganda. This could have an impact on its widespread use and industrial application. Thus, this study was done to determine the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of two varieties of ginger and garlic commonly consumed in Uganda. Fresh ginger rhizomes and garlic cloves of "local" and "hybrid" varieties were acquired from a local food market, washed, grated, and extracted using acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water. Standard techniques were used to determine the phytochemical composition. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride assays, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Ginger extracts exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to garlic (p˂0.05). The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was in ethanol and methanol extracts of local ginger: 1968.49 and 2172.65 mg GAE/100 g; 254.24 and 184.62 mg QE/100 g, respectively. Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids were in varying concentrations in the extracts. Levels of Vitamin C were significantly high in aqueous extracts (p˂0.05), 38.34 and 40.80 AAE/100 g in local and hybrid ginger; 33.65 and 35.24 mg AAE/100 g in local and hybrid garlic, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts varied depending on concentration, with a strong positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 0.16 to 8.93 mg/ml in local ginger, 4.43–6.44 mg/ml in hybrid ginger, 3.93–5.64 mg/ml in local garlic, and 4.44–5.27 mg/ml in hybrid garlic. The best antioxidant activity was exhibited by ethanol extracts of the local ginger. According to the findings, the two varieties of ginger and garlic have strong antioxidant activity due to their different phytochemical compositions, which could make them useful as natural antioxidants in food and medicine applications.

Phytochemical Analysis of Anastatica hierochuntica and Aerva javanica Grown in Qatar: Their Biological Activities and Identification of Some Active Ingredients.

Plant-derived compounds and their extracts are known to exhibit chemo preventive (antimicrobial, antioxidant and other) activities. The levels of such chemo preventive compounds vary depending on environmental factors, including the regions where they grow. Described in this study are: (i) a phytochemical analysis of the two plants grown in the desert environment of Qatar, viz., Anastatica hierochuntica and Aerva javanica; (ii) the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of these plants; (iii) a report on the isolation of several pure compounds from these plants. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenol and anthraquinones in various extracts of each of the plants. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities were studied using agar diffusion and DPPH methods, respectively. The extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica as well as Aerva javanica inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. Various extracts of the two plants also exhibited higher or similar antioxidant activities as those of the standard antioxidants, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The extracts of these plants were further purified by HPLC and characterized by IR and NMR techniques. This process has led to identification of β-sitosterol, campesterol and methyl-9-(4-(3,4-dihydroxy-1'-methyl-5'-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)nonanoate from Anastatica hierochuntica, and lupenone, betulinic acid, lupeol acetate and persinoside A and B from Aerva javanica. The results reported herein suggests that Anastatica hierochuntica and Aerva javanica are potent sources of phytomedicines.

Corrigendum to ‘Comparative evaluation on chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of various solvent extracts of Dregea volubilis leaves’ South African Journal of Botany, Volume 138, May 2021, Pages 115-123

Corrigendum to ‘Comparative evaluation on chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of various solvent extracts of Dregea volubilis leaves’ South African Journal of Botany, Volume 138, May 2021, Pages 115-123

Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from endophytic bacteria isolated from girang (Leea indica) leaves

Abstract. Arivo D, Mubarik NR, Rusmana I, Batubara I. 2023. Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from endophytic bacteria isolated from girang (Leea indica) leaves. Biodiversitas 24: 415-422. Girang (Leea indica) is one of the medicinal plants with various bioactive compounds that act as an antioxidant. However, isolating these bioactive compounds need a significant amount of biomass. Endophytic bacteria can be a good solution to produce the same bioactive compounds as their host. This study determined whether the potential isolate produces high antioxidant activity in various solvents, phytochemical screening, determination of total flavonoid and phenolic contents, and identification of the isolate. The BT4 isolate was isolated from L. indica leaves. The supernatant of BT4 was extracted in fractionated extraction. The antioxidant activity was determined using a DPPH assay. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods analyzed the total flavonoid and phenolic content. The isolate was identified using the 16S rRNA method. The best IC50 was obtained from n-butanol extract with a value of 59.021±0.541 ?g/mL. The flavonoid and phenolic contents from n-butanol extract have the value of 4.686±0.476 mgQE/g extract and 31.406±0.716 mgGAE/g extract, respectively. The BT4 isolate contained flavonoids, saponin, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids and was identical to Bacillus tequilensis with 99% similarity. This study revealed that endophytic bacteria from L. indica leaves could be a potential source of the novel natural antioxidant compound.

Comparison of Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Various Solvent Extracts Obtained from Millettia speciosa Stem Powder.

Millettia speciosa is a plant extensively used as an important component in Chinese herbal medicine and food-based medicines. The present study was carried out to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC), volatile phytoconstituents, and pharmacological activities, i.e., antityrosinase, sunscreen, and anticancer activity, of different fractions of M. speciosa stem. Different organic solvents of increasing polarity, i.e., petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH), were used for extraction. The highest total flavonoid content, i.e., 48.30 ± 0.90%, was reported for PE extract. Various important phytocomponents were revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Based on abundance, the major compounds were n-hexadecanoic acid (16.654%), n-hexadecanoic acid (14.808%), and beta-sitosterol (6.298%) for PE, EtOAc, and MeOH extract, respectively. The significant antityrosinase activity, i.e., 70.97 ± 0.66%, with an IC50 value of 4.58 mg/mL was noted for PE extract followed by EtOAc extract, i.e., 59.84 ± 0.67%, with IC50 value of 6.10 mg/mL. The maximum sunscreen activity was reported for PE extract exhibiting the maximum absorbance value (0.633 ± 0.06) in the ultraviolet (UV) region, i.e., UVC, while EtOAc extract showed the second highest level of absorbance in the UVB range, i.e., 0.632 ± 0.07. The strongest anticancer activity (49.73 ± 0.49% cell viability) towards MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was reported for PE extract with IC50 197.51 μg/mL. Our results confirmed the presence of potential therapeutic components for each extract with significant biological functions, showing the importance of the M. speciosa stem as a source of biomedicine. To our knowledge, this is the first report on M. speciosa stem extending comprehensive research about its phytochemical profile and various significant pharmacological activities.

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from four edible flowers

In order to identify new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from four edible flower samples [Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, and Cucurbita pepo L.) were systemically investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic profile of each extract were investigated, and antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, total reduction capability, and ferrous ions chelating activity. Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds. Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW). The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts. The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL). Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities. Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.

Phytochemical screening, in-vitro antioxidant and anti protease activities of various solvent extracts of Muehlenbeckia platyclada root (F. Muell.) Meisn

The objective of this study was focussed on phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of various solvent extracts of Muehlenbeckia platyclada root. The roots were washed thoroughly, shade dried and coarsely powdered. The powdered material of Muehlenbeckia platyclada was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol using soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening for carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosteroids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenolics, saponins, and tannins were done by following standard procedure. In vitro antioxidant activities of three solvent extracts were assessed using DPPH, ABTS and total antioxidant capacity and flavonoids were estimated using aluminum chloride colourimetric assay. In vitro anti-protease activity of the root was evaluated using trypsin as enzyme and BAEE (N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) as a substrate. The results showed that phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids and glycosides, which present in the methanolic extract, were absent in hexane and chloroform extract of the root. The in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of the Muehlenbeckia platyclada root clearly showed that the plant root has prominent antioxidant and protease inhibiting properties. From this work, it can be concluded that Muehlenbeckia platyclada root has the potential to be a powerful antioxidant and protease inhibitor.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts from Leucosidea sericea

Summary Introduction: Leucosidea sericea finds applications in the treatment of herpes and HIV. Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and determine the total flavonoid contents (TFCs) and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol crude extracts obtained from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea. Methods: Maceration and hot solvent extraction methods were used to obtain various crude extracts. DPPH and ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Colorimetric aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to determine the TFCs and TPCs, respectively. Results: The methanol leaf extract showed highest radical scavenging activity of 82.00±0.93% at a concentration of 3000 µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate leaf extract and methanol stem-bark extract with 79.40±5.21 and 75.16±1.15%, respectively. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest ferric reducing power of 0.539±0.004 at 700 nm at a concentration of 100 µg/ml followed by hexane leaf extract and hexane stem-bark extract with 0.474±0.014 and 0.437±0.013 at 700 nm, respectively. Ethyl acetate stem-bark extract showed highest TFCs of 655.6±0.1111 mg QE/g of DW of the extract followed by acetone stem-bark extract with 450.0±0.00711 mg QE/g of DW of the extract. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest TPCs of 891.9±0.657 mg TAE/g of the DW of extract followed by methanol stem-bark extract with 878.3±0.029 mg TAE/g of DW of the extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea was evaluated. L. sericea could be a source of potent antioxidants.

Comparison of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from Portulaca oleracea for Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities.

Portulaca oleracea is a well-known species for traditional medicine and food homology in Taiwan. In traditional medicine, P. oleracea is also used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, liver inflammation, fever, severe inflammation, and headaches. We investigated antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from P. oleracea. Ethanol and acetone extracts showed potent DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts displayed significant superoxide radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. oleracea showed potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated seven major compounds and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Seven active compounds of P. oleracea, especially quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol, exhibited obvious antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. The molecular docking model and the hydrophilic interactive mode of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase revealed that active compounds might have a higher antagonistic effect than commonly inhibitors. Our result shows that the active solvent extracts and their components of P. oleracea have the potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Our results suggest that the active solvent extracts of P. oleracea and their components have potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Comparison of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from Unsalt-Fried and Salt-Fried Rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides for Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities.

The rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AA, family Liliaceae) is a famous and frequently used herbal drug in the traditional medicine of Northeast Asia, under vernacular name “zhimu”. A. asphodeloides has been used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-depressant, and anti-diabetic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. We examined the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and the main bioactive compounds from the rhizome of A. asphodeloides. Acetone extract exhibited comparatively high antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. A water extract exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activity by superoxide radical scavenging test. Furthermore, dichloromethane, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts showed significant anti-α-glucosidase activities. Finally, ethanol and dichloromethane extracts exhibited relatively strong AChE inhibitory activity. HPLC analysis was used to examine and compare various solvent extracts for their compositions of isolates. We isolated four major chemical constituents and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, and AChE inhibitory activities. The bioactivity assays showed that mangiferin displayed the most potential antioxidant activities via FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide assays and also exhibited the most effective anti-AChE and anti-α-glucosidase activities among all the isolates. The present study suggests that A. asphodeloides and its active extracts and components are worth further investigation and might be expected to develop as a candidate for the treatment or prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases, AChE inhibition, and hyperglycemia.

Antioxidant and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from the Fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida.

Crataegus pinnatifida is used to treat various diseases, including indigestion, congestive heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial dysfunction. We evaluated antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from the fruit of C. pinnatifida. Ethyl acetate extracts showed potent antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 23.26 ± 1.97 and 50.73 ± 8.03 μg/mL, respectively, in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Acetone extract exhibited significant anti-α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 42.35 ± 2.48 μg/mL. HPLC analysis was used to examine and compare the content of active components in various solvent extracts. We isolated four active compounds and evaluated their antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase properties. Among the isolated compounds, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside showed potential antioxidant activities in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Moreover, hyperoside also displayed stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity than other isolates. The molecular docking model and the hydrophilic interactive mode of anti-α-glucosidase assay revealed that hyperoside might have a higher antagonistic effect than positive control acarbose. The present study suggests that C. pinnatifida and its active extracts and components are worth further investigation and might be expectantly developed as the candidates for the treatment or prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases and hyperglycemia.

Assessment of Anti-oxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Mangrove Plant, Derris trifoliata ( Leguminosae)

The current study was conducted to verify the traditional medicinal use and to carry out the in-vitro antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Derris trifoliata (aerial part). The percentage yield of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were found 2.5% w/w. Freshly prepared extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. All extracts revealed the presence of several important phytochemicals which might be responsible for its medicinal properties. In vitro Electron transfer (ET) reaction-based assays of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts have been investigated using various model systems viz., DPPH, total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid content, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power assay. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction-based assays have been conducted using Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay methods. Ethanol extract was found to possess highest DPPH (IC50=16.824 µg/ml), total phenolic content (44.51 GAE/g of dried plant extract), reducing power assay (0.387±0.0006), FRAF assay (IC50=133.51 µg/ml), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (IC50=144.888 µg/ml) and nitric oxide scavenging activities (IC50=152.655 µg/ml). Whereas ethyl acetate extract was found to possess the highest total tannin content (42.56 GAE/g of dried plant extract) and total flavonoid content (78.08 QE/g of dried plant extract). In vitro antioxidant study was also performed in terms of chelation power on ferrous ions. The highest chelation power was found for ethyl acetate extract (IC50=62.489 µg/ml). The above study suggests that Derris trifoliata may be a vital source of nutraceuticals.

Comparative Phytochemicals and Antioxidant activity of various Solvent extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum leaves from different Geographical regions of Himachal Pradesh and their correlation analysis

Zanthoxylum armatum (family-Rutaceae) is a medicinally important and endangered plant species from Himalayan region. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different solvents on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Z. armatum leaves collected from different geographical regions of Himachal Pradesh. Extract of various solvents (chloroform, methanol, n-butanol and water) were prepared using cold maceration method. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of different extracts was quantified by spectrophotometric method. DPPH and FRAP assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of different extracts of Z. armatum leaves. Among all the solvent extracts from different regions, methanol extract (9.26±1.13mg g-1 GAE) of leaves samples collected from Sirmour showed higher total phenolic content; while chloroform extract of Solan (10.7±0.29mg g-1 RE) showed higher flavonoid content. Chloroform extract of Sirmour (9.61±4.02µg ml-1) showed comparatively higher % DPPH radical scavenging activity; whereas, methanol extract of Shimla (55.92±2.0µM Fe (II) equivalents) showed higher FRAP activity among all solvents extract from all geographical regions. The present study also showed correlation of solvent with various parameters such as phenolic content, flavonoid content, DPPH and FRAP assay. These parameters also vary with geographical locations. The results from the present study validate the importance of leaves of Z. armatum as source of natural antioxidants.

Antiepileptic effects of antioxidant potent extract from Urtica dioica Linn. root on pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock induced seizure models

Urtica dioica Linn. (Urticaceae) is a medicinal plant that has shown various therapeutic utilities in folklore medicine along with its use in the treatment of epilepsy. The entire plant has a sensible reservoir of nutritional elements and micronutrients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiepileptic effect of antioxidant potent extract of Urtica dioica root on animal models. Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts i.e. Petroleum ether extract (PEE), Ethyl acetate extract (EAE), Chloroform extract (CE) and Ethanolic extract (EE) were screened by DPPH radical scavenging assay using Ascorbic acid as the standard. Further the most potent antioxidant extract was subjected to antiepileptic activity against MES and PTZ model. The IC50 values of different Urtica dioica extracts (PEE, CE, EAE, and EE) in antioxidant assay were found to be 167.54 ± 1.97, 134.41 ± 0.82, 88.15 ± 1.39 and 186.38 ± 1.91 μg/ml in DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. The EAE has showed the potent antioxidant activity. In experimental study the EAE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) has found to be effective and significant against MES and PTZ induced seizures. The present study also suggested that antioxidant potent extract (EAE) of Urtica dioica root has antiepileptic effect against MES and PTZ induced seizures. However, further research studies will investigate the active component(s) of Urtica dioica responsible for the observed anticonvulsant effects.

Comparison of Antioxidant and Physiological Activities of Various Solvent Extracts from Hizikia fusiformis

Comparison of Antioxidant and Physiological Activities of Various Solvent Extracts from Hizikia fusiformis

Comparative evaluation on chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of various solvent extracts of Dregea volubilis leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDregea volubilis is an important folk medicinal plant used as an ingredient in Ayurvedic formulations to treat asthma, piles, urinary tract infections, tumours, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, rheumatic pain, cough, severe cold and fever. Aim of the studyThe phytochemicals, percentage of extract yield, total phenolics and flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of six solvent extracts obtained from the leaves of D. volubilis (DVL) were investigated. Material ad MethodsChemical composition of DVL extract was analysed using GC-MS, total phenolics and flavonoids by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was performed using eight in vitro assays and antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Antibacterial activity was studied against 10 pathogenic bacteria by agar disc diffusion and microdilution method. ResultsThe extract yield was higher in hydroalcoholic (9.15%) and methanolic extracts (6.8%). A total of 67 compounds were identified from six extracts, of which 17 compounds especially squalene, oleic acid and palmitic acid were prominent constituents. Maximum amount of total phenolics (48.66 ± 4.19 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (29.58 ± 0.47 mg QE/g) were recorded in methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts respectively. Hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts displayed strong inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 60.51 ± 2.78 and 38.58 ± 0.56 µg/mL respectively. Methanol extract showed highest DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide radical activities with the IC50 of 39.24 ± 2.56, 13.06 ± 1.40 and 13.71 ± 6.99 µg/mL respectively. While, hydroalcoholic extract exhibited better free radical scavenging ability for ABTS (51.23 ± 8.36 µg/mL), hydroxyl radical scavenging (46.92 ± 14.30 µg/mL), total antioxidant (16.81 ± 1.60 AAE mg/g) and metal chelating ability (49.61 ± 0.96 EDTA E mg/g). The FRAP assay showed better activity in aqueous extract with a value of 258.25 ± 3.31 mM Fe (II) E mg/g. Hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts showed significant antibacterial activity at higher concentrations against P. vulgaris (21.0 ± 1.01 mm), B. subtilis (22.6 ± 0.54 mm) and E. coli (27.8 ± 0.83 mm) respectively. The correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between the amount of total phenolics and flavonoids with antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in a concentration dependent way. ConclusionThe results of present investigation proved that hydroalcoholic extract of DVL could be used as a promising natural antioxidant with potential enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial properties and might be used as a therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Comparative Studies of Phytochemicals Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus Collected from three Different Climatic Zones of Central India

In present study, the total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin contents and the antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus collected from three different regions of central India were assessed. Plants extracts were prepared using Soxhlation method, while the total phenols, flavonoids and tannins were measured by the spectrophotometric method. DPPH, metal chelating, nitric oxide, superoxide oxide scavenging activity and FRAP, reducing power, total antioxidant assays were also evaluated. The highest phenolic contents 268.22 GAE equivalent, flavonoids 441.33 QE equivalents and tannin content was 120.32 tannic acid equivalents (mg/g) obtained from ethanolic extracts of sample SIEE-1 compared to other two plants extract. Similarly, the highest flavonoid contents was observed in SIAE-1 aqueous extract and lowest in SIAE-2 and SIAE-3. Extract of SIEE-1 possessed maximum antioxidant potentiality and SIAE-2 shown the least antioxidant activity in all assays. It could be concluded that different agroclimatic conditions have effects on the total phenolics, flavonoids, tannin contents and antioxidant potentiality of S. indicus plant.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-α-glucosidase Activities of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from the Seeds of Myristica fragrans.

Myristica fragrans is a well-known species for flavoring many food products and for formulation of perfume and medicated balm. It is also used to treat indigestion, stomach ulcers, liver disorders, and, as emmenagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine, and aphrodisiac. We examined antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in various solvent extracts from the seeds of M. fragrans. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests. Furthermore, methanol extracts also displayed significant anti-α-glucosidase activity. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated the ten higher content compounds and analyzed antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Among the isolates, dehydrodiisoeugenol, malabaricone B and malabaricone C were main antioxidant components in seeds of M. fragrans. Malabaricone C exhibited stronger antioxidant capacities than others based on lower half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and it also showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase. These results shown that methanol was found to be the most efficient solvent for extracting the active components from the seeds of M. fragrans, and this material is a potential good source of natural antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitor.