Activities Of Different Parts Research Articles

Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Studies of Anthrones from the Leaf Latex of Aloe pirottae A. Berger against Some Plant Pathogenic Microbes

Objective/Background: Aloe pirottae A. Berger has traditionally been used in Ethiopia to treat various ailments. While previous studies have examined the antimicrobial activity of different parts of A. pirottae against human pathogens, this study aimed to investigate whether its antimicrobial activity extends to plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: Compounds were isolated from the leaf latex of A. pirottae using silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were determined using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS spectral data. Both the leaf latex and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against three bacterial ( Pseudomonas syringae pv. gaarcae, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum) and three fungal ( Fusarium graminarum, Fusaium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani) plant pathogens. Results: A mixture of two diastereoisomeric anthrones was isolated from the leaf latex of A. pirottae and characterized as aloin A/B using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS. Aloin A/B showed the most potent activity against X. vasicola among the bacteria and F. oxysporum among the fungi strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 3.12 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. Further exploration uncovered strong binding affinity of aloin A/B towards key proteins in these pathogens, specifically with topoisomerase II (−10.060 kcal/mol) and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate-2, 6-diaminopimelate ligase (murE) (−8.861 kcal/mol) in F. oxysporum and X. vasicola, respectively, through molecular docking studies. Conclusion: The present findings highlight aloin A/B as promising natural antimicrobial agents and lead compounds for new plant pathogen treatments. Further research is recommended to explore their activity against a wider range of plant pathogens.

Chemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Various Parts of Securidaca longipedunculata From South Africa

Objective The objective of our study was to investigate the chemical composition and the biological activities of different parts of Securidaca longipedunculata from South Africa. Methodologies The chemical analysis methods, including chromatography and spectroscopy, were employed to identify the diverse array of compounds present in the roots, leaves, and stems of S longipedunculata. Results The proximate analysis revealed that the leaf extracts had higher ( P < .05) crude protein, gross energy, and ether extract contents when compared to the stem bark and the root bark. A similar trend was observed with the mineral analysis where copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc were in abundance in the leaves. Concurrently, bioassays reveal significant biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, associated with these plant parts. The extracts demonstrated high lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity at the concentration of 250 μg/mL, with the highest percentage inhibition of 94% recorded in the dark leaf extract, followed by 92% and 73% at the concentrations of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that the root bark extract was active against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis with the average minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.67 mg/mL (dark type) and 0.63 mg/mL (light type). Conclusion Our findings emphasize the medicinal potential of S longipedunculata and underscore the importance of understanding its chemical makeup in explaining its therapeutic effects. This research provides valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of S longipedunculata, offering a foundation for further exploration in drug development and natural product discovery.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities of different parts of Litsea polyantha extracts

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities of different parts of Litsea polyantha extracts

Bioactive potential of Lagotis cashmeriana: a study on morphology, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity

The present study aimed to investigate the morphological features, phytochemicals, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in different parts of Lagotis cashmeriana. The morphological features depicted that the plant is 7.9 ± 1.699 cm tall with flowers arranged into an inflorescence. The length of inflorescence was 2.597 ± 0.796 cm. Basal leaves were measuring 2.99 ± 0.58 cm. Besides, the number of basal leaves and inflorescence ranged from 4–9 and 0–4 respectively. Methanolic extract of leaves displayed the highest phenolic content (169.5 µg/mL of GAE), followed by inflorescences (157 µg/mL of GAE). Among aqueous extracts, leaves displayed the highest phenolic content (88.38 µg/mL of GAE), followed by inflorescences (76.95 µg/mL of GAE). The results of antioxidant study revealed that the methanolic extracts of leaves possessed the highest antioxidant potential (180.76 µg/mL of AAE). Interestingly, for each extract, there was a positive correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity.

Organs-specific metabolomics and anticholinesterase activity suggests a trade-off between metabolites for therapeutic advantages of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don

Trillium govanianum is traditionally used to treat innumerable alignments like sexual disorders, cancer, inflammation etc. Mainly rhizomes of T. govanianum have been explored for phytochemical profiling but comprehensive metabolomics of other parts has not been yet deeply investigated. Thus, current study was aimed for organs-specific (roots, rhizomes, rhizomatous buds, stems, leaves, and fruits) phytochemical profiling of T. govanianum via metabolomics approach. Targeted (steroidal saponins and free sugars) and non-targeted metabolomics were performed by UPLC-PDA/ELSD & UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS. Among steroidal compounds, 20-hydroxyecdysone, pennogenin-3-O-β-chacotrioside, dioscin were found predominantly in all samples while diosgenin was identified only in rhizomes. Further, four free sugars viz. 2-deoxyribose (116.24 ± 1.26 mg/g: leaves), fructose (454.76 ± 12.14 mg/g: rhizomes), glucose (243.21 ± 7.53 mg/g: fruits), and galactose (69.06 ± 2.14 mg/g: fruits) were found significant in respective parts of T. govanianum. Elemental analysis of targeted samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pd, As) were absent while micro- (Mn, Na, Zn, Cu) and macro- (Ca, Fe, Mg, K) elements were found in all samples. Furthermore, UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS had identified 103 metabolites based on their mass fragmentation patterns and 839 were tentatively predicted using METLIN database. The multivariate statistical analysis showed organs specific clustering and variance of metabolites. Apart from this, extracts were evaluated for in vitro anticholinesterase activity, and found potentials inhibitors with IC50 values 2.02 ± 0.15 to 27.65 ± 0.89 mg/mL and 3.58 ± 0.12 to 16.81 ± 2.48 mg/mL of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme, respectively. Thus, comprehensive metabolomics and anti-cholinesterase activity of different parts of T. govanianum would lay the foundation for improving medicinal importance and health benefits of T. govanianum.

Optimized k-nearest neighbors for classification of prosthetic hand movements using electromyography signal

Electromyography (EMG) signals are essential, as they are used to measure muscular activity in different parts of the human body. The measurement and analysis of EMG signal lead to various applications of muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathy, hand movements, etc. In this paper, an improved and effective hand movement classification model is developed for amputee subjects. It includes: (1) EMG feature extraction using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), (2) EMG feature selection using binary Global Best Guided Gaussian Artificial Bee Colony (BGGABC), (3) Hand movements classification using Optimized k-nearest neighbors (OKNN) classifier. The EMG signal is taken from the DB3 of NinaPro dataset comprising 17 different prosthetic hand movements recorded from 11 amputee subjects. Thereafter, DWT is applied to decompose the EMG signal for extracting features. An improved wrapper-based feature selection technique (BGGABC) is used to select the optimal feature subset for effective classification. The two variants of KNN, i.e. Smallest Modified KNN and Largest Modified KNN are taken in which item strength to a class is optimized for efficient classification. The strength of an item to a class depends on distance and weight of an item to a class. Therefore, a multi-objective Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is used for optimizing these two contradictory parameters (distance and weight) simultaneously to have optimized variants, namely: Optimized Smallest KNN (OSKNN) and Optimized Largest KNN (OLKNN). Extensive results show that the proposed method OKNN achieved the highest classification accuracy of 93.07% (OLKNN) and 89.43% (OSKNN) compared with KNN variants and competitors.

Chemical characterization, multivariate analysis and comparison of biological activities of different parts of Fraxinus mandshurica.

Fraxinus mandshurica (Oleaceae) is used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of red eyes, menstrual disorders, excessive leucorrhea, chronic bronchitis and psoriasis. To perform chemical characterization of the secondary metabolites of F. mandshurica roots, bark, stems and leaves, 32 samples were collected from eight provinces in this study. A total of 64 chemical components were detected from four different parts of F. mandshurica by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, a total of nine secoiridoids were obtained by natural product chemical extraction, isolation and identification methods. Quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry showed the highest total content of secoiridoids in the bark, which is also consistent with the traditional medicinal parts. The results of methodological validation showed that the correlation coefficient (R2) values were all >0.9993, indicating a good linear range of the standard curve, while the relative standard deviations of precision, reproducibility and stability were <3%, and the spiked recoveries ranged from 98.22 to 102.27%, indicating that the experimental method was reliable and stable. In addition, fingerprinting and a heatmap were established to demonstrate the content trends of F. mandshurica more visually from different origins. Multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis, was performed to determine the chemical characteristics of different parts of F. mandshurica, and six characteristic secoiridoids that could be used to distinguish different origins were screened. Finally, the inhibition of tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and pancreatic lipase activities by the nine characteristic compounds and extracts from different parts were investigated, and the results showed that they all exhibited different degrees of enzyme activity inhibition and thus have potential applications in whitening and blemish removal, hypoglycemia, anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-obesity as a new source of natural enzyme activity inhibitors. This study establishes an identification and evaluation method applicable to phytochemistry of different origins, which is a guideline for quality control, origin evaluation and clinical application of traditional medicinal plants. This is also an unprecedented study on the identification of the chemical composition of different parts of F. mandshurica, characteristic compounds and the inhibition of enzyme activity of extracts from different parts.

The Bioactivity and Phytochemicals of Muscari comosum (Leopoldia comosa), a Plant of Multiple Pharmacological Activities.

Leopoldia comosa (LC), popularly known as Muscari comosum, spontaneously grows in the Mediterranean region and its bulbs are used as a vegetable. Traditionally, they are also used to treat various diseases and conditions, which has inspired the study of the pharmacological activities of different parts of LC. These studies revealed the numerous biological properties of LC including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, and immune stimulant. High antioxidant activity compared to other non-cultivated plants, and the potential role of antioxidant activity in other reported activities make LC an excellent candidate to be developed as an antioxidant plant against important associated diseases. The presence of a diverse class of phytochemicals (n = 85), especially flavonoids and homoisoflavones, in LC, also imparts significance to the nutraceutical candidature of the plant. However, limited animal studies and the lack of a directional approach have limited the further design of effective clinical studies for the development of LC. The current study is the first attempt to comprehensively compile information regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of LC, emphasize the targets/markers targeted by LC, important in other activities, and also highlight the current gaps and propose possible bridges for the development of LC as a therapeutic and/or supplement against important diseases.

Total Alkaloid content and In vitro Antiplasmodial activity of Grangea maderaspatana collected from Burkina Faso

Effective management of malaria remains a major concern for the scientific community mainly due to the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the common antimalarials. Many studies are conducted to identify plants that can fight against this disease. This work aimed to contribute to a better knowledge of antiplasmodial activity of different parts of Grangea maderaspatana (Asteracea). Thus, roots, flowers, leafy branches and whole plant of Grangea maderaspatana were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Alkaloid contents and antiplasmodial activity of extracts were respectively determined by bromocresol green method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on pLDH quantification. Total alkaloid contents ranged from 21.036 in methanolic extract of leafy branches to 1074.752µg qE/g in dichloromethane extract of whole plant. Extracts showed moderate to very active antiplasmodial effects. Antiplasmodial activity evaluated on chloroquino (CQ)-sensitive D10 and CQ-resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum showed that hexane and dichloromethane leafy branches extracts had a better activity. Alkaloid could be potentially responsible for antiplasmodial activity observed. None extract found to be toxic for cells at 50 and 100µg/ml. Dichloromethane extract of leafy branches could be a potential source of antiplasmodial molecules.

Assessment of the Allelopathic Activity of Various Parts of Platycodon (Platycodon grandiflorus) and Its Mitigation by Activated Carbon

Platycodon is a medicinal plant of considerable pharmacological and dietary value. With the growing demand, agricultural production is increasing. However, the continuous cropping significantly causes negative impacts on its yield and quality. In this study, in order to solve the problem of continuous cropping, we evaluated the allelopathic activity of Platycodon and investigated the potential use of activated carbon for mitigating the negative impacts of allelopathic chemicals produced by Platycodon. The sandwich method (method for assaying the allelopathic activity of each part of a plant) was employed to evaluate the allelopathic activity of different parts (leaves, stems, and roots) of Platycodon. The inhibitory effects of various Platycodon plant parts were assessed based on their effects on lettuce seedling growth. At a concentration of 10 mg parts/10 mL agar, the average inhibition rates of Platycodon leaves on the radicle and hypocotyl growth of lettuce were 79.4% and 61.8%, stems 58.0% and 45.7%, and roots 53.4% and 49.3%, respectively. At a concentration of 50 mg parts/10 mL agar, the inhibitory effects were as follows: leaves (91.9%, 72.2%), stems (79.5%, 60.3%), and roots (71.4%, 65.2%). The effect of activated carbon on the adsorption of allelopathic substances was investigated, and the results of the sandwich method with a concentration of 10 mg parts/10 mL agar showed the following growth-inhibitory effects on lettuce seedlings and hypocotyls—roots (27.8%, 25.7%), leaves (13.3%, 25.7%), and stems (9.1%, 13.6%)—in each case showing a significant decrease in the inhibitory activity. The plant box method (method for assaying the allelopathic activity of plant root exudates) was employed to evaluate the activity of Platycodon root exudate. The growth inhibition rates of lettuce radicle and hypocotyls were 45.5% and 18.9%, respectively. The plant box method with addition of activated carbon revealed average rates of promotion of 16.7% and 4.7% on the growth of lettuce seedlings and hypocotyls, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that activated carbon has a mitigating effect on allelopathic inhibition associated with the different plant parts and root exudation of Platycodon and provide a potential solution for overcoming problems associated with the continuous cropping of Platycodon.

Examınatıon of famous use ın televısıon advertısements wıth electroencephalogram (EEG)

Objective: The research aims to analyze the changes in brain activity of emotions caused by the use of celebrities in television (TV) commercials using Electroencephalography (EEG). It tries to determine the positive (liking, having fun) and negative (disliking, bored) emotions of the audience with Electroencephalography (EEG). Method: We tried to determine the emotional states of the volunteers who watched the commercials by examining the theta activities in different parts of their brains. A questionnaire was applied to 36 volunteers in our research before and after watching the advertisements. EEG recordings were made while the volunteers were watching the commercials. Theta activities obtained as a result of EEG recording were tabulated as duration. The hypotheses were tested by using the responses of the volunteers to the questionnaires and the EEG results comparatively with frequency tables and the Independent-Samples T test. Originality/Relevance: Both the preparation and broadcasting of TV advertisements, which have a very important place in marketing communication, can be very costly for businesses. Neuromarketing, which encourages interdisciplinary work, allows the use of methods, designs, theories and technologies used in neuroscience in areas such as marketing and advertising. In this study, with the help of EEG, one of the techniques used in neuromarketing, it has been tried to determine the emotions that the advertisements will create in the audience. It is among the few experimental studies conducted in Turkey. Results: Although EEG results shows that the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe was higher than the activity intensity observed in the right hemisphere and right frontal lobe in the volunteers watching TV commercials, and the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe in the volunteers where the advertisements created positive emotions, and the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe in the volunteers, where the advertisements created negative emotions, statistically, as our hypotheses suggest, no significant activity difference was observed. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The research contributes to the scientific community by deepening the knowledge on neuromarketing, which is under development in Turkey as in many countries. It also provides clues about the use of neuromarketing in advertising research. This study will contribute to the preparation of effective advertisements by understanding the emotions of the audience. Managerial implications: Research findings can help businesses and advertisers prepare more effective commercials, thereby saving businesses costs.

Comparative Analysis of Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Five Onion Cultivars Harvested in Korea.

Onions are typically consumed as the bulb, but the peel and root are discarded as by-products during processing. This study investigated the potential functional use of these by-products by analyzing the polyphenols, antioxidant compounds, and antioxidant activity contained in onions. In this study, the bulb, peel, and root of five onion cultivars ('Tank', 'Bomul', 'Gujji' 'Cobra', and 'Hongbanjang') harvested in Korea were investigated. Caffeic acid and quercetin were most abundant in the peel, whereas methyl gallate was the predominant polyphenol in the bulb. Both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were higher in onion peel and root than in the bulb. These findings suggest that onion peel and roots, which are often discarded, have abundant antioxidant substances and excellent antioxidant activity. This study provides basic data for the future use of onion peel and roots as functional ingredients with high added value.

Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of the Toona sinensis Plant.

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem., which is widely distributed in China, is a homologous plant resource of medicine and food. The leaves, seeds, barks, buds and pericarps of T. sinensis can be used as medicine with traditional efficacy. Due to its extensive use in traditional medicine in the ancient world, the T. sinensis plant has significant development potential. In this review, 206 compounds, including triterpenoids (1-133), sesquiterpenoids (134-135), diterpenoids (136-142), sterols (143-147), phenols (148-167), flavonoids (168-186), phenylpropanoids (187-192) and others (193-206), are isolated from the T. sinensis plant. The mass spectrum cracking laws of representative compounds (64, 128, 129, 154-156, 175, 177, 179 and 183) are reviewed, which are conducive to the discovery of novel active substances. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that T. sinensis extracts and their compounds have antidiabetic, antidiabetic nephropathy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, immunopotentiation and other biological activities. The traditional uses, chemical constituents, compound cracking laws and pharmacological activities of different parts of T. sinensis are reviewed, laying the foundation for improving the development and utilization of its medicinal value.

Characterization of Phytoconstituents, Total Flavonoids and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Aegle marmelos Correa

The present study aimed at characterization of phytoconstituents, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of different parts of Aegle marmelos Correa. The powders from different parts of Aegle marmelos were analyzed for the phytoconstituents by phytochemical profiling and measurement of total phenolic content and estimation of marmelosin, umbelliferone and luvangetin. Our study would be first ever reported on quantitative analysis, to the best of our knowledge for these relative constituents of the different parts of Aegle marmelos Correa. plant. The total antioxidant activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH %)) varied from 20.8±0.66 to 0.18±0.01, the total phenolic contents (mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g)) varied from 5.74±0.26 to 0.12±0.02 &amp; the total flavonoid contents ranged from 1.58±0.01 to 0.04±.0.01. Luvangetin, marmelosin and umbelliferone (% by weight) for Aegle marmelos Correa. fruit pulp was found to be 1.78± 0.11, 1.61± 0.04 and 1.84± 0.14 respectively. The intent of this research is to focus on the quantitative analysis of these parts which will help in use of Aegle marmelos Correa. plant in future for research in the field of nutraceuticals development, treatment &amp; finding cure for gastrointestinal and other chronic diseases for medicinal purpose.

Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Different Parts of Mimosa Pudica

Mimosa pudica, a well-known sensitive plant, has been the subject of extensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. This plant boasts a diverse array of chemical constituents, with a prominent presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The most notable alkaloid in Mimosa pudica is mimosine, recognized for its anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Biologically, Mimosa pudica has displayed remarkable activities in various studies. The plant's extracts have exhibited potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities due to the high flavonoid content. Furthermore, it possesses anti-microbial properties, particularly against bacteria and fungi. Its traditional use in folk medicine for wound healing, pain relief, and as an anti-diarrheal agent is corroborated by its pharmacological effects. Additionally, studies have highlighted the potential neuroprotective effects of Mimosa pudica, which may be attributed to its neuroactive compounds. The investigation into the chemical constituents and biological activities of this remarkable plant continues to reveal its therapeutic potential in modern medicine.a literature study was carried out to determine the effects of this plant

Comparison of Antifungal and Antimicrobial activities in different parts of Carica papaya Linn

Carica papaya plants used as a nutritious and medicinal purpose. Phytochemical analysis of Carica papaya leaf extract show all Phytochemical constituents such as saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, alkaloid, carbohydrate, tannins except steroids. The all extract subjected to systemic phytochemical screening for the presence of phytochemical constituents. Latex of papaya fruits shows significant activity against Candida albicans reported in the literature, well diffusion method shows stronger activity in methanol extract showing inhibition against in S. aureus than E. coli. It is used as Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, wound healing and Analgesic activity etc.

Nutritional Value, Volatile Components, Functional Metabolites, and Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Parts of Millettia speciosa Champ., a Medicinal and Edible Plant with Potential for Development.

Highly nutritious traditional plants which are rich in bioactive substances are attracting increasing attention. In this study, the nutritional value, chemical composition, biological activities, and feed indices of different parts of Millettia speciosa were comprehensively evaluated. In terms of its nutritional value, this study demonstrated that the leaves, flowers and seeds of M. speciosa were rich in elements and amino acids; the biological values (BVs) of these ingredients ranged from 85% to 100%, showing the extremely high nutritional value of this plant. GC-MS analysis suggested that the main chemical components of the flower volatile oil were n-hexadecanoic acid (21.73%), tetracosane (19.96%), and pentacosane (5.86%). The antibacterial activities of the flower and seed extracts were significantly stronger than those of the leaves and branches. The leaf extract displayed the strongest antifungal activities (EC50 values: 18.28 ± 0.54 μg/mL for Pseudocryphonectria elaeocarpicola and 568.21 ± 33.60 μg/mL for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and were the least toxic to mouse fibroblasts (L929) (IC50 value: 0.71 ± 0.04 mg/mL), while flowers were the most toxic (IC50 value: 0.27 ± 0.03 mg/mL). In addition, the abundance of fiber, protein, mineral elements, and functional metabolite contents indicated the potential applicability of M. speciosa as an animal feed. In conclusion, as a traditional herbal plant used for medicinal and food purposes, M. speciosa shows potential for safe and multifunctional development.

A comparative study on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different parts of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima)

Fruit and vegetable waste is a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be extracted or transformed into high-value products. In some parts of India, pumpkin leaves and flowers are rarely eaten as food. But despite being a rich source of bioactive chemicals with nutritional benefits, pumpkin seeds, and skins are frequently regarded as waste. The study involves the quantitative estimation of the antioxidant activity and phytochemicals content of the various parts of aqueous and isopropanol extracts of Cucurbita maxima plant. Pumpkin leaf exhibits the maximum moisture content (85.76 %), followed by pumpkin flower (79.42 %), pumpkin peel (71.44 %), and pumpkin seeds (3.23 %). The TPC and TFC of the isopropanol extract of pumpkin seed have been found the highest;41.05 mg GAE/g and 829.86 mg QE/g respectively. The highest% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the isopropanol extract of pumpkin peel; 90.35 % and the lowest was found in the aqueous extract of pumpkin seeds 48.41 %. The aqueous extract of pumpkin peel has the highest value with a TAC of 123.33 mg AAE/g. The finding of the current study mainly highlights the importance of underutilized parts of pumpkin rather than discarding them as waste.

Diosgenin content, phenolic acids, and antioxidant activity of different parts of Iranian Tribulus terrestris L.

Diosgenin content, phenolic acids, and antioxidant activity of different parts of Iranian Tribulus terrestris L.

Insight into the uptake, translocation, metabolism, dissipation and risk assessment of tolfenpyrad in romaine and edible amaranth grown in hydroponic conditions

Tolfenpyrad is an alternative to highly water-soluble and ecotoxic insecticides that is widely used in China. It is absorbed and accumulates in vegetables, leading to potential public-health hazards. A systematic study of the fate of tolfenpyrad is necessary for proper application and food safety. Herein, we report on the uptake, translocation, metabolism, dissipation, and dietary risks of tolfenpyrad in hydroponic romaine and amaranth plants. Roots easily absorbed and accumulated tolfenpyrad, although transport was moderate in both vegetables. Basipetal translocation of tolfenpyrad occurred in romaine but not in edible amaranth, owing to differences in specific transport behaviour in each case. Six metabolites and three pathways were proposed. Tolfenpyrad affected antioxidant enzyme activities in different parts of the two vegetables. Tolfenpyrad dissipation proceeded swiftly, entailing an acceptable risk to humans. Our results provide information on the distribution and transport of tolfenpyrad, as well as on the safety in using it on vegetables.