Activity In Other Regions Research Articles

Locus coeruleus co-activation patterns at rest show higher state persistence in patients with dissociative seizures: A Pilot Study.

Dissociative seizures are paroxysmal disruptions of awareness and behavioral control in the context of affective arousal. Alterations in stress-related endocrine function have been demonstrated, but the timescale of dissociation suggests that the central locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system is likely pivotal. Here, we investigate whether LC activation at rest is associated with altered brain network dynamics. A preliminary co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 14 patients with dissociative seizures and 14 healthy controls was performed by using the LC as a seeding region. The red nucleus served as a control condition. Entry rates, durations, and state transition probabilities of identified CAPs were calculated. Analyses were corrected for demographic, technical, and clinical confounders including depression and anxiety. Three LC-related CAPs were identified, with the dominant two showing inverse activations and deactivations of the default mode network and the attention networks, respectively. Analysis of transition probabilities between and within the three CAPs revealed higher state persistence in patients compared to healthy controls for both CAP2LC (Cohen's d = -0.55; p = 0.01) and CAP3LC (Cohen's d = -0.57; p = 0.01). The control analysis using the red nucleus as a seed yielded similar CAPs, but no significant between-group differences in transition probabilities. Higher state persistence of LC-CAPs in patients with dissociative seizures generates the novel hypothesis that arousal-related impairments of network switching might be a candidate neural mechanism of dissociation. Dissociative seizures often arise during high affective arousal. The locus coeruleus is a brain structure involved in managing such acute arousal states. We investigated whether the activity of the locus coeruleus correlates with activity in other regions of the brain (which we refer to as "brain states"), and whether those brain states were different between patients with dissociative seizures and healthy controls. We found that patients tended to stay in certain locus coeruleus-dependent brain states instead of switching between them. This might be related to the loss of awareness and disruptions of brain functions ("dissociation") that patients experience during seizures.

Cross-cultural approach to biobanking of living coral cells on Woppaburra sea Country in the southern inshore Great Barrier Reef

ABSTRACT Biobanking of cryopreserved, living cells is a conservation tool being increasingly integrated into management and recovery efforts for at-risk wildlife. Together with reproductive technologies like in-vitro fertilisation, biobanking can secure biodiversity for decades and beyond to support species’ health and ability to survive and recover in a changing world. An inaugural on-Country coral biobanking project occurred in 2022 on Konomie (North Keppel Island) involving partners from Taronga Conservation Society, the Australian Institute of Marine Science and Woppaburra Traditional Custodians. Biobanking activities were undertaken with free prior and informed consent for the collection, cryopreservation and transfer of living coral material for secure and specialised storage at Taronga’s CryoDiversity Banks on Cammeraygal and Wiradjuri Countries. During this project and a subsequent Biobanking Cultural Safety event in September 2023, we discussed cultural matters related to biobanking and measures that could be taken to ensure that the enduring link to Country of these samples is maintained in perpetuity. These outcomes will form the basis of a best-practice approach to biobanking activities in other regions of the Great Barrier Reef, in partnership with the Traditional Custodians of those sea Countries.

Dose-Dependent Target Engagement of a Clinical iTBS Protocol: An Interleaved TMS-fMRI Study in Healthy Subjects

BackgroundIntermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is widely applied as a therapeutic intervention in mental health; however, the understanding of its mechanisms is still incomplete. Prior magnetic resonance imaging studies have mainly used offline iTBS or short sequences in concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This study investigated a full 600-stimuli iTBS protocol using interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation fMRI in comparison with 2 control conditions in healthy subjects. MethodsIn a crossover design, 18 participants underwent 3 sessions of interleaved iTBS-fMRI: 1) the left DLPFC at 40% resting motor threshold (rMT) intensity, 2) the left DLPFC at 80% rMT intensity, and 3) the left primary motor cortex (M1) at 80% rMT intensity. We compared immediate blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses during interleaved iTBS-fMRI across these conditions including correlations between individual fMRI BOLD activation and iTBS-induced electric field strength at the target sites. ResultsWhole-brain analysis showed increased activation in several regions following iTBS. Specifically, the left DLPFC, as well as the bilateral M1, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula, showed increased activation during 80% rMT left DLPFC stimulation. Increased BOLD activity in the left DLPFC was observed with neither 40% rMT left DLPFC stimulation nor left M1 80% rMT iTBS, whereas activation in other regions was found to overlap between conditions. Of note, BOLD activation and electric field intensities were only correlated for M1 stimulation and not for the DLPFC conditions. ConclusionsThe study showed dosage- and target-specific BOLD activation during interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation fMRI with 600-stimuli iTBS in healthy individuals. Future studies may use our approach for demonstrating target engagement.

South and Southeast Asia controls black carbon characteristics of Meili Snow Mountains in southeast Tibetan Plateau

South and Southeast Asia (SSA) emitted black carbon (BC) exerts potential effects on glacier and snow melting and regional climate change in the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, online BC measurements were conducted for 1 year at a remote village located at the terminus of the Mingyong Glacier below the Meili Snow Mountains. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to investigate the contribution and potential effect of SSA-emitted BC. In addition, variations in the light absorption characteristics of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were examined. The results indicated that the annual mean concentration of BC was 415 ± 372 ngm−3, with the highest concentration observed in April (monthly mean: 930 ± 484 ngm−3). BC exhibited a similar diurnal variation throughout the year, with two peaks observed in the morning (from 8:00 to 9:00 AM) and in the afternoon (from 4:00 to 5:00 PM), with even lower values at nighttime. At a short wavelength of 370 nm, the absorption coefficient (babs) reached its maximum value, and the majority of babs values were < 20 Mm−1, indicating that the atmosphere was not overloaded with BC. At the same wavelength, BrC substantially contributed to babs, with an annual mean of 25.2 % ± 12.8 %. SSA was the largest contributor of BC (annual mean: 51.1 %) in the study area, particularly in spring (65.6 %). However, its contributions reached 20.2 % in summer, indicating non-negligible emissions from activities in other regions. In the atmosphere, the SSA BC-induced radiative forcing (RF) over the study region was positive. While at the near surface, the RF exhibited a significant seasonal variation, with the larger RF values occurring in winter and spring. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of controlling BC emissions from SSA to protect the Tibetan Plateau against pollution-related glacier and snow cover melting.

Disentangling neuroplasticity mechanisms in post-stroke language recovery

A major objective in post-stroke aphasia research is to gain a deeper understanding of neuroplastic mechanisms that drive language recovery, with the ultimate goal of enhancing treatment outcomes. Subsequent to recent advances in neuroimaging techniques, we now have the ability to examine more closely how neural activity patterns change after a stroke. However, the way these neural activity changes relate to language impairments and language recovery is still debated. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical framework to better investigate and interpret neuroplasticity mechanisms underlying language recovery in post-stroke aphasia. We detail two sets of neuroplasticity mechanisms observed at the synaptic level that may explain functional neuroimaging findings in post-stroke aphasia recovery at the network level: feedback-based homeostatic plasticity and associative Hebbian plasticity. In conjunction with these plasticity mechanisms, higher-order cognitive control processes dynamically modulate neural activity in other regions to meet communication demands, despite reduced neural resources. This work provides a network-level neurobiological framework for understanding neural changes observed in post-stroke aphasia and can be used to define guidelines for personalized treatment development.

Mutual generation in neuronal activity across the brain via deep neural approach, and its network interpretation

In the brain, many regions work in a network-like association, yet it is not known how durable these associations are in terms of activity and could survive without structural connections. To assess the association or similarity between brain regions with a generating approach, this study evaluated the similarity of activities of neurons within each region after disconnecting between regions. The “generation” approach here refers to using a multi-layer LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) model to learn the rules of activity generation in one region and then apply that knowledge to generate activity in other regions. Surprisingly, the results revealed that activity generation from one region to disconnected regions was possible with similar accuracy to generation between the same regions in many cases. Notably, firing rates and synchronization of firing between neuron pairs, often used as neuronal representations, could be reproduced with precision. Additionally, accuracies were associated with the relative angle between brain regions and the strength of the structural connections that initially connected them. This outcome enables us to look into trends governing non-uniformity of the cortex based on the potential to generate informative data and reduces the need for animal experiments.

MULTI-VOXEL PATTERN ANALYSIS OF fMRI DATA DURING SELF- AND OTHER-REFERENTIAL PROCESSING

The study of brain activity in the processing of self-referential information, as compared to the processing of information related to other people, is based on the application of mass-univariate analysis, based on the assumption that activity in one region is independent of activity in other regions. Recently, there has been a growing interest in neuroimaging to investigate spatially distributed information using multivariate approaches such as multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA). In this paper, we used MVPA to analyze fMRI data recorded during self-evaluation and evaluation of other people of varying proximity. In all pairwise classifications tested, the number of correct identifications was significantly higher than the level of random matches. Predictively significant structures were widely distributed over different brain regions and included areas of the visual, lateral prefrontal, and many other cortical areas in addition to the cortical midline structures that contributed the most. In the self-other classification, ventral areas of the medial prefrontal and cingulate cortex were the most informative for the self condition, whereas parietal and occipital medial areas were the most informative for the other condition. The combination of brain structures, which included the anterior cingulate cortex and both amygdalae, revealed by principal component analysis, correlated positively with the psychometric scale of sensitivity to reward, and negatively with neuroticism scales. Overall, the results show the fruitfulness of using machine learning methods to analyze data from such kinds of experiments.

Research on the possibility of improving energy efficiency in the hospitality industry

In the structure of commercial real estate, hotel infrastructure facilities occupy a special position due to their dependence on related industries: tourism, both international and domestic, entertainment industry, event organization, business environment development, etc. Also, this industry is most affected by external factors: legal, political, economic, infrastructural, communication, cultural. Trends in the introduction of energy-efficient technologies in the processes of operation and maintenance of real estate objects of the hospitality industry allow to increase their competitiveness and increase the number of transactions. The leaders in the number of investment transactions in the hotel real estate segment for 2022 are traditionally Moscow and St. Petersburg, but the development of domestic tourism gives impetus to increased investment activity in other regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of the energy efficiency level on the competitiveness of hotel real estate. Research objectives: analysis of trends in the hotel real estate market, determination of indicators of competitiveness of hotel facilities depending on the type of accommodation, consumer requests and the level of energy efficiency, calculation of the integral indicator of competitiveness of hotel real estate. Research methods: comparison, analysis and synthesis, generalization, expert evaluation method. As a result of the study, the key factors of the competitiveness of hotel facilities are identified and the methodology for calculating the integral indicator of competitiveness is given.

Efficient Estimation of Time-Dependent Brain Functional Connectivity Using Anatomical Connectivity Constraints

There is ongoing interest in the dynamics of resting state brain networks (RSNs) as potential predictors of cognitive and behavioural states. Multivariate Autoregressors (MAR) are used to model regional brain activity as a linear combination of past activity in other regions. The coefficients of the MAR are taken as estimates of effective brain connectivity. However, assumption of stationarity, and the large number of coefficients renders the MAR impractical for estimating brain networks from standard neuroimaging time-series of limited durations. We propose HsMM-MAR-AC, a novel sparse hybrid discrete-continuous model for the efficient estimation of time-dependent effective brain networks from non-stationary brain activity time-series. Discrete quasi-stationary Brain States, and the fast switching between them, are modelled by a Hidden semi-Markov Model whose continuous emissions are drawn from a sparse MAR. The coefficients of the MAR are restricted by Anatomical Brain Connectivity information in two ways: 1) Effective direct connectivity between two brain regions is only considered if the corresponding anatomical connection exists; and 2) the autoregressors lag associated with each connection is based on the fiber length between the two regions, such that only one lag per connection is estimated. We test the accuracy of HsMM-MAR-AC in recovering simulated resting state networks of various durations, and at different thresholds of anatomical restrictions. We demonstrate that HsMM-MAR-AC recovers the RSNs more accurately than the benchmark method of the sliding window, with as little as 4 minutes of data. We also show that when the anatomical restrictions are relaxed, longer time-series are needed to estimate the networks, and became computationally unfeasible without anatomical restrictions. HsMM-MAR-AC offers an efficient model for estimating time-dependent Effective Connectivity from neuroimaging data that exploits the advantages of Hidden Markov and MAR models without identifiability problems, excessive demand on data collection, or unnecessary computational effort.

고려 현종대 당진 안국사의 창건

The present article examined in detail about the historical contexts surrounding the foundation of Anguk temple in Dangjin during the reign of King Hyeonjong of Goryeo dynasty. The foundation of Anguk temple signifies the high interest in the Chungnam region during the reign of King Hyeonjong. This implies that the construction of temples in the Chungnam region during the reign of King Hyeonjong not only took place on the traffic routes connecting north and south but also in the direction of east and west. Similar to the purpose of Buddhism activities in other regions at the time, Anguk Temple was founded for the sake of well-being of the country. The fact that it was based on Maitreya faith should also be noted. This shows the linkage to Maitreya faith in the Nonsan region during the early period of Goryeo dynasty. On the other hand, another reason that Anguk Temple was built in Dangjin is closely related to the maintenance of traffic routes and the marine transportation system. This shows that socio-economic factors acted together in the foundation of Anguk Temple along with political and ideological factors. Therefore, several Buddhist rituals were performed to promote the unity of the local community by the locals in Yeomi-Hyun of Dangjin which was called Hyangdo following the foundation of Anguk temple. These facts indicate that renewed interest is needed regarding Buddhism during the Reign of King Hyeonjong where abundant historical sources exist.

ХІХ ҒАСЫРДЫҢ ЕКІНШІ ЖАРТЫСЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫПРАВОСЛАВИЕЛІК МИССИОНЕРЛЕРДІҢ ҚЫЗМЕТІ

The article analyzes the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Kazakh steppe in the second half of the XIX century on the basis of documents from fund 64 and 44 of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article describes the conversion to Christianity and baptism of Kalmyks who migrated from China in the 60s of the XIX century in the settlements of Sarkan, Kapal, Koksu, Verny, Turgen in the Zhetysu region. The work of the missionary school, open for Chinese emigrants in Sarkand, the funds allocated for it, the activities of the missionary based on archival sources are considered. The work reveals the work performed by Diamid Chernyavsky, who was appointed a missionary of the Sarkand area, the content of his reports, letters sent to the Governor-General. Describes the daily campaign work and events experienced by the priest Vasily Pokrovsky. Difficulties and obstacles in the work of a missionary are shown in comparison with missionary activities in other regions of Kazakhstan. The question of the inclusion of Christians in the social group of the Cossacks is analyzed, which in a timely manner received great attention. The events related to the change of the names and surnames of the newly baptized in Verny are considered. On specific facts, the payment of benefits, training in crafts, pieces of land, etc. are systematically shown. The annual report on the annual work done by the Tomsk mission of the Altai and Kyrgyz dioceses is analyzed as historical material. The campaigning work of missionaries to involve Kazakhs in the Christian religion and their various actions in attracting local residents to the Orthodox religion are outlined.

Anti-corruption at the regional level: regulatory legal support and organization (on the example of the Vladimir region)

In the article, using the example of the Vladimir region, the system of legal acts aimed at regulating the fight against corruption at the regional level, including the organization of practical work in this area of activity in other regions of Russia, is considered. In the process of reasoning, based on the results of the analysis, general theoretical conclusions were made, as well as proposals were made on organizational aspects and legal improvement of counteraction, corruption manifestations at the regional level.

Post-Stroke Administration of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Modulator, LM11A-31, Attenuates Chronic Changes in Brain Metabolism, Increases Neurotransmitter Levels, and Improves Recovery.

The aim of this study was to test whether poststroke oral administration of a small molecule p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) modulator (LM11A-31) can augment neuronal survival and improve recovery in a mouse model of stroke. Mice were administered LM11A-31 for up to 12 weeks, beginning 1 week after stroke. Metabolomic analysis revealed that after 2 weeks of daily treatment, mice that received LM11A-31 were distinct from vehicle-treated mice by principal component analysis and had higher levels of serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine in their ipsilateral hemisphere. LM11A-31 treatment also improved redox homeostasis by restoring reduced glutathione. It also offset a stroke-induced reduction in glycolysis by increasing acetyl-CoA. There was no effect on cytokine levels in the infarct. At 13 weeks after stroke, adaptive immune cell infiltration in the infarct was unchanged in LM11A-31-treated mice, indicating that LM11A-31 does not alter the chronic inflammatory response to stroke at the site of the infarct. However, LM11A-31-treated mice had less brain atrophy, neurodegeneration, tau pathology, and microglial activation in other regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere. These findings correlated with improved recovery of motor function on a ladder test, improved sensorimotor and cognitive abilities on a nest construction test, and less impulsivity in an open field test. These data support small molecule modulation of the p75NTR for preserving neuronal health and function during stroke recovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The findings from this study introduce the p75 neurotrophin receptor as a novel small molecule target for promotion of stroke recovery. Given that LM11A-31 is in clinical trials as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease, it could be considered as a candidate for assessment in stroke or vascular dementia studies.

Bioengineering, telecoupling, and alternative dairy: Agricultural land use futures in the Anthropocene

AbstractThe global environmental impact of rising consumption of animal products presents significant challenges to sustainable land use. One alternative to the production of animal products is a set of technologies for culturing meat and dairy alternatives referred to as “cellular agriculture”; in the case of dairy, “cellular dairy”. Optimism around the benefits of these technologies is widespread, and they fit within a larger narrative of land sparing, in which high‐yield farming allows the protection of habitats and the return of fallow land to ecological uses. However, questions remain as to whether cellular dairy is truly land sparing because although lab dairy could offer significant ecological benefits, these could be countered by increases in agricultural activity in other regions for the production of feedstocks. In addition, considerations around broader impacts to individuals, communities, and the environment are needed to understand whether/how cellular dairy aligns or conflicts with local, regional, and global sustainability goals. This paper employs the concept of telecoupling, which refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances, to examine the potential cellular dairy may have for contributing to sustainable food production and consumption. The research uses British Columba, Canada as a case study, and it explores three policy scenarios: (1) incentives for the growth of a cellular dairy industry, (2) cellular dairy incentivization with eco‐certification, and (3) cellular dairy incentivization with local sourcing of feedstock. The work is exploratory rather than predictive, meaning rather than forecasting outcomes, it stimulates ideas on potential direct and indirect impacts, feedback processes, and social and institutional changes associated with each scenario. The research demonstrates that exploring scenarios through a telecoupling lens can be useful for policy‐makers and analysts because it facilitates comprehensive and multi‐scalar thinking on the ecological, social, economic, and political factors associated with different policy options.

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in the Implementation of Global Framework for Climate Services—Adaptation Programme in Africa: Tanzania-Experience

This paper provides an analysis and a description of the best practices and lessons learned in the implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services Adaptation Program in Africa (GFCS-APA) focusing on Tanzania country’s activities. GFCS-APA was the first multi-agency initiative implemented under the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) in two African countries, namely Tanzania and Malawi with funding from the Royal Government of Norway. In Tanzania, the programme was implemented in two phases from the year 2014 to 2021 in the three pilot districts of Kondoa, Longido and Kiteto located in Dodoma, Arusha and Manyara regions, respectively. The overarching goal of the programme was to enable better management of the risks caused by climate variability and change at all levels, from end-users to policy level, through development and incorporation of science-based climate information and prediction services into planning, policy and practice. The programme focused on bridging the gap between providers and users of climate information and products through development of user-driven climate services for food security, health and disaster risk reduction. This paper aimed to analyze lessons learned and best practices in the course of the implementation of the GFCS-APA phase I and II in Tanzania. A qualitative approach was employed to analyze the lessons learned and best practices, by extracting them and exploring further on their contribution to the enhancement of climate services, as well as their applicability and potentiality for scaling out in other regions within Tanzania, and in other countries. The results indicate the identified best practices and lessons learned contributed significantly in enhancing climate services, particularly in understanding, availability, accessibility, utilization, ownership and sustainability of climate services among users (farmers and pastoralists) of various gender, as well as intermediaries and decision-makers. Results also indicate the lessons learned and the documented best practices could influence the effectiveness of climate services in other areas, to address existing challenges in access, uptake and sustainability of climate services. The best practices and lessons learned could be considered for integration in the future projects or operational activities in other regions within the country and other countries, particularly in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ДОБРОВОЛЬЧЕСТВА НА ОСНОВЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

Significance. In most regions of the Russian Federation, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory, regional projects on medical volunteer activities are under way. However, the existing organizational and functional models fail to meet the need for effective organization of medical volunteer activities. The purpose of the study is to develop an organizational and functional model for organizing and monitoring medical volunteer activities based on the regional information system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Results. The paper presents the developed organizational and functional model for organizing and monitoring medical volunteer activities on the basis of a regional information system. This model includes a unified regional information space, including a register of volunteer activities, a management body represented by the regional Ministry of Health, as well as medical organizations in which volunteers carry out their activities. Conclusions. The developed organizational and functional model for organizing and monitoring medical volunteer activity allows to keep a full account of the facts of the volunteer activities implementation, their volumes, terms, medical organizations in which this activity was carried out, to manage medical volunteer activities at the regional level, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness. Scope of application. The organizational and functional model for organizing and monitoring medical volunteer activities developed and implemented in the Siberian Federal District, based on the regional information system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, can be used for complete accounting and, if necessary, confirming volumes and additional conditions for implementing such activities in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Internationalization and Human Resource Management: Having intercultural understanding in the ages of globalization

This paper examines the international management of human resources. People have been one of the first challenges of any company wishing to work and develop an activity in other regions. The various movements of these human resources and competencies have implicated the phenomena of culture exchange worldwide. Intercultural conflicts, intercultural competencies, and intercultural management, are topics multinational companies did not face decades ago. Researchers worked on these differences and how humans can accept and cultivate the cultural differences in society. In recent decades, the global economic scene, and more particularly the European one, has increased international competition affecting both companies with an export profile and companies targeting the domestic market. International trade is a special case in general, it has the same principles as internal trade, but it suffers from certain changes related to phenomena caused by artificial and on the other hand natural barriers such as, distance, communication and interculturalism.

Evaluating the amygdala network induced by neurofeedback training for emotion regulation using hierarchical clustering

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that regulating the target region by real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback training can influence the activation of other regions and the functional connectivity between them. However, it is not clear whether the training effect of neurofeedback, especially in emotion regulation, is manifested in local network specialization or global network integration. In the current study, we chose the left amygdala (LA) as the target region to regulate positive emotion through real-time fMRI training. Average-linkage hierarchical clustering was employed to cluster the fMRI data recorded during the training to construct whole-brain networks and the LA network to which the LA belongs. ResultsThe activation in the LA and those in some other regions were significantly up-regulated during the training. The clustering analysis at group level showed that the feedback training did not affect the number of networks in the whole brain but altered the distribution and functional connectivity in the LA network. ConclusionThese findings suggested that the feedback training effects in emotion regulation pattern reflected by the activity of the target brain network and the connections within the network were robustly embodied in local network specialization instead of in global network integration.

Models of communication and control for brain networks: distinctions, convergence, and future outlook.

Recent advances in computational models of signal propagation and routing in the human brain have underscored the critical role of white-matter structure. A complementary approach has utilized the framework of network control theory to better understand how white matter constrains the manner in which a region or set of regions can direct or control the activity of other regions. Despite the potential for both of these approaches to enhance our understanding of the role of network structure in brain function, little work has sought to understand the relations between them. Here, we seek to explicitly bridge computational models of communication and principles of network control in a conceptual review of the current literature. By drawing comparisons between communication and control models in terms of the level of abstraction, the dynamical complexity, the dependence on network attributes, and the interplay of multiple spatiotemporal scales, we highlight the convergence of and distinctions between the two frameworks. Based on the understanding of the intertwined nature of communication and control in human brain networks, this work provides an integrative perspective for the field and outlines exciting directions for future work.

SCIDOT-44. CREATING CAUSAL CAPABILITIES IN FUNCTIONAL BRAIN MAPPING USING A CED APPROACH

Abstract INTRODUCTION The spatial and temporal resolution limits of functional MRI (fMRI) brain mapping provide primarily correlative information on brain connectivity. Determining how one region causally modulates and mediates activity in other regions remains difficult with fMRI. We demonstrate a simple means to add causality in resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) using techniques developed first for convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of therapeutics. Here we use CED to guide and monitor pharmacologic alteration of a local brain region in anaesthetized Rhesus monkeys while monitoring rs-fcMRI signal changes. METHODS Pre-surgical MRI was used to determine skull locations for craniotomies for installation of NavigusTMbrain ports in two untrained monkeys slated for euthanasia. The ports were aligned in real–time to provide trajectories aimed at the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Fused silica catheters were then inserted into the CeA where 24 mg of muscimol (inhibitory agent) was infused in 24 ml of buffered solution under pressure over 12 minutes, first on the right side and then on the left side. rs-fcMRI studies were done for 45 minutes before and after the unilateral infusion and then after the bilateral infusion. RESULTS Catheters were successfully aligned and inserted into the CeA targets with sub-mm accuracy. T2-weighted imaging detected the enhanced T2 from the infusion’s buffer. Pre-infusion rs-fcMRI provides results consistent with prior studies, which have shown that the CeA is most strongly connected to the contralateral CeA. This connectivity was significantly reduced following both unilateral and bilateral injections of muscimol into the CeA, demonstrating the effectiveness of the muscimol infusions. Conditional Grainger Causality (CGC) analysis shows unexpected new connectivity after the unilateral infusion. Upon the bilateral infusion, global effective connectivity in the region is reduced. CONCLUSION Expected and unexpected changes in resting state functional connectivity resulted from unilateral and bilateral infusions of inhibitory agents.