Activity Of Different Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis and hypoglycemic potential of Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz in alloxan induced diabetic mice.

Plants have profound therapeutic benefits, more economical treatments, fewer side effects, and a relatively cheap cost, making them a source of drugs for protective, preventative, curative, or conducive purposes and creating novel phytomedicines. Plant derived medicines are relatively safe compared to synthetic medicines. Many plants have proved to successfully aid in the treatment of diabetes including Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. The current investigations were therefore designed to assess the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities of F. hurdwarica. The phytochemical investigations and antioxidant activities of different extracts were carried out using standard chemical tests, DPPH, and H2O2 scavenging assays. F. hurdwarica plant extract in Hydromethanolic solution were prepared by Soxhletation method and stored in refrigerator at 4°C for two days before use. Swiss Albino mice were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Hydromethanolic plant extract and fractions of F. hurdwarica were screened for antidiabetic activity and given to the alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a concentration of 150-250 mg/kg of body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic mice each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide is also given to another group to as a standard drug to support the result at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of mice were measured on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 15th days. The study found that the extract was safe up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg and the dose response effect of chloroform extract (150-250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica showed expressive antihyperglycemic effects and also improved other altered biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. The FTIR and XRD spectra demonstrated the occurrence of phenols, alcohols, alkenes, alkyl halides, ketones, and aromatic compounds and confirmed the amorphous nature of the extract. GC-MS spectral analysis showed the tentative presence of 31 phytochemical constituents in the chloroform extract of F. hurdwarica with different retention time. To conclude, the chloroform extract (250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica revealed considerable antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic potential and is safe for treating diabetes and related complications.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Studies of Some Yemeni Medicinal Plants against Selected Common Human Pathogenic Bacteria

In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are often used to treat a wide range of infectious diseases in humans. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals contained in thirteen parts of six Yemeni medicinal plants: Artemisia Judaica, Ficus carica L., Nerium oleander L., Olea europaea, Santolina chamaecyparissus L. and Withania somnifera and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of methanol extracts from the aerial part of the selected plants against S. saprophyticus, Salmonella and E. coli in vitro. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures and the antibacterial activity of different extracts of each plant was studied by agar well diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, essential oils, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. The occurrence of phytochemicals varied from plant to plant. Tannins and phenols were found in all samples, while all other test samples contained at least five of the phytochemicals tested. Almost all extracts were able to inhibit the growth of the bacterial strains, with the exception of the species S. saprophyticus, which was resistant to the methanolic extracts of A. judaica and F. carica L. However, the methanol extract (0.1 g/ml) of S. chamaecyparissus L. and O. europaea showed the largest zone of inhibition (35 mm and 20 mm, respectively) against S. saprophyticus. This is the first report on the antibacterial activity of S. chamaecyparissus L. species against S. saprophyticus. Conclusions: The present screening result shows that the methanol extract of the tested traditional Yemeni medicinal plants exhibits potent antibacterial activity, and the studied plants may represent a new source for the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds for the treatment of drug-resistant human pathogens.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of the Lipophilic Extract of Cirsium vulgare.

The aim of this study was to investigate the compounds in the hexane extract of Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. and to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of different extracts. The Cirsium vulgare (NGBB 7229) plant was collected from Turkey's Trakya region. Crude extracts were obtained using different solvents. The chemical composition of Cirsium vulgare was determined in hexane extract using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the β-carotene bleaching method, and the determination of superoxide anion scavenging activities. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, whereas the antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus fumigatus by applying microdilution methods. A total of 41 bioactive compounds were identified using the GC-MS library. Terpenoids were found to be dominant (52.89%), and lup-20(29)-en-3-yl-acetate and lupeol were the most abundant terpenoids. The highest total flavonoid content (25.73 mg catechin/g) and antioxidant capacity were found in the methanolic extract. The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Bacillus subtilis in the ethyl acetate extract, and the highest antifungal activity was found against Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus in the hexane extract. The observed antioxidant characteristics of the C. vulgare extracts could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids. The high antifungal activity of the hexane extract against all fungal strains can be attributed to its constituents, i.e., terpenoids. This study discloses the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, including some bioactive components, of Cirsium vulgare and implies that Cirsium vulgare holds possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agent.

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Different Extracts of Different Parts of Butea monosperma

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Different Extracts of Different Parts of Butea monosperma

Biological properties and identification of some active ingredients in Anastatica hierochuntica and Lepidium sativum, grown in Egypt

Medicinal plants have been used as a source of therapies since ancient times in Egypt. The present study was designed to investigate and compare between the anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor activity of different extracts from Anastatica hierochuntica and Lepidium sativum belong to Brassicaceae, cultivated in Egypt. The qualitative phytochemical screening followed by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay were used to assess the anti-oxidant of the extracts, while the disk diffusion method followed by micro-broth dilution were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts against 6 bacterial strains belonging to 3 species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, The all results show that the studied plants have various bioactive phytochemicals. Both plants were observed to be moderate antioxidant agents but L. sativum was better than A. hierochuntica. Moreover, all studied crude extracts were able to inhibit the growth of reference and clinical isolated bacteria while L. sativum was more effective. A human ovarian adenocarcinoma OV17R, cell line was used to evaluate antitumor of these extracts by Sulfo-Rhodamine B colorimetric (SRB) assay and IC50 values below 20 μg/mL were recorded for the crude extract of both tested plants. Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, rutin and vanillin were the most abundant phenolic compounds in extracts. Rutin and benzoic acid showed the best anti-bacterial activity against all tested bacteria, also expressed moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 28.8 and 37.2 μg/mL, respectively. The present investigation provided supportive data for the possible use of the plant extracts investigated here in treatment of various diseases.

Investigating the Antimicrobial Activity of Different Extracts of Echium on Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Introduction: Medicinal plants have had a special value and importance in providing health and wellness of communities both in terms of treatment and prevention of diseases. The aim of this research was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic) of two types of Echium (Helioteropium ellipticum and Anchusa strigosa) on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Cereus, Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysentery bacteria. Material and Methods: Extracts were prepared by soaking method. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two methods: dilution sequence in liquid medium and diffusion from disk in solid medium. The data were analyzed with SPSS24 software. Results: Gram-positive bacteria showed more sensitivity to the extracts than Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of Heliotropium ellipticum was more than Anchusa strigosa. Aqueous extract has the lowest and ethanolic extract has the highest antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest and Escherichia coli the lowest sensitivity to the extracts. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed the largest diameter of non-growth aura (20.67 mm) at the concentration of 50 mg/ml of ethanolic extract, and the MIC of Staphylococcus aureus had the highest sensitivity at 312.5 PPM dilution. Conclusion: The two tested species have good antimicrobial activity and they can be used as natural substitutes for chemical antimicrobial agents.

Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and in vitro verification reveals the therapeutic potential of Delphinium roylei munz constituents on breast carcinoma.

Delphinium roylei Munz is an indigenous medicinal plant to India where its activity against cancer has not been previously investigated, and its specific interactions of bioactive compounds with vulnerable breast cancer drug targets remain largely unknown. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-breast cancer activity of different extracts of D. roylei against breast cancer and deciphering the molecular mechanism by Network Pharmacology combined with Molecular Docking and in vitro verification. The experimental plant was extracted with various organic solvents according to their polarity index. Phytocompounds were identified by High resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) technique, and SwissADME programme evaluated their physicochemical properties. Next, target(s) associated with the obtained bioactives or breast cancer-related targets were retrieved by public databases, and the Venn diagram selected the overlapping targets. The networks between overlapping targets and bioactive were visualized, constructed, and analyzed by STRING programme and Cytoscape software. Finally, we implemented a molecular docking test (MDT) using AutoDock Vina to explore key target(s) and compound(s). HR-LC/MS detected hundreds of phytocompounds, and few were accepted by Lipinski's rules after virtual screening and therefore classified as drug-like compounds (DLCs). A total of 464 potential target genes were attained for the nine quantitative phytocompounds and using Gene Cards, OMIM and DisGeNET platforms, 12063 disease targets linked to breast cancer were retrieved. With Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, a total of 20 signalling pathways were manifested, and a hub signalling pathway (PI3K-Akt signalling pathway), a key target (Akt1), and a key compound (8-Hydroxycoumarin) were selected among the 20 signalling pathways via molecular docking studies. The molecular docking investigation revealed that among the nine phytoconstituents, 8-hydroxycoumarin showed the best binding energy (-9.2kcal/mol) with the Akt1 breast cancer target. 8-hydroxycoumarin followed all the ADME property prediction using SwissADME, and 100 nanoseconds (ns) MD simulations of 8-hydroxycoumarin complexes with Akt1 were found to be stable. Furthermore, D. roylei extracts also showed significant antioxidant and anticancer activity through in vitro studies. Our findings indicated for the first time that D. roylei extracts could be used in the treatment of BC.

Gymnema sylvestre Leaf Hydroalcoholic Extract: Promising Source of Antioxidants with Remarkable Yield and Potent Scavenging Activity

This research study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity and yield of different extracts of leaf of Gymnema sylvestre, including methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to explore the antioxidant potential of Gymnema sylvestre extracts. However, a comprehensive comparison of these extracts in terms of their yield and antioxidant activity is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the yield and antioxidant activity of different extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, specifically methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts. The percentage yield of each extract was determined, providing valuable insights into the efficiency of the extraction methods. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by measuring their scavenging activity and determining the IC50 values. Methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaf were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method after being finely pulverized. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre exhibited the highest percentage yield, with a recorded value of 10.27 percent. The IC50 values for the Gymnema extract and Ascorbic acid were determined to be 59.09 µg/ml and 44.90 µg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate the potential antioxidant activity of Gymnema sylvestre extracts, with the hydroalcoholic extract showing the most promising results in terms of both yield and scavenging activity. Further investigations are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and assess the potential health benefits of these extracts in various applications.

A comparative study on chemical profiles and biological activities of different extracts of three Verbascum species from Turkey: In vitro, in silico and network pharmacological approaches

The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of aerial part of Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. V. myriocarpum Boiss. & Heldr. and V. pyroliforme (Boiss. & Heldr.) Kuntze as well as their chemical profiles. Results showed that MeOH and hydromethanol recovered the highest total polyphenolic content with highest content obtained from V. cheiranthifolium (27.61and 27.69 mg GAE/g respectively) and V. myriocarpum (24.24 and 25.34 GAE/g respectively). The estimated content of verbascoside was quite higher in V. cheiranthifolium (987.05–6780.07 mg/100 g) and V. myriocarpum (1506.47–6433.73 mg/100 g) than V. pyroliforme (49.54–121.97 mg/100 g). All extracts of V. cheiranthifolium (274.17–713.79 mg/100 g) and polar ones of V. myriocarpum (185.67–304.51 mg/100 g) accumulated higher chlorogenic acid content than V. pyroliforme extracts (36.33–112.56 mg/100 g). The latter species was dominated by luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside with highest content recorded from the hydromethanolic extract (639.70 and 196.14 mg/100 g respectively). Extracts of V. cheiranthifolium (46.15–48.74 mg TE/g) and V. myriocarpum (46.05–48.50 mg TE/g) exerted significantly higher scavenging activity than those from V. pyroliforme (12.77–34.64 mg TE/g). Highest significant anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was obtained by MeOH extract of V. pyroliforme (2.65 mg GALAE/g) and V. myriocarpum (2.57 mg GALAE/g). In conclusion, extracts from the three investigated Verbascum spp. can be a potential source of bioactive metabolites with interesting antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties.

Selection of the Best Solvent Extract for Antimicrobial Activity Obtained from Marine Mollusca Shells

Marine organisms are a rich source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites. So far, many chemically unique compounds of marine origin with different biologically activity have been isolated and a number of them are under investigation and/or are being developed as new pharmaceuticals. Screening of secondary metabolites from Mollusca shell is a common approach to identify compounds of biomedical importance. The aim of the present study is to assessment of antimicrobial activity of different extracts from ten different (Anadara antiquata, Anadara rhombea, Chicoreus virgineus, Donax cuneatus, Mactra violacea, Pugilina cochlidium, Donax scortum, Turritella acutangula, Trachycardium asciaticum and Tonna dolium) Mollusca s shell. The shell powders were immersed separately in ethanol, acetone, methanol and cold steeped for overnight at -18°C. The antimicrobial effects of different (Ethanol, acetone and methanol) extracts were tested against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans strains. The extract obtained from ethanol showed a higher degree of inhibition to the both microbes. Maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited P. cochlidium against E. coli (7.00mm) and C. albicans (5.40mm) by the ethanol extract as compared to other extracts. On the basis of antimicrobial activity of different extracts, ethanol extract is used for further subsequent antimicrobial activities.

LC-MS metabolomic evidence metabolites from Oenothera rosea L´ Hér. ex Ait with antiproliferative properties on DU145 human prostate cancer cell line

Prostate cancer remains one of the leading health issues without a fully effective treatment. Medicinal plants are one of the primary sources of compounds for treating numerous ailments. In this sense, the Oenothera genus contains metabolites with antiproliferative activity on cancer cells. For this, the study aimed to explore the antiproliferative activity of its extracts against prostate cancer and identify its metabolites (under metabolomics analyses) associated with anticancer and/or antiproliferative properties. For this reason, a LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis was performed to demonstrate the possible metabolites present in O. rosea. In addition, the antiproliferative activity of different extracts in the human prostate cancer cell line DU145 was evaluated. All extracts have antiproliferative effects on DU145 cells at 72 h, with moderate activity being the best ethanolic either 48 or 72 h. Finally, by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics, 307 compounds from aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts from which 40 putative metabolites identified were organized as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and/or antiproliferative activities according to previously reported. These results provide evidence that O. rosea could be used as an antiproliferative agent due to its chemical contents used as polypharmacy with low concentration levels.

Secondary Metabolites from Terminalia Catappa and Evaluation of its Bioactivities

Bangladesh is a land of medicinal plants. Terminalia catappa is an important medicinal plant of Bangladesh which is used for various pharmacological and biological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-fertility, antidiabetic, anticoagulant and antimicrobial. The coarsely powder dried stem bark sample of T. catappa was extracted by the solvent CHCl3. The concentrated extract was then fractionated by flash column chromatography using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents respectively. The column fraction was further fractionated with void liquid chromatography. Repeated preparative thin layer chromatography of selective fractions resulted in the isolation of two compounds which were identified as a triterpenoid, taraxerol (1) and a steroid, Stigmastane-3, 6-diol (2). The structure of these compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by comparison with reported values. This is the first report of the isolation of these compounds from this plant. The different extracts also showed significant antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract did not show significant activity. The antifungal activity of different extract of T. catappa demonstrated promising zone of inhibition except Saccharomyces cerevecae. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract of T. catappa exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity. The LC50 value of CHCl3 soluble extract was found to be 1.55 μg/ml. T. catappa was also reported to have free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 255.0 μg/ml. Since this plant demonstrated a number of promising pharmacological biological activities, so it can be a good source of natural medicine. Bioresearch Commu. 9(2): 1310-1319, 2023 (July)

Phytochemical screening and cytotoxic activity of a moss: Barbula javanica Dozy & Molk.

In the kingdom Plantae, bryophytes have the second-largest taxonomic group. These bryophytes are very limited and dispersed, so studies are conducted to understand their chemical composition. In this study, Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), Gas-chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from B. javanica have been tested. TPC and TFC showed higher yields in methanol than in n-hexane. It has also demonstrated six phytoconstituents in methanolic extracts, and cytotoxicity activity has been tested in which B. javanica depending on dose, had shown an antiproliferative effect on CRC cells. This present study reviews existing research and recommends additional studies to assess the cytotoxic effects of bryophytes.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from aerial parts of Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl

Zilla spinosa L. is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional Algerian phytotherapy against urinary lithiasis. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts from the aerial part of this plant. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was examined by two different methods, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). The anti-inflammatory activity of Z. spinosa was determined by the protein denaturation method. The qualitative phytochemical screening shows the presence of the majority of secondary metabolites in the aerial parts except anthraquinones and steroids, on the other hand, the root is characterized by the absence of several metabolites except tannins and coumarins.The ethyl acetate fraction displayed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value: 10.47±0.18 μg/mL in DPPH assay, and A0.50 value: 40.89 ± 0.86 μg/mL in CUPRAC). The percentage of inhibition of BSA denaturation (0.2%) is proportional to the concentration of the different plant extracts, where the highest percentage was recorded in the concentrations of ethyl acetate 500; 250 μg/mL compared to Diclofenac (75 mg/3 mL), in contrast to the aqueous extract which gave non-significant results compared to the standards (p≥5℅). In comparison to the standards used in this study, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated better DPPH inhibitory activity, while all organic extracts demonstrated lower CUPRAC inhibitory activity but higher anti-inflammatory activity.

GC/Ms analysis and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Egyptian sprouting Broccoli leaves (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) family Brassicaceae

GC/Ms analysis and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Egyptian sprouting Broccoli leaves (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) family Brassicaceae

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Different Extracts from Phlomis tuberosa, Abutilon fruticosum, and Nepeta transcaucasica

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Different Extracts from Phlomis tuberosa, Abutilon fruticosum, and Nepeta transcaucasica

Heterotrigona Itama Bee Bread Extracts: Effect of Solvent Polarity on Extraction Yield, Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity

The stingless bee bread formation in the beehives occurs via lactic acid fermentation of the pollen mixed with nectar and bee salivary enzymes. The lack of research and studies about the effect of different extraction solvents in retaining the chemicals and the antioxidant activity of stingless bee bread were noticed. Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical contents and DPPH scavenging activity of different extracts of Heterotrigona itama stingless bee bread. The bee bread sample was macerated with four different extraction solvents including 95% ethanol (95EE), 70% ethanol (70EE), dichloromethane (DE) and hexane (HE). The chemicals analyses were proximate analysis, resorcinol-sulfuric acid assay and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. As a result, the bee bread of H. itama was found to contain 46.88% carbohydrates, 24.72% moisture content, 21.10% crude proteins, 3.41% crude fats, 2.32% ash and 1.75% crude fibers. The highest yield of extract was recorded by 70EE (41.1%, w/w). Resorcinol-sulfuric acid assay revealed that 70EE contained more total carbohydrates (842.585 mg/mL) compared to 95EE (738.178 mg/mL). In addition, intense FTIR signals at 3100–3600 cm-1 were found in 95EE and 70EE, indicating the presence of hydroxyl group, while strong 2800–3000 cm-1 signals found in HE revealed the presence of aliphatic group, and an intense carbonyl group signal at 1550–1750 cm-1 were detected in DE. Furthermore, 70EE also showed the strongest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts with IC50 value of DPPH radicals scavenging was 0.5173 mg/mL. Thus, these findings would provide the information about chemical composition and antioxidant activity of bee bread, as well as help in promoting the bee bread as a healthy functional food.

Biotechnological product potential of Auxenochlorella protothecoides including biologically active compounds (BACs) under nitrogen stress conditions.

Nitrogen stress can influence microalgae's growth characteristics, and microalgae grown in nitrogen-deficient conditions may produce higher or lower levels of biotechnological products as a result of metabolic changes. In photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, nitrogen limitation has been proven effective in promoting lipid accumulation. In spite of this, no study has demonstrated a significant correlation between lipid content and other biotechnological products such as bioactive compounds (BACs).This research examines a strategy for lipid accumulation as well as the potential production of BACs with antibacterial properties in parallel with that strategy. This concept involved the treatment of the microalga Auxenochlorella protothecoides with low and high concentrations of ammonium (NH4+). This particular experiment reached a maximum lipid content of 59.5% using a 0.8 mM NH4+ concentration, resulting in the yellowing of the chlorophyll levels. Agar diffusion assays were conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of different extracts derived from the biomass when stressed with different levels of nitrogen.Algal extracts prepared by a variety of solvents showed different levels of antibacterial activity against representative strains of both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Among the extracts tested, 500mg/L ethyl acetate extract had the greatest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. In order to identify the components responsible for the extract's antibacterial activity, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed. It has been suggested that the lipid fraction may be a valuable indicator of these activities since some lipid components are known to possess antimicrobial properties. In this regard, it was found that the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) significantly decreased by 53.4% under the conditions with the highest antibacterial activity observed.

Vitis vinifera (Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material.

This review refers to botanical, ecological and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. (vine grape)-a species, the valuable properties of which are widely exploited in the food industry and in recent times in medicine as well as in phytocosmetology. The general characteristic of V. vinifera, followed by the chemical composition and biological activities of different extracts obtained from the plant (fruit, skin, pomace, seed, leaf and stem extracts), are provided. A concise review of the extraction conditions of grape metabolites and the methods of their analysis are also presented. The biological activity of V. vinifera is determined by the presence of high contents of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol), catechin derivatives, anthocyanins and stilbenoids (e.g., trans-resveratrol, trans-ε-viniferin). The review pays particular attention to the application of V. vinifera in cosmetology. It has been proven that V. vinifera possesses strong cosmetological-related properties, such as anti-ageing properties, anti-inflammatory properties and skin-whitening properties. Moreover, a review of studies on V. vinifera biological activities, which are of particular interest for dermatologic problems, are disclosed. Furthermore, the work also emphasises the importance of biotechnological studies on V. vinifera. The last part of the review is addressed to the safety of the use of V. vinifera.

Understanding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Secamone afzelii Leaves: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for the Food Industry.

Secamone afzelii (Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum (family Asclepiadaceae) is a creeping woody climber used to treat ailments in many traditional medicine systems. The present study aims to examine the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of S. afzelii leaf using different compositions of methanol-water mixture as an extraction solvent. The extracts were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MSn in terms of chemical compounds. The in silico results show that compound 23 (quercitrin) has the higher docking scores among the selected substances and the MD simulation revealed that the interactions with the enzymatic pocket are stable over the simulation time and strongly involve the tyrosinase catalytic Cu atoms. All together the results showed that both 80% and 100% methanolic extracts contained significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total phenolics content while the highest content of total flavonoids was significantly (p < 0.05) extracted by 100% methanol. About 26 compounds were tentatively identified by HPLC-ESI-MSn and 6 of them were quantified using standards. Results showed that the extracts were rich in flavonoids with a relatively high abundance of two kaempferol glycosides comprising 60% of quantified compounds. The 100% and 80% methanol extracts recorded significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total antioxidant, DPPH and ABTS activity as well as tyrosinase and ⍺-amylase inhibitory activities. The best significant (p < 0.05) cholinesterase inhibitory activity and reducing capacity of Fe+++ and Cu++ was recorded from the 80% methanolic extract while 100% ethanolic extract gave the highest significant (p < 0.05) butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The best glucosidase activity was observed in the 50% and 80% methanolic extracts. Although the water extract displayed the least total phenolics and flavonoids content and consequently the lowest antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity, it displayed significantly (p < 0.05) the highest chelating power. In conclusion, these results demonstrated the richness of S. afzelii leaf as a potential source of bioactive compounds for the food industry, for the preparation of food supplements and functional foods.