Activities Of Merchants Research Articles

Научные школы на рубеже XX–XXI вв.: разработка истории предпринимательства дореволюционной Сибири

The exploration of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia stands as a crucial endeavor at the intersection of historical research and economic studies. This article delves into the conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches employed by researchers to illuminate the multifaceted dynamics of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia during the late XX and early XXI centuries. Drawing on principles of holism, integrity, historicism, and a value-based approach, scientists have embarked on a comprehensive examination of the historical trajectory of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By integrating insights from various disciplines, including history, economics, and sociology, researchers aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic landscape of the region. Utilizing a diverse array of methodological tools, such as comparative-historical analysis, concrete examination, retrospective study, and historical-typological analysis, scientists have endeavored to unravel the complexities of entrepreneurial endeavors in Siberia. Through meticulous archival research and interdisciplinary engagement, researchers have shed light on the activities of merchants across different industries and their impact on the socio-cultural fabric of the region. This article underscores the significance of studying scientific communities dedicated to the history of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By acknowledging the contributions of researchers and elucidating their role in shaping historical narratives, this research aims to highlight the richness and diversity of scientific endeavors in Russian historiography. In conclusion, the study of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia represents a vital aspect of historical scholarship. By embracing interdisciplinary perspectives and methodological pluralism, researchers continue to uncover new insights into the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia, thereby enriching our understanding of this pivotal period in Russian history.

Russian-Spanish Relations During the Development of North American Territories in the Second Half of the 18th century

The article is about the relations between Russia and Spain in the second half of the 18th century. The article identifies the factors that influenced the nature of the emerging interaction between the powers: it shows the ambivalence of Russian-Spanish relations, on the one hand, due to the growing fears of the Spanish authorities provoked by Russia’s advance towards California, and, on the other, to the development of mutually beneficial trade relations. We draw attention to aspects related to Russia’s discovery of the Aleutian archipelago and Alaska and the activity of Russian merchants. The reaction of the Spanish court to messages of Spanish diplomats in Russia about Russian discoveries in America is shown. The analysis of the texts of diplomatic reports (1761−1792) has shown that the Spanish ambassadors were skeptical about the success of Russian expeditions to the American continent but changed their mind in the second half of 1760s. The article also examines the trade and economic aspect in the relations between the powers, showing the intention of Spain and Russia to establish direct trade. At the same time, we note that the nature of such interaction was influenced by the general political situation, which was determined by the leading powers of that time. The article has been written using historical and philological methods and approaches and aims to show the various aspects and stages of Russian-Spanish relations during the period of colonization of the Northwest of America. The results of the study can be used in practical activities of diplomatic services within the framework of international dialogue.

Regulation of Butchery in Medieval Reims

The author examines the regulation of the activities of butchers in Reims, an important political, religious and economic centre of the French kingdom, in the thirteenth–fifteenth centuries. Meat occupied an important place in the diet of medieval townspeople, and the keeping of domestic animals in towns was common practice. However, in conditions of dense development, this often caused dissatisfaction among neighbours and therefore required regulation (regarding the number of animals and the maintenance of cleanliness and order). The article presents various incidents and conflicts related to the meat trade, the arrangement of meat counters in the market, the quality of meat and the right to control it. The protest of the butchers of Reims in 1461 led to the baning of their corporation, which they had to make efforts to restore it in 1467. The city authorities of Reims took great care to regulate the activities of butchers and tripe merchants; they laid down the conditions and rules for slaughtering animals and storing meat, its quality, the rules for storing blood and waste, as well as the places where butchers could work and trade, that served to maintain cleanliness and order in the city and guaranteed the quality of the goods. The right to control butchers and the meat trade belonged to the Archbishop of Reims, the lord of this city, to other landowners within their jurisdiction, the aldermen and, from the mid-fifteenth century, after the approval of the regulations of the butchers’ guild, the control and inspection was mainly carried out by master governors (maistres gouverneurs) of this professional community. The regulation of butchers’ activities was aimed at developing rules of community life that served the common good of the city and its citizens.

Węgrzy w Małopolsce w X-XII wieku w świetle źródeł toponomastycznych i archeologicznych

This article deals with the interpretation of toponyms and archaeological materials from early medieval Lesser Poland that may be associated with the Hungarians or the Khazar Kabars. So far, they have most often been interpreted as traces of invasions by Hungarians – nomads (single monuments) or the operations of watchtowers they established to control the passes through the Carpathians and subjugated the local Slavic population (the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl) in the late 9th and1st half of the 10th century. It could have been related to their participation in the armed squads of the Piasts or the Rurikiviks, the activities of Hungarian merchants or prisoner-of-war settlements. The dating and interpreting the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl remains an open issue until it is fully developed and the results published.

The technological landscape of human and animal transportation: Cases from Northern Nigeria and Southern Côte d’Ivoire

This paper sheds light on a West African technological landscape of the early twentieth century that transcended the boundaries of various West African population groups and natural environments. The conceptual framework of technological landscape employed in this study serves to explore the everyday spaces and details of trade and transport activities of merchants from Northern Nigeria, as well as the engagement of forest dwellers in Côte d’Ivoire in the trade of gold and other natural resources they cultivated, harvested and produced in the forest. Building on archival materials from Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire, the paper considers various historical actors who have often been neglected in history of technology narratives but who are certainly relevant in West African (transport) history.

몽골제국시기 술 문화의 남북교류

This study examines the exchange and influence of alcohol, often hailed as the greatest gift bestowed upon humanity, as it traversed the Eurasian continent from east to west and vice versa. Rather than being a mere beverage for enjoyment, alcohol should be regarded as a cultural heritage born from the fusion of local products and cultures. This paper gathers historical records on wine to explore how the people of the Mongol Empire enjoyed wine, and investigates the spread and diffusion of fermented beverages like Maotai and the distilled spirits derived from them, shedding light on the North-South cultural exchange of alcohol during the early 13th century in the steppe and the central plains.
 In particular, the invention of distillation apparatus and the activities of Islamic merchants contributed to the vast dissemination of distilled spirits throughout the vast regions of Eurasia, giving rise to various types of alcohol such as arrack and soju in the east, and whisky, brandy, vodka, and tequila in the west. This, too, can be seen as a result of extensive cultural exchange between the East and the West. The active exchange of alcohol during the era of the Mongol Empire was made possible by the empire's expansion of territories in all directions, establishing an empire that not only exerted political and military control over neighboring countries but also provided opportunities for subordinate ruling classes to participate in advanced civilization. Additionally, the empire secured hubs for exchanging goods between border regions and central cities, leading to the flourishing of economic exchanges, both public and private, between regions.
 This paper examines how the spread of alcohol in East Asia occurred in both the northern and southern directions, centered around the Mongol Empire, during different periods before and after the empire's existence. Contrary to our general assumption that alcohol spread unilaterally from China to Southeast Asian countries, it was confirmed that various types of fermented beverages produced in the region were introduced to China as trade developed. Likewise, distilled spirits were introduced to China through maritime and overland trade routes, and with the construction of a universal empire, the spread of these alcoholic beverages to other regions became more active, contributing to their popularization. This, too, can be seen as a cultural exchange phenomenon brought about by Pax Mongolica.

The Legality of Brushing Practices in the Viewpoint of Consumer Protection Law and Telematics Law

Instant profit-making patterns have been established by the current online purchasing and selling practices. For example, brushing is the activity of internet retailers or merchants fabricating favorable reviews or fraudulent endorsements to boost the reputation of their goods or services. When a customer receives a product or service that falls short of their expectations, brushing can be harmful. This study aims to investigate the legality of online buying and selling in Indonesia, specifically the practice of "brushing," or using fictitious orders, reviews, and buyers. The methods used are Statute Approach, Case Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach, Theoretical Approach. The findings indicated that, from the standpoint of Indonesian telematics and consumer protection legislation, brushing activities frequently contravene a number of relevant rules and laws. As a result, brushing may be deemed unlawful in Indonesia and subject to penalties based on relevant legislation. In order to prevent brushing activities, it is critical that the government and regulatory agencies bolster law enforcement, protect consumers from brushing practices, and inform consumers of their rights in this regard. Enforcing stringent regulations and ensuring their efficient implementation are crucial for safeguarding consumers and upholding the integrity of Indonesia's online ecosystem.

Mobility to Other Locations: A Study on the Spread of the Cult of Lord Yan from Jiangxi to Hubei in the Ming–Qing Era

In the Yuan Dynasty, Lord Yan 晏公 was worshipped by the people of Jiangxi 江西 as a water god, but there was no consensus on the identity of the god and the process of his deification. During the transitional period between the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the cult of Yan Gong was increasingly popular among different social groups in the Qingjiang 清江 region. Later, thanks to a combination of officials, merchants, and immigrants, its spatial scope was extended to Hubei 湖北 Province. During the Hongwu 洪武 (r. 1368–1398) period, the cult of Lord Yan in Hubei was so prevalent that multiple groups of people were enthusiastically involved in the construction of Lord Yan temples; thus, many temples shot up along lakes and the main tributaries of the Yangtze River, constituting a geographical distribution pattern with a concentration in the central and eastern parts and a scarcity in the west. The reason for this was the multidimensional interaction of migration activities, the cross-regional economic activities of merchants, and the promotion of folk beliefs by local officials since the Ming–Qing era, which encompasses the historical evolutionary features of actors competing for the cult of gods and control of regional social power.

Bureaucrats into merchants: tea, capitalism and the making of the Republican bourgeois

This article uses the story of the Albayrak Tea Company and its founder Mustafa Nezih Albayrak as a prism to examine the formation of a class of Muslim merchants in early Republican Turkey. Mustafa Nezih Bey, an Ottoman bureaucrat who ventured into business in the late 1910s, became one of the most prominent tea merchants in the early Republic, paving the way for its mass consumption. Looking at the overlap between the late Ottoman bureaucracy and the Turkish bourgeoisie, this study aims to show a continuation in the economic field rather than a break between the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Republican Turkey. The making of the Republican merchant elite was a complex process that involved not only state policies and long legacies of merchant activity from the Ottoman era but transformations in education and mass media in the aftermath of the 1908 Revolution.

«С крайним старанием и без всякой оплошности...»: Вклад российского купечества в социокультурное и хозяйственно-политическое освоение Центральной Азии в первой половине XIX века

The study involves analysis of the participation of merchants in the process of establishing channels of political, cultural, and economic exchange between the Russian Empire, the Asian khanates, and the Kazakh steppe in the first half of the 19th century. The modern government practice of involving private sector in order to strengthen international relations makes retrospective analysis of cooperation between business representatives and officials in solving national problems more relevant. The study is to identify specific examples of entrepreneurs’ efforts in promoting Russia’s diverse interests in Asia and to demonstrate specifics of merchants’ work in execution of special assignments of the imperial authorities. The value of the article lies in the fact that the existing corpus of scientific works is mainly focused on the activities of merchants in collecting intelligence (i.e., specific espionage for Russia), while acculturational, mediatory, and clerical service of merchants remains outside the scope of national historiography’s attention. Its novelty is confirmed by the fact that the examination of this problem drawing on the materials of the Orenburg gubernia of the 19th century is being carried out for the first time. The ariclde draws on documents from fond 6 (Office of the Orenburg military governor) of the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Oblast (OGAOO). To assess the contribution of individuals to the multidimensional process of the Russian Empire’s interaction and rapprochеment with the Asian region in the 19th century, anthropological approach has been chosen as a methodological mechanism specially adapted to studying the problem of the “small man.” The application of the latest methodological concept of “imperial policy of acculturation” provides a better understanding of historical significance and specifics of economic, trade, political, and cultural contacts of nomadic population of the Kazakh steppe and settled culture of the khanates of Central Asia with business community of the Russian state. The merchants’ main area of responsibility was diplomatic, requiring their participation in resolving internecine conflicts of Kazakh clans, as well as search and ransom of the Russians held captive in Central Asia. The authorities’ key criteria in recruitment of entrepreneurs were their foreign trade success, which implied useful acquaintances in Central Asian cities and in camps of the Kazakh nomads, knowledge of the neighboring peoples’ languages, and advanced communication skills. The study may be useful to scientists studying the history of merchants in the 18th-19th centuries, issues of Russia's interaction with the states of Asia in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as specialists in regional history.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РОССИЙСКОГО КУПЕЧЕСТВА В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ ПОЗДНЕИМПЕРСКОГО ПЕРИОДА (ПО ВОСПОМИНАНИЯМ Н.А. ВАРЕНЦОВА)

The paper describes the business trip of the Moscow merchant Nikolay A. Varentsov to Central Asia in 1891 from the perspective of the history of everyday life. The published memoirs of Varentsov served as the basis of the study. Certain aspects of the daily life of Russian merchants, presented in these ego-materials, have not yet become the object of research, which makes the presented work valuable. In addition to these materials, other documents were used in the study, including those of personal origin (diaries, travel notes, historical and geographical essays, etc.), which logically supplement and confirm Varentsov's story about the specifics of solving business problems in the Asian direction. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the features of the life of Russian merchants in the urban environment of the khanates of Central Asia in the late 19th century during their visits on trade matters. The author of the memoir went on his journey reluctantly, sharing the idea common among Russian people that Asia was a very distant and dangerous place. Varentsov emphasized the problem of recruiting employees for managerial positions, which was relevant for businessmen. While inspecting the Central Asian representative offices of the Moscow Commercial and Industrial Association, located in different towns of the region, the visitor learned about the dangers to the traveler posed by wild animals and robbers. Participating in negotiations with local merchants and representatives of the administration, Varentsov, despite his will, experienced certain traditions of the Turkic peoples. The research showed a number of differences between the conditions of professional activities of merchants who traded with the Asian khanates during the period of their independence, and entrepreneurs operating in the late 19th century. For example, by the time of Varentsov’s trip, camels, which had previously been the only transport capable of delivering merchants and their goods to the markets of Central Asia, had already lost their leading positions to rail transport.

1603年 大崙山慘案 以後 明-呂宋 交易 再改 交涉

In the middle of sixteenth century, private trade was flourishing between Haicheng county and Manila. Fujian merchants had held priority to the trade, and the trade enabled them to earn enormous profits. Threatened by the robust activity of Chinese merchants, who had been extending their domain in Manila, Manila Spanish began to burst into massacre of Chinese merchants in 1603. It has been estimated that about twenty or thirty thousands of merchants were killed in the disaster. Some tensions were laid in the middle of the South China sea. Unexpectedly, Manila began to reconcile its trade relation with China. Pedro de Acuña, the governor-general of the Spanish Philippines, dispatched a vessel called Santiago to Macao, where two letters written by Acuña were accompanied. One was sent to governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi, the other to grand coordinator and provincial governor of Fujian. Two governors sent petitions to the Emperor, whereby he ordered Xu Xueju, the governor of Fujian, to respond in return to Acuña. A group of merchants involved in Manila trade were dispatched to Manila, where both could make agreement to restore the Manila trade impeded by fear of the massacre.

Merchants of the Russian Empire Trading with Central Asia: Cultural-Anthropological Aspects

This article examines the personal qualities of Russian merchants who traded with Asian states in the nineteenth century. The author analyses the mental characteristics of entrepreneurs in demand in international trade and the correspondence of merchants’ behaviour to business conditions. The research methodology relies on the anthropological approach, which makes it possible to examine entrepreneurs’ personality traits and physical characteristics as the main elements of business success. The innovative character of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the author considers the foreign trade activity of merchants in the Asian direction from the perspective of the moral, psychological, intellectual, and physical readiness of individuals to master the labour-intensive sphere of commerce. The lack of specialised works that detail the mental properties, specific skills, and knowledge intended to help merchants to solve business problems in the external arena makes the article relevant and innovative. Researchers have not considered the health and physical potential of entrepreneurs previously. The new sources introduced into scholarly circulation will help fill the research gaps and harmoniously supplement the existing historiographic block. In addition, the search for the most effective mechanisms to adapt to the rapidly changing realities of the modern market has made works reflecting the historical experience of developing labour-intensive areas of entrepreneurship relevant. This work refers to materials from the State Archives of Orenburg Region (GAOO) available in the fund of the Office of the Military Governor. Also, the author examines published sources of personal origin produced by direct participants and contemporaries of the events. The negative factors that turned foreign trade business operations into an extremely risky venture included robbery, severe natural and climatic conditions, the inconvenience of long journeys in a caravan, the need to temporarily get by without familiar food, and discrimination against Russian Christian merchants by Asian officials. Doing business in extreme conditions radically influenced the mentality of merchants. The desire to compensate for losses or gain excess profit sometimes pushed merchants to violate the law. At the same time, these same businesspeople had a high level of intelligence, courage, and unshakable willpower, which made them take on a seemingly hopeless business with renewed vigour. The high-level communication abilities of merchants, a combination of their skills, knowledge, and physical characteristics made them ideal actors for the Russian advancement into Asian markets in the nineteenth century.

The Role of Greek Merchants in Russian Foreign Trade in the XVIII Century

The article is devoted to trading activities of Greek merchants in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century. The authors aim to determine the geography of supply chains and the product range, to give specific examples of foreign trade transactions of Greek merchants and to determine their profitability. The authors show the numerous risks and dangers that accompanied the trading activities of Greek merchants during the period in question, including fraud, robbery and armed attacks on caravans. Notably, the confessional affiliation of Greek entrepreneurs and their status as an ethnic "minority" may have had an ambivalent effect on their commercial activities. On the territory of the Ottoman Empire, this brought additional risks to their commercial activity. In the Russian Empire, by contrast, such factors could lead to economic and financial support of the Greek diaspora by the government. The Russian government also acted as arbitrator in resolving property disputes between Greek businessmen. The commercial and communicative skills of the Greek merchants enabled them to act as effective intermediaries in the Russian Empire's trade with countries of the East and contributed to creation of the Greek diaspora's positive image in Russian society. The activities of individual representatives of the Greek diaspora led to the introduction of technological innovations in their production processes.

ON THE ISSUE OF CYRILLIC MANUSCRIPTS IN CHUVASHIA: THE OLD BELIEVER MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY “KATOLOKH” FROM THE COLLECTION OF A.G. BERMAN

This work is devoted to the paleographic and source-study description of the Cyrillic Old Believer manuscript collection of the XIX century, stored in the collection of A.G. Berman. The compiler of the collection named it “Katolokh”. The presence of Soviet documents inside the collection, used by former owners of the handwritten monument, enables us to determine that it comes from Semenovsky uyezd of Nizhny Novgorod governorate, which has long been known for Old Believers’ small monasteries.
 
 An important dating element that makes it possible to determine the time of the manuscript creation are the paper blocks used. The stamps on the paper of the collection under study enable to establish the chronological framework of paper production in 1868–1874. A more accurate dating was made due to the presence of financial and accounting documentation woven into the collection.
 
 Upon a detailed study of the entire collection under study, it was revealed that the accounting documents presented in the collection relate to the period of economic activity of Nizhny Novgorod Old Believers-salt merchants, who introduced trade with one of the major salt suppliers to the market of the Russian Empire – Countess Varvara Petrovna Shakhovskaya-Shuvalova-Polye, Princess Butero-Rodali (1796–1870).
 
 The collection includes excerpts from theological works, monuments of the canon law, works of the Old Russian literature, Old Believers’ writings of the XVII – XIX centuries. The content of “Katolokh” is divided into several thematic blocks, in accordance with the ideological tasks that the compiler solved.
 
 Based on paleographic, textual and historical analysis, it is concluded that the collection called “Katolokh” was created at the very end of the 60s – the first half of the 70s of the XIX century in the midst of the Old Believers who did not reject the priesthood. It is very likely that these Old Believers had close ties between the co-religionists of Perm and Nizhny Novgorod governorates. The collection reflects the state of external and internal Old Believers polemics, when dogmatic differences with the Bespopovtsy were already fully realized, but the positions between the Belokrinitsky hierarchy, the chapel and Beglopoptsy agreement on the issue of receiving clergy from the New Believer church did not completely diverge yet and were in a state of acute controversy and discussion.

RAILWAY NETWORK IN ORENBURG PROVINCE AS A FACTOR OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY OF PROVINCIAL POST-REFORM MERCHANTS

The study shows how the level of development of transport communications affected the profitability and convenience of entrepreneurial activity of Orenburg merchants in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. What is new in the work is that the state of transport and communication routes in the context of everyday work of the Orenburg post-reform merchants has not previously become a separate subject of analysis. The article shows that the commissioning of the Orenburg - Samara and Orenburg - Tashkent railway lines has significantly improved the working conditions of local entrepreneurs, diversifying the list of investment areas. In the first post-reform decades, the goods of Orenburg merchants entered the markets of the European part of Russia and the cities of Central Asia through the system of postal roads and routes of trade caravans respectively. The characteristics of the transport arteries themselves and the terrain through which they ran did not allow merchants to save money on the speed of delivery, transport large volumes of products, and also did not guarantee the safety of cargo. Since the late 1870s Orenburg flour producers, who got the opportunity to ship their goods to other regions of the country, began to build steam flour mills, and the service sector began to develop rapidly in the cities of the province.

Peter I and Modern Historiography: Reflections on the 350th Anniversary of the Great Reformer

Some features of the historiography covering the rule of Peter I are considered. The criticism of Petrine transformations that influenced the activities of merchants and the development of foreign trade and estimated judgments about the founding of St. Petersburg and its capital status is analyzed. A statement is put forward about Peter’s reforms as the starting point of Russia’s New Age.

Tea Trade in Russian Empire in Middle of 19th Century

The business activity of merchants of the middle of the 19th century, who chose the tea trade as the main area of their investments, is investigated. The analysis of the Russian tea trade in the middle of the 19th century in the context of its organizational specifics is very limitedly presented in Russian historiography, which confirms the novelty of this scientific study. The key moments of the organization of trade operations with the Chinese in Kyakhta are considered. The range of problems typical for the entrepreneurial practice of tea merchants of this era is presented and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the trade in smuggled tea and the production of its surrogate versions as the main obstacles to the productive work of the tea market in the interests of the merchants and the state. It is noted that the trade in illegal goods was carried out by colleagues who did not know how or did not want to make a profit in an honest way, and the marginal phenomenon itself was so massive that the merchants could not liquidate the illegal market on their own. As a result, in order to resolve many issues, merchants had to interact with various structures of the country’s authorities. It is shown that the remote format of interaction between large entrepreneurs and their sales agents in Kyakhta had certain inconveniences and brought profits to tea business owners much less than the possible maximum.

고려 무신집권기 유통경제의 성격

The period of Military Rule in Goryeo is the period when various aspects of the distribution economy in the late Goryeo period appear. In the period of Military Rule, public power was relaxed in various fields including politics. The appearance of public power relaxation appears as paralysis of Gyongsiseo’s function, embezzlement of officials, bribery, and the gambling of the bandits. The private distribution economy, which was maintained under the control of public power, was activated in the relaxation of public power. The development of private distribution economy led to various illegal activities by the power class in conjunction with the relaxation of public power. In the era of the Military Rule, the powerful actively participated in the private distribution economy. They sold the products of the large farm, or adjusted the merchants behind the scenes, participating in domestic commercial activities, and securing the necessary luxury goods through foreign trade. On the other hand, in the period of the Military Rule, a new form of gift receipt emerged among bureaucrats as a complementary method of distribution economy. The private distribution area centered on the ruling class spread more in the late Goryeo period, as the state’s control over the distribution economy has fallen from the Military Rule. The state also actively participated in the trend of development of private distribution area. In the late Goryeo period, privately owned permanent stores increased in the situation of increasing investment and monopoly on commercial activities of privileged forces. The growth of merchants was also remarkable in the development of the distribution economy. The wealthy merchant of the late Goryeo period grew through activities as agents of the ruling class, private connection with the ruling class, or independent economic activities. On the other hand, the development of the distribution economy has led to the differentiation of merchants, and the activities of small merchants as well as the wealthy merchant have gradually increased.

On the development of legislation on commercial brokering in business

This publication examines the initial legislative consolidation of the activities of merchants, intermediaries, agents, brokers as the initial types of commercial intermediaries.
 We covered the most significant periods of Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, the first decade of Ukraine as an independent state, as well as explored the scope of regulatory consolidation of the institution of mediation in domestic law at present.
 To achieve this purpose, the author analyzed the works of famous historians and lawyers, as well as developed regulations of the period of the Russian Empire, the USSR and Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the latter, it was determined that the legislation on commercial intermediation is moderately developed in our country, which is absolutely consistent, because in private law relations in the field of business only practice can show their sufficient or insufficient level of regulation. Also to achieve this purpose, the authors used methods typical of legal science. The study itself was conducted primarily on the application of historical and legal, system-structural methods and the dialectical method of cognition of legal reality.
 The study allows us to conclude that commercial intermediation, arising as a completely natural phenomenon designed to regulate trade relations between individuals, the legislative regulation of commercial intermediation in the field of management has developed gradually. The need for it was due to the fact that the need for professionalism of intermediaries allowed the latter to ignore the usual human virtues, which put at a disadvantage financial and economic position of the principals. This institution received a certain stagnation during the existence of the USSR, which was a logical continuation on the one hand of the policy of nationalization of fixed assets, and on the other - the equality proclaimed by communism, which did not fit private commercial mediation as a form of chrematism and “art of enrichment”.