Activities In Nigeria Research Articles

Assessment of the State of Pharmacovigilance in Secondary Hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, Using WHO Pharmacovigilance Indicators.

The importance of pharmacovigilance (PV) in ensuring drug safety, especially in the detection and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is critical. However, PV activities in Nigeria still face many challenges, such as very low spontaneous reporting rates, and inadequate training and funding. This study assessed the state of pharmacovigilance in the federal capital territory of Nigeria (FCT), using WHO pharmacovigilance indicators. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was carried out among secondary healthcare facilities in the FCT. The WHO Pharmacovigilance Indicators Questionnaire, which consists of the structural, process and outcome measures, was used to collect data from the focal person for pharmacovigilance at all the consenting facilities. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all variables. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of the FCT development authority. Of the 14 secondary healthcare facilities in the FCT, 11 agreed to the study (response rate = 84.6%). Among the respondents, 4 (36.4%) were females, and 2 (18.2%) had 9 years of experience in pharmacovigilance. For the core structural indicators, 7 (63.6%) of the facilities had a pharmacovigilance center while only 4 (36.4%) had a copy of the Nigerian pharmacovigilance policy. Regarding financial provisions, 10 (90.9%) hospitals reported that there was no regular financial provision for the center while 10 (90.9%) centers had a standard adverse drug reaction reporting form. For the core process indicators, the mean ± SD of the nine core process indicators ranged from 0.9 ± 3.0 to 75.6 ± 38.6 and the total number of reports in the local database, therapeutic ineffectiveness, and medication error were limited. The assessment of pharmacovigilance activities in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria revealed significant gaps in infrastructure, financial support, and process implementation. Despite the presence of pharmacovigilance centers in the majority of facilities, the lack of consistent financial support and limited adherence to core process indicators highlight the need for enhanced training, resources, and policy enforcement to improve ADR reporting and overall drug safety monitoring. Strengthening these areas is crucial for advancing pharmacovigilance practices and ensuring patient safety in Nigeria.

Environmental Sustainability of Pile Construction Activities in Nigeria; Strategies and Best Practices

: Pile construction activities is a multifaceted activity among the construction activities that are performed by heavy machines, materials and energy sources generating environmental impacts associated with pilling activities such as carbon emissions, noise, heavy vibration, soil instability and groundwater pollution. Sustainable piling construction guarantees that the whole piling process meets environmental sustainability and ultimately human health and wellbeing. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey administered to construction professionals including engineers, project managers, surveyors, and builders. Out of the 50 questionnaires distributed, 41 responses were analyzed. The study employed the Relative Importance Index (RII) to rank the effectiveness of various strategies in mitigating environmental impacts. The findings underscore the critical role of introducing low-emission machinery and optimizing operational hours in reducing carbon emissions. Noise management was most effectively achieved through alternative pile installation methods combined with regular equipment maintenance. Maintaining adequate setbacks from structures and employing controlled installation techniques were identified as essential strategies to mitigate vibration. Addressing soil instability was found to rely heavily on thorough site investigations and the implementation of effective ground stabilization techniques and preventing groundwater pollution requires the proper use of drilling fluids and diligent site management. These findings contributed to the development of environmentally sustainable practices in pile construction, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive strategies to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of such activities in Nigeria.

Why Nigeria Needs a Femicide Law

The Federal Republic of Nigeria does not have a law against femicide or data on femicide data. The numbers currently reported at the national level are questionable, especially with the prevalence of economic-motivated harvesting of female reproductive organs in the country. The lack of a legalized femicide law has exacerbated the underreporting of such activities in Nigeria and has made the severity of the crime less visible. This article aims to name the problem by defining and advocating for a femicide law encompassing the social realities of many Nigerian females.

Smallholder Onion Farmers’ Perceptions on CSA Technologies: Their Inclination Towards Collective Participation in Pro-Environmental Activities in Nigeria’s Kano State

Smallholder Onion Farmers’ Perceptions on CSA Technologies: Their Inclination Towards Collective Participation in Pro-Environmental Activities in Nigeria’s Kano State

Natural radioactivity in food crops and soil and estimation of the concomitant dose from tin mining areas in Nigeria

Mining of mineral ore is considered one of the anthropogenic sources of elevating the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides in the environment, which in turn causes an increased risk of human exposure via the food chain. In an attempt to evaluate the radiological burdens resulting from tin mining activities in Nigeria, farm soil and sixty-two samples of different food crops grown around tin mining areas were evaluated for the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K using a high-purity germanium detector. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil were 64.6 ± 29.5, 72.03 ± 28.73 and 680.6 ± 324.3 Bq/kg, respectively. These values were found to be higher than their corresponding world average values. However, the mean activity concentrations of the measured radionuclides in plants were below their respective world average values, as reported by UNSCEAR. The overall average annual ingestion dose due to the consumption of the analysed plants was 151 µSv/y, which is below the reported world average value of 290 µSv/y. The results obtained show that the hazard indices were low enough to cause any immediate radiological health complications due to the ingestion of the crops grown in the studied areas.

Appraising the impact of climate change on construction activities: Are the Nigerian practitioners prepared?

Rapid global warming and continuous climate change threaten the construction industry and human existence, especially in developing countries. Many developed countries are engaging their professional stakeholders on innovation and technology to mitigate climate change on humanity. Studies concerning inclusive efforts by developing countries’ stakeholders, including Nigeria, are scarce. Thus, this study investigates the construction industry’s practitioners’ preparedness to mitigate climate change through pre- and post-planning. Also, the study appraises climate change’s impact on construction activities and proffered measures to mitigate them. The research employed face-to-face data collection via a qualitative approach. The researchers engaged 33 knowledgeable participants. The study covered Abuja, Benin City, Owerri, and Lagos and achieved saturation at the 30th participant. The research employed a thematic approach to analyse the collected data. Findings reveal that Nigerian construction practitioners cannot cope with climate change impacts because of lax planning and inadequate technology to mitigate the issues. Also, the government’s attitude towards climate change has not helped matters. Also, the study suggested measures to mitigate the impact of climate change on construction activities in Nigeria. Therefore, as part of the research contributions, all-inclusive and integrated regulatory policies and programmes should be tailored toward mitigating climate change. This includes integrated stakeholder sensitisation, investment in infrastructure that supports anti-climate change, prioritising practices in the industry to achieve sustainable project transformation, and integration of climate change interventions into pre- and post-contract administration.

Likely Participants in Unconventional Political Activities in Nigeria

Likely Participants in Unconventional Political Activities in Nigeria

Analisis Studi Kasus Produk Indomie di Nigeria: Positioning, Promotion, dan Channel Management

This research discusses an organization that is involved in global marketing, which focuses its resources on global market opportunities and threats. The research object is Indofood with its product Indomie. The problems discussed relate to Indofood's marketing strategy for Indomie brand noodle products in Nigeria, seen from how Indomie shapes perceptions in the minds of the Nigerian people (positioning), how Indomie carries out promotional activities in Nigeria to encourage sales, and how Indomie is distributed in various remote areas in Nigeria. This type of research is descriptive with case study research techniques, which uses primary and secondary data. Indomie in Nigeria has successfully dominated the market and continues to develop as the strongest instant noodle brand through the right combination of good product strategy and affordable prices, the right positioning, integrated promotions and aggressive distribution. The company is expected to continue to strengthen its business through creating competitive advantages. This research is specific, where it only focuses on a few small parts of marketing strategies or activities, which can be followed up and developed further in the future.

Thermo‐economic analysis of gas‐to‐wire: A case for utilizing gas flaring in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

AbstractThis work investigated the thermo‐economics of gas‐to‐wire as a gas flaring mitigation option in a selected gas production facility, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which flares 294 thousand standard cubic feet of natural gas, daily. The thermodynamics and economics aspects of the gas‐to‐wire plant were modeled, and implemented in the Engineering Equation Solver software. The thermodynamics was carried out to ascertain the technical feasibility of the proposed plant, while the economics analysis was done to ensure its cost competitiveness. The findings suggested that 19.2 MW of electricity could be generated from the flare gases. This could be achieved at a life cycle cost of 19.24 billion naira, and a unit cost of energy of 13.47 naira per kWh. Parametric simulation of interest rate, excess combustion air, exit temperature of flue gases, and expansion ratio of gas turbine were also done. Furthermore, the proposed power plant could meet the electricity needs of not less than 60,000 households in Delta State where the gas production facility is located at 550 kWh electricity per capita. The study has shown that gas‐to‐wire is one of the viable approaches to tackle gas flaring activities in Nigeria, to meet both the energy demand of its people and to preserve the environment. Thus, it is recommended that the Federal Government of Nigeria should give gas‐to‐wire a priority in its gas flaring utilization agenda.

The Resurgence of Military Coups in West-Africa States: The Case of Niger Republic and Its Implications on Peace, Security and Transnational Activities in Nigeria

Niger Republic is a country rich in mineral resources (uranium) with astounding and complex relationship with the West, a strategic country provided with supports and collaboration with the West (United States of America) when it comes to fight against terrorism in Africa. Relatively enjoying a stable civilian government before the seemingly unexpected military coup struck and pull out the roots of civilian government and short-lived the democratic government in power. This study aims at; identifying and examining the factors responsible for military coups in West Africa States and Niger republic in 2023, examining the interventions and reactions of Nigerian Government and Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) and other international organizations towards the Military Coup in Niger Republic, identifying and assessing the implications of the Niger coup on Nigeria national peace, security and socio-economic development as a neighboring State and Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) in general. In this study, the Resource Curse Theory was used as the theoretical framework of analysis. The data used in this study are primarily and secondarily sourced. The interview was tailored towards eliciting information from key informants, including historians, political scientists, peace and conflict experts, international relations experts, diplomats, staff of foreign affairs ministry and other stakeholders. Secondary data were sourced from publications, editorials, articles, textbooks, journals, newspapers, internet materials in relations to the subject matter. The research work established the fact that security and welfare of the people which is the primary purpose and responsibility of the government has not been adequately attended to due to leadership failure and indiscipline among the political class. However, because of the far-reaching implications of the coup for national life and ECOWAS States at large, the study therefore, recommended, among other things, that all parties involved must embrace peace and come together in order to resolve the matter in a manner that will further promote peace and development in the sub-region.

Prophet Jonah Is not Alone: Understanding the History of Pentecostal Evangelism in Light of Contemporary Missionary Endeavours in Nigeria

This article examines reasons for the increasing neglect of rural evangelism in Nigeria. Some Pentecostal missionaries, churches and faith-based communities seem unwilling to go on evangelism missions to rural areas; thus the increasing number of churches and missionaries in the city compared to rural Nigeria. Missionary impacts have been felt in schools, hospitals and microfinance banks. Historiography reveals that missionaries before the last decade were willing to go to rural areas. Most churches and schools in rural areas were established by missionaries. However, Pentecostal missionaries are now shifting their interests from urban-rural to urban-urban evangelism. In this qualitative analysis, data were gathered from primary and secondary sources. Oral interviews and relevant academic literature form the sources of the data. Many scholars have written on the history of church missionary activities in Nigeria, but literature is scarce on reasons for the current decrease in the number of missionaries in rural areas. Why do Christian missionaries relegate rural evangelism to the background? What has been the impact on the church? Our findings show the reasons as the advent of mega-churches in Nigerian cities, financial reward from city missionary activities, resistance of some communities, punishment, increased financial burdens, the quest for popularity, intimidation, the few rural evangelists, and the lack of sufficient assistance. Missionary activities, if revived, will lead to the development of rural areas spiritually, morally, educationally, socially, and economically. The church should not restrict the spread of the gospel to specific places. Churches sending missionaries to rural areas should also provide financial support to strengthen these missionaries, as they serve as crucial links between the host church and the local community.

State Taxation of the Motorcycle Transport Business and Internally Generated Revenue in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, 2015 to 2021

In classical literatures, the informal sector is regarded as all those economic activities that are neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. However, with the downturn of economic activities in Nigeria due to the dwindling oil revenue which forms the major revenue generation and export earnings of Nigeria, the informal sector, specifically the motorcycle transport business popularly known in Nigeria as Okada has come under some form of government taxation and monitoring in some states in the country. This was to shore up their revenue base which has dwindled over the years. Extant literatures have not been able to examine the contribution of informal sector, specifically, the motorcycle transport business to internally generated revenue of the sub-units, especially Ebonyi State within the period under study. Thus, we pose the question: has the taxation of the motorcycle transport business operation improved on the internally generated revenue of Ebonyi State between 2015 and 2021? We anchored our analysis on Public Choice Theory of politics and economics. Data for the study were collected through both primary and secondary sources. The study found that despite the intensive taxation of the informal sector in Ebonyi State, specifically, the motorcycle transport business; the internally generated revenue of the state seems to be decreasing rather than increasing, given the number of taxable objects that has been brought under its internally generated revenue sources. The study recommended that the government should do more in the area of its internally generated revenue to ensure efficiency in collectability and remittances.

Entrepreneurship Practice through Wholesale and Retail Outlets and Pharmaceutical Practice among Companies in Lagos State, Nigeria

The research examined entrepreneurship and pharmaceutical practices among companies in Lagos State, Nigeria with a focus on wholesale and retail outlets. The choice of Lagos is precipitated on the fact that it commanded large percentage of commercial activities in Nigeria and the study showed the role of entrepreneurship in improving the logistics of the wholesale and retail pharmaceutical companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study employed the quantitative research method. This was to evaluate the link between logistics entrepreneurship and pharmaceutical performance. The findings showed that entrepreneurship improves the logistics of retail and wholesale pharmaceutical practice in Lagos State, Nigeria. The findings also confirmed that entrepreneurship is important on the performance of pharmaceutical companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. There was great evidence that entrepreneurship orientation is needed in the pharmaceutical sector. The research concluded that introduction of entrepreneurship logistics through wholesale and retail outlets would enhance the overall performance of pharmaceutical companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. It therefore recommended that Pharmaceutical retail and wholesale companies should pay a good attention to their logistics management by employing the critical elements of entrepreneurship which include creation, organization, administration and distribution, under a conducive regulatory environment and also special route system should be created in major Nigerian cities especially Lagos, reserved only for medical and pharmaceutical conveyances.

The Prospect and Legal Issues of Income Tax in the Nigerian Metaverse

The Metaverse, a virtual space encompassing augmented reality, virtual reality, and the internet, has witnessed rapid growth, giving rise to complex economic activities. However, it suffices to state that despite the relevance of the metaverse concept in the global terrain, Nigeria, like many nations, could face the challenge of adapting its tax laws to the unique characteristics of the Metaverse. Given this, this study adopts a hybrid method of study to explore the taxation challenges within the Nigerian Metaverse, evaluating the efficacy of current tax laws and regulations in this evolving digital landscape. In this regard, 352 questionnaires were distributed to legal practitioners residing in Nigeria to ascertain their views concerning the sufficiency and deficiency of the existing tax laws regulating the tax issues in the metaverse. The study's findings reveal significant challenges in existing tax laws, including jurisdictional complexities, defining taxable income in virtual environments, identifying entities subject to taxation, enforcing regulations without physical assets, overcoming technology gaps, and ensuring legislative adaptability to digital advancements. These challenges hinder the growth of the Metaverse industry and pose risks in revenue generation within the metaverse operation in Nigeria. It was therefore concluded that there is an urgent need to adapt tax policies to the unique characteristics of the Metaverse in Nigeria. A balance between innovation and regulatory oversight is crucial for sustainable growth in the virtual economy. In this regard, the study recommended clear definitions and classifications of virtual assets, considering international best practices and collaborating with international bodies to establish a comprehensive and adaptive legal framework for taxing Metaverse activities in Nigeria.

RESRAD-ONSITE simulation to evaluate the effect of contamination thickness in determining the dose and excess lifetime cancer risk due to tin mining activities in Nigeria

Soil excavation in search of mineral ores provides a means of livelihood to many families in Nigeria. However, the practice was found to be associated with many radiological health concerns that were not known to the miners and people living within the mining vicinities. In an effort to provide such useful information, the activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th from tin mining areas in Zainabi, Kano, Nigeria, were analyzed using a high-purity germanium detector. The results obtained show activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th higher than their corresponding world average values. A RESRAD-ONSITE software code was further used to evaluate the dose and cancer risk using a variable contamination thickness. The results obtained show an annual effective dose value greater than the maximum acceptable limit of 1 mSv/yr for non-radiation workers in Nigeria. The evaluated excess lifetime cancer risk also exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency threshold and the word average values of 1.45 × 10−3 and 1.06 × 10−4, respectively. Therefore, sustainable mining practices should be implemented in the areas to avert the perceived radiation-related problems.

Effectiveness of art therapy in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the propensity to quit journalism among journalists covering banditry activities in Nigeria

The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of art therapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the propensity to quit journalism among Nigerian journalists covering banditry attacks. The researchers utilized a quasi-experiment as the design for the study and sampled 327 journalists. The result of the study showed that at baseline, journalists reported high PTSD symptoms and a propensity to quit journalism, but after the intervention, journalists who received the art therapy intervention reported a significant drop in their PTSD symptoms and the propensity to quit the pen profession. This suggests that art therapy is a cost-effective way of treating PTSD among journalists covering dangerous assignments and reducing high labour turnover in the profession.

Bridging Stakeholders’ Expectations Gap: The Role of Sustainability Reporting of Listed Firms in Nigeria

Studies have shown that expectation gaps among stakeholders have resulted into information asymmetry. In view of this, this study investigated the role of sustainability reporting in bridging the stakeholders’ expectation gaps in Nigeria. The study adopted cross sectional survey research design, and used online structured questionnaire to collect primary data. 150 copies of questionnaire were distributed, out of which 138 copies were returned. Data obtained from the respondent were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The regression result from hypothesis one revealed that sustainability reporting practices has significant role in improving the disclosure of information regarding business activities in Nigeria (Adj. R2 =0.545; F = 58. 176; p =0.001<0.05 ), while that of hypothesis two showed that sustainability reporting practices is an effective tool for effectively bridging the gaps in stakeholder expectations within Nigerian businesses ( Adj.R2 =0.565; F = 75.112; p = 0.001 <0.05 ).The regression result from hypothesis one revealed that sustainability reporting practices has significant role in improving the disclosure of information regarding business activities in Nigeria, while that of hypothesis two showed that sustainability reporting practices is an effective tool for effectively bridging the gaps in stakeholder expectations within Nigerian businesses. Hence, the study concluded that adoption of sustainability reporting can significantly strengthen the trust of the stakeholders thereby contributing to bridge their expectation’s gap. The study recommended that corporate organizations should regard sustainability reporting as a strategic instrument for promoting transparency and accountability.

An assessment of the immune status of some stone quarry workers in Ondo state, Nigeria.

Stone quarry activities in Nigeria are mostly unregulated such that the workers in these quarries are continuously exposed to the inhalation of silica dust. It has been observed that silica dust particles negatively impact the health of stone quarry workers which usually manifest as respiratory difficulties, asthma-like illnesses and other adventitious events of the lungs. The study was designed to evaluate the probable immunological impact of silica dust inhalation from stone crushing by workers. Blood samples were collected from consenting workers and analyzed for total white blood cells and their subsets. Absolute CD4 cells numbers were also determined. The results indicated that neutrophils and eosinophils numbers increased significantly (P < .05) and CD4 counts declined significantly (P < .001). Alteration in these proportions is a pointer to the injurious impact of silica dust on the immune system of these workers. The findings in this study should spur actions in the education of these workers on the need for the use of proper personal protection equipment and the establishment of a scheme to periodically carry out a health assessment check to identity those at most risk of developing chronic illnesses.

Improving safety performance in the Nigerian oil and gas construction industry through human factor engineering

Background The Nigerian Oil and Gas construction industry faces challenges in incident prevention due to conflicting factors, including inadequate resource allocation, prioritization of quality and production over safety, communication gaps, insufficient supervision, poor workplace design, low risk perception, limited management commitment, worker incompetence, deficient design systems, and planning deficiencies. This research aims to develop a human factor engineering (HFE) model that supports the prevention of losses in Oil and Gas construction activities in Nigeria by assessing the influence of human factors on workers' behavior and organizational safety culture. Methods The study involved skilled construction workers with a minimum of two years of experience in upstream, downstream, and midstream sectors. Data collection utilized a descriptive study design with self-administered, structured questionnaires. IBM SPSS AMOS Structural Equation Modeling software was used for data analysis. Results The results indicate statistically significant Pearson's correlation coefficients between human factors and organizational safety culture, with p-values of 0.003, 0.002, 0.004, 0.009, and 0.002 for workplace, task, personal, organizational, and design factors, respectively. The structural equation regression model reveals statistically significant human factors and organizational safety culture, with path coefficients of -0.888, 2.630, -1.59, 4.645, and 0.492 for personal, organizational, workplace, design, and task factors, respectively. Conclusions The research concludes that engineered human factors contribute to improved safety performance in the Oil and Gas construction industry. To enhance safety, the study recommends that the Nigerian government establishes a construction safety board, organizations implement integrated contractor construction health and safety management systems, and workers take personal responsibility for their safety.

Effect of Deposit Money Bank Activities on Financial Sector Development in Nigeria

The specter of non-performing loans (NPLs) looms as a critical concern within the context of Deposit Money Bank (DMB) activities in Nigeria. This apprehension is particularly pronounced when DMBs partake in risky lending practices, resulting in a substantial build-up of non-performing loans. The ramifications of such a scenario extend beyond the individual banks, impacting their financial health and, consequently, casting shadows on the overall stability of the financial sector. Given this foregoing, this study examines the effect of deposit money bank activities on financial sector development in Nigeria using time series data spanned over a period of eleven (11) years 2012 to 2022. The study adopted the ex-post-facto research design and secondary data used in the study was sourced from CBN annual statistical bulletin for relevant years. Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF), error correlation model, ordinary least square (OLS) regression techniques and post estimation test were the main statistical tools used to analysis the data with the help of E-view 10 statistical package. The finding of this study revealed that loans and advances and deposit liability exerts a positive and significant effect on financial sector development while interbank placements have negative and insignificant effect on financial sector development in Nigeria. The study recommended that deposit money banks should advocate for and enforce responsible lending practices among financial institutions, this involves ensuring that loans are extended based on sound risk assessment, with proper consideration given to the borrower’s creditworthiness and ability to repay.