Activities Of International Institutions Research Articles

Соціально-економічні виклики інтеграції та просторового розподілу внутрішньо переміщених осіб унаслідок війни

The full-scale Russian military aggression against Ukraine launched on February 24, 2022 has led to a massive flow of forced migrants, both external and internal, which is unprecedented and the most massive forced displacement in Europe since World War II. So far, there is a significant inequality of attention to the socio-economic needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, because most activities of international institutions and scientific attention are devoted to the needs and study of refugees, while the needs of IDPs are often “ignored” or understudied in terms of disproportionate spatial distribution of IDPs, challenges of integration into host communities, problems of consolidation of IDPs and local population, etc. The analysis of the existing body of literature on Ukrainian IDPs showed that the study of their current socio-economic situation, problems with integration into host communities and features of spatial distribution is poorly represented for the period of a full-scale Russo-Ukrainian war against the background of a huge body of pre-2022 literature. Taking into account such an insignificant body of literature on post-2022 Ukrainian IDPs, the main tasks of this study are twofold: (1) to fill the gap and expand the spectrum of knowledge about the current socio-economic situation of Ukrainian IDPs and the key problems of their integration into host communities in the conditions of a full-scale Russo-Ukrainian war; (2) analyze positive and negative international practices of IDP integration and develop recommendations for Ukraine. This article is devoted to the analysis of trends and the identification of the main socio-economic challenges of the integration and spatial distribution of Ukrainian IDPs, as well as the development of proposals for using their migration potential for the resilient development of Ukraine and host communities. The novelty of the research lies in the highlighting of positive and negative international practices of IDP integration and, as a result, the necessity of forming long-term solutions regarding the urgent socio-economic needs of Ukrainian IDPs and their spatial placement is emphasized. The dataset of the study was formed on the basis of data from reports of various international organizations and data from official state statistics. To achieve the goal of the article, quantitative methods are used, in particular, descriptive statistics and ranking. It was established that in the global context, Ukraine ranks third in the world by the number of IDPs, and their number is almost 6 million people (7 times more than before the full-scale Russian invasion), which definitely impacts the course of global migration processes. In the national context, it was found that the pattern of the spatial distribution of IDPs within the country indicates that most IDPs gravitate to the regions where the role of the regional centre is performed by one of the five metropolises of Ukraine (not including temporarily occupied Donetsk) — Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro and Lviv, which are powerful socio-economic centres and flagships of the country’s settlement system. It was found that the biggest challenges for the socioeconomic integration of IDPs into host communities are high unemployment, financial difficulties in meeting basic needs, housing problems, social stigmatization, as well as conflicts between IDPs and the population of host communities. The analysis showed that the current situation with Ukrainian IDPs requires from the government of Ukraine and the authorities of the host communities not short-term, but longterm solutions to the urgent problems of IDPs: in particular, social housing and proper housing conditions, social protection, avoiding shameful international practices of spatial placement of IDPs and much more.

Миротворча місія Антанти під головуванням Ж. Бартелемі (20 лютого – 3 березня 1919 р.)

Introduction. At the present stage, Ukraine is in the active process of building its own statehood. This process is based on relations with other states and international organizations and institutions. In this context, it is extremely important to develop the issue of peacekeeping missions during the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918-1919. After all, the experience of the past is invaluable for Ukraine in the current realities of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the activities of international institutions in its cessation. Purpose. On the basis of previous works of Ukrainian and Polish scholars, archival materials, periodicals and memoirs of contemporaries of those events to comprehensively cover the structure, main tasks and activities of the second mission of J. Barthelemy in Eastern Galicia. Methods. The authors of the article use a systematic approach and the principle of historicism, which allows them to comprehensively reproduce all aspects of the second mission of J. Barthelemy. The reliability and completeness of the information was ensured by the methods of source and historiographical analysis and synthesis. Results. The article considers the activities of the second Entente peacekeeping mission in Eastern Galicia under the leadership of French General Joseph Barthelemy, analyzes the reasons for its emergence and the consequences of diplomatic work for both sides of the Polish-Ukrainian military conflict of 1918–1919. important instructions on the further penetration and strengthening of the positions of the Entente in the Galician region. In addition, the mission was to develop measures to combat the revolutionary movement and socialist ideas in the newly created states of Eastern Europe. Its equally important task was to study the circumstances of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, to assess the prospects for the use of Polish and Ukrainian troops in the struggle against Bolshevik Russia. Originality. The state of scientific development of the problem indicates the urgency of its comprehensive study and the need to attract new sources to cover peacekeeping missions led by French General J. Barthelemy in the context of the Entente’s decisive influence on resolving the Polish-Ukrainian military conflict of 1918–1919. Conclusion. It is traced that the characteristic feature of the mission headed by J. Barthelemy was its pro-Polish orientation, formed under the influence of a large-scale and professionally organized propaganda campaign by Polish diplomats. It is noted that the mission of J. Barthelemy not only did not reconcile the parties involved in the war, but on the contrary, incited each other. At the same time, she promised the Ukrainians the political support of the Entente, and the Poles the Drohobych-Boryslav basin, which was in the hands of the Ukrainians. It is clear that such recommendations made it difficult to wait for a truce. &nbsp

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ КООРДИНАЦИИ ДЕЙСТВИЙ ПРАВООХРАНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНОВ

The article researched international experience in coordinating the action of law enforcement agencies in modern international law. It is stated that, enforcement agencies are those institutions that enforce the laws, including election-related laws. Enforcement аs an important integrity mechanism as it deters those who might be interested in subverting the system as well as identifies and punishes those who have broken the law. The responsibilities for enforcing laws and codes are usually divided among different agencies, depending on the nature and severity of the problem. Initial investigations may start with the oversight agency, but can be referred to an enforcement agency if it was determined that legal enforcement was required. For example, potential criminal cases uncovered during a routine audit can be referred to the justice system. If the prosecuting authorities decide to pursue the case, they could charge and prosecute the alleged perpetrator, with a court pronouncing sentence if the defendant were found guilty. Jurisdictionally, there can be an important difference between international law enforcement agencies and multinational law enforcement agencies, even though both are often referred to as «international», even in official documents Effective enforcement requires a functioning legal system and a respect for the rule of law. An important factor in maintaining integrity in enforcement is the independence of the judiciary, as justice is supposed to be administered fairly, equally and impartially. The prevention, investigation and cessation of international and many domestic crimes, as well as the prosecution of those responsible for their commission, are not it is always possible alone, without the help of other states and international organizations. Achieving this goal requires states not only to proclaim unilateral declarations of intent, participation in the signing international treaties and the activities of international institutions, but also the actual implementation of joint and agreed activities aimed at combating transnational and domestic organized crime.

Economic component of the sustainable development concept

The article deals with the problem of the realization of the right to development in international economic law in the context ofthe development of international cooperation. The normative component of the right to development is considered. The relationshipbetween the right to development and the system of principles of international economic law is analyzed.The normative fixing of the elements of the right to development in international legal instruments is defined. The application ofthe right to development in the practice of international organizations is shown. The article also discusses the challenges of today’s sustainabledevelopment.Sustainable development is based on three main elements: environmental, economic and social equality. The right to developmentcan’t be imagined without the institutional mechanisms of international economic law. It is clear that the activities of institutional institutions at the global, regional and subregional levels contribute to the development of partnerships at the interstate level in order toachieve development. Cooperation of states at the institutional level influences the formation of the modern international economicorder. Implementing sustainable development at the national level is a difficult task due to the vagueness of national legislation, lackof funding and lack of adequate institutional capacity. An important element in exercising the right to development is the developmentof effective mechanisms for international cooperation. Transformations in this direction require coordination, mutual responsibility andaccountability, interest and efficiency. It is clear that the activities of international institutions at the global, regional and subregionallevels promote the development of partner relations at the interstate level in order to achieve development. Cooperation of states at theinstitutional level affects the formation of modern international economic order, accelerates the formation of important conceptual provisionsof a legal, economic and political nature and promotes global development. Transformation in this direction requires coordinationof action, mutual accountability and reporting, interest and effectiveness. The enhancement of transparency and accountability inthe use of development provides assistance in creation of effective and mutually beneficial partnerships in this area.

Economic component of the sustainable development concept

The article deals with the problem of the realization of the right to development in international economic law in the context ofthe development of international cooperation. The normative component of the right to development is considered. The relationshipbetween the right to development and the system of principles of international economic law is analyzed.The normative fixing of the elements of the right to development in international legal instruments is defined. The application ofthe right to development in the practice of international organizations is shown. The article also discusses the challenges of today’s sustainabledevelopment.Sustainable development is based on three main elements: environmental, economic and social equality. The right to developmentcan’t be imagined without the institutional mechanisms of international economic law. It is clear that the activities of institutional institutions at the global, regional and subregional levels contribute to the development of partnerships at the interstate level in order toachieve development. Cooperation of states at the institutional level influences the formation of the modern international economicorder. Implementing sustainable development at the national level is a difficult task due to the vagueness of national legislation, lackof funding and lack of adequate institutional capacity. An important element in exercising the right to development is the developmentof effective mechanisms for international cooperation. Transformations in this direction require coordination, mutual responsibility andaccountability, interest and efficiency. It is clear that the activities of international institutions at the global, regional and subregionallevels promote the development of partner relations at the interstate level in order to achieve development. Cooperation of states at theinstitutional level affects the formation of modern international economic order, accelerates the formation of important conceptual provisionsof a legal, economic and political nature and promotes global development. Transformation in this direction requires coordinationof action, mutual accountability and reporting, interest and effectiveness. The enhancement of transparency and accountability inthe use of development provides assistance in creation of effective and mutually beneficial partnerships in this area.

“Ethnic Revival” in Globalizing World: The Example of Indigenous Political Movements in Latin America

The article offers an inquiry into the problem of “ethnic revival” in politics against the background of the accelerated globalization processes through the example of the indigenous movements in Latin America. In particular, it explains how such global trends as the democratization and liberalization of social and political spheres, intensified activities of international institutions on the empowerment of disadvantaged social groups, the inclusion of ecological problems in national and international agendas, growing interest of international society to the social and political problems of developing countries have contributed to the intensification of political activities of the indigenous peoples in Latin America in the last 25 years.The indigenous political activism has taken radically different institutional forms and has led to diverse outcomes. For instance, in Mexico the indigenous peoples did not manage to create a viable sociopolitical force capable of advocating for their rights. In some other Latin America states, there are indigenous organizations that successfully promote the interests of native peoples. Moreover, in various countries the indigenous representatives are elected to national and local governments. In Colombia, Ecuador and Nicaragua the indigenous political parties were found, which, as long as other political forces, are participating in electoral processes and are delegating their representatives to public institutions. Whereas in case of Bolivia, the indigenous movement in alliance with left and progressive social organizations, has become the leading political force.The author gives an explanation why the political activism of the indigenous peoples in different Latin American countries has taken such forms and has contributed to such results. On the basis of the analysis of these political activities the conclusion is made about common features of political culture, self-identification and perception of social and political processes by the indigenous peoples of Latin America.

The internet use in adult education: Historical and organisational perspectives

Beside the fact that the Internet was not primarily educational network (it didn’t emerge from the intention to be systematically used in the field of education), shortly after it emerged, possibilities of its application in education were recognised. This paper is dedicated to analysis of the most important chronological moments (technological and social in the first place) that were crucial in sense of comprehensive application of the Internet in service of education in general, but also in service of adult education. Having all mentioned in focus, in more details, we analysed emergence and development of the Internet observed as educational computer network in frame of general development of information and communication technologies. While realising mentioned analysis, our focus was on four historical periods of educational computer technologies. We also intended to emphasize the activities of international institutions that followed, encouraged and supported the development of the Internet use and the use of other information and communication technologies in the field of education. According to that, we distinguished the main moments referring activities of these organisations which describe in the best manner their contributions to growing application of the Internet in education in general, but also in adult education.

International Geneva yearbook, 2009: v.21: Organization and activities of international institutions in Geneva

International Geneva yearbook, 2009: v.21: Organization and activities of international institutions in Geneva